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Duan C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Cai M, Zhang R, Zeng Q, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Li M. Diversity of Bathyarchaeia viruses in metagenomes and virus-encoded CRISPR system components. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycad011. [PMID: 38328448 PMCID: PMC10848311 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Bathyarchaeia represent a class of archaea common and abundant in sedimentary ecosystems. Here we report 56 metagenome-assembled genomes of Bathyarchaeia viruses identified in metagenomes from different environments. Gene sharing network and phylogenomic analyses led to the proposal of four virus families, including viruses of the realms Duplodnaviria and Adnaviria, and archaea-specific spindle-shaped viruses. Genomic analyses uncovered diverse CRISPR elements in these viruses. Viruses of the proposed family "Fuxiviridae" harbor an atypical Type IV-B CRISPR-Cas system and a Cas4 protein that might interfere with host immunity. Viruses of the family "Chiyouviridae" encode a Cas2-like endonuclease and two mini-CRISPR arrays, one with a repeat identical to that in the host CRISPR array, potentially allowing the virus to recruit the host CRISPR adaptation machinery to acquire spacers that could contribute to competition with other mobile genetic elements or to inhibit host defenses. These findings present an outline of the Bathyarchaeia virome and offer a glimpse into their counter-defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Duan
- SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris 75015, France
| | - Lirui Liu
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mingwei Cai
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qinglu Zeng
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris 75015, France
| | - Meng Li
- SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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2
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Rosani U, Corinaldesi C, Luongo G, Sollitto M, Dal Monego S, Licastro D, Bongiorni L, Venier P, Pallavicini A, Dell’Anno A. Viral Diversity in Benthic Abyssal Ecosystems: Ecological and Methodological Considerations. Viruses 2023; 15:2282. [PMID: 38140524 PMCID: PMC10747316 DOI: 10.3390/v15122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant 'biological entities' in the world's oceans. However, technical and methodological constraints limit our understanding of their diversity, particularly in benthic abyssal ecosystems (>4000 m depth). To verify advantages and limitations of analyzing virome DNA subjected either to random amplification or unamplified, we applied shotgun sequencing-by-synthesis to two sample pairs obtained from benthic abyssal sites located in the North-eastern Atlantic Ocean at ca. 4700 m depth. One amplified DNA sample was also subjected to single-molecule long-read sequencing for comparative purposes. Overall, we identified 24,828 viral Operational Taxonomic Units (vOTUs), belonging to 22 viral families. Viral reads were more abundant in the amplified DNA samples (38.5-49.9%) compared to the unamplified ones (4.4-5.8%), with the latter showing a greater viral diversity and 11-16% of dsDNA viruses almost undetectable in the amplified samples. From a procedural point of view, the viromes obtained by direct sequencing (without amplification step) provided a broader overview of both ss and dsDNA viral diversity. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the contextual use of random amplification of the same sample and long-read technology can improve the assessment of viral assemblages by reducing off-target reads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Luongo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Marco Sollitto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.S.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Simeone Dal Monego
- Laboratorio di Genomica ed Epigenomica, AREA Scienze Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Danilo Licastro
- Laboratorio di Genomica ed Epigenomica, AREA Scienze Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Lucia Bongiorni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Tesa 104–Arsenale, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy;
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Dell’Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
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3
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Overton MS, Manuel RD, Lawrence CM, Snyder JC. Viruses of the Turriviridae: an emerging model system for studying archaeal virus-host interactions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258997. [PMID: 37808280 PMCID: PMC10551542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have played a central role in the evolution and ecology of cellular life since it first arose. Investigations into viral molecular biology and ecological dynamics have propelled abundant progress in our understanding of living systems, including genetic inheritance, cellular signaling and trafficking, and organismal development. As well, the discovery of viral lineages that infect members of all three domains suggest that these lineages originated at the earliest stages of biological evolution. Research into these viruses is helping to elucidate the conditions under which life arose, and the dynamics that directed its early development. Archaeal viruses have only recently become a subject of intense study, but investigations have already produced intriguing and exciting results. STIV was originally discovered in Yellowstone National Park and has been the focus of concentrated research. Through this research, a viral genetic system was created, a novel lysis mechanism was discovered, and the interaction of the virus with cellular ESCRT machinery was revealed. This review will summarize the discoveries within this group of viruses and will also discuss future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Overton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Manuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - C. Martin Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jamie C. Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
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4
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Le Lay C, Hamm JN, Williams TJ, Shi M, Cavicchioli R, Holmes EC. Viral community composition of hypersaline lakes. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead057. [PMID: 37692898 PMCID: PMC10492444 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their widespread distribution and remarkable antiquity no RNA viruses definitively associated with the domain Archaea have been identified. In contrast, 17 families of DNA viruses are known to infect archaea. In an attempt to uncover more of the elusive archaeal virosphere, we investigated the metatranscriptomes of hypersaline lakes that are a rich source of archaea. We sequenced RNA extracted from water filter samples of Lake Tyrrell (Victoria, Australia) and cultures seeded from four lakes in Antarctica. To identify highly divergent viruses in these data, we employed a variety of search tools, including Hidden Markov models (HMMs) and position-specific scoring matrices (PSSMs). From this, we identified 12 highly divergent, RNA virus-like candidate sequences from the virus phyla Artverviricota, Duplornaviricota, Kitrinoviricota, Negarnaviricota, and Pisuviricota, including those with similarity to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). An additional analysis with an artificial intelligence (AI)-based approach that utilises both sequence and structural information identified seven putative and highly divergent RdRp sequences of uncertain phylogenetic position. A sequence matching the Pisuviricota from Deep Lake in Antarctica had the strongest RNA virus signal. Analyses of the dinucleotide representation of the virus-like candidates in comparison to that of potential host species were in some cases compatible with an association to archaeal or bacterial hosts. Notably, however, the use of archaeal CRISPR spacers as a BLAST database failed to detect any RNA viruses. We also described DNA viruses from the families Pleolipoviridae, Sphaerolipoviridae, Halspiviridae, and the class Caudoviricetes. Although we were unable to provide definitive evidence the existence of an RNA virus of archaea in these hypersaline lakes, this study lays the foundations for further investigations of highly divergent RNA viruses in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Le Lay
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Timothy J Williams
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ricardo Cavicchioli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, Den Burg NL-1790 AB, The Netherlands
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5
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Vik D, Bolduc B, Roux S, Sun CL, Pratama AA, Krupovic M, Sullivan MB. MArVD2: a machine learning enhanced tool to discriminate between archaeal and bacterial viruses in viral datasets. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:87. [PMID: 37620369 PMCID: PMC10449787 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of viral sequence space has exploded with advancing sequencing technologies and large-scale sampling and analytical efforts. Though archaea are important and abundant prokaryotes in many systems, our knowledge of archaeal viruses outside of extreme environments is limited. This largely stems from the lack of a robust, high-throughput, and systematic way to distinguish between bacterial and archaeal viruses in datasets of curated viruses. Here we upgrade our prior text-based tool (MArVD) via training and testing a random forest machine learning algorithm against a newly curated dataset of archaeal viruses. After optimization, MArVD2 presented a significant improvement over its predecessor in terms of scalability, usability, and flexibility, and will allow user-defined custom training datasets as archaeal virus discovery progresses. Benchmarking showed that a model trained with viral sequences from the hypersaline, marine, and hot spring environments correctly classified 85% of the archaeal viruses with a false detection rate below 2% using a random forest prediction threshold of 80% in a separate benchmarking dataset from the same habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Vik
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Sun
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Akbar Adjie Pratama
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Paris, France
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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6
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Hoque E, Fritscher J. Are anaerobic fungi crucial hidden players of microbiomes in anoxic environment? Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37452612 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2224425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic fungi are known to migrate and establish a 3D network of biofilms (microbiomes) and live invisible in the rumen and terrestrial subsurface, deep-sea - marine, and anoxic environment. They deserve our attention to understand anoxic fungal ecology and functions and develop new products and solutions. Such fungi activate unique genes to produce various polysaccharidases deemed essential for degrading plants' lignocellulosic materials. Nutrient release, recycling, and physical support by anaerobic fungi are crucial for microbiome formation. Multiple reports point to the ability of strictly anaerobic and facultative fungi to adapt and live in anoxic subsurface. Deep-sea sediments and natural anoxic methane-emitting salty waters of sulfidic springs offer suitable habitats for developing prokaryotic-fungal microbiomes. Researchers found a billion-year-old fossil of the fungus-prokaryotic sulfate-reducing consortium buried in deep-sea biospheres. Fungal spores' ability to migrate, even after germination, through sandy layers demonstrates their potential to move up and down porous geological layers or rock fissures. Selective fungal affinity to specific wood in wood chip arrays might help differentiate viable anaerobic fungi from an anoxic environment for their rapid collection and investigation. New collection methods, cultivation, gene expression, and drug and enzyme activity analyses can boost anaerobic fungal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enamul Hoque
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Foy's Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- International Virtual Institute for Advanced Science and Technology (IVAST), Section Microbial Technology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Fritscher
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Foy's Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- International Virtual Institute for Advanced Science and Technology (IVAST), Section Microbial Technology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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7
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Ngo VQH, Enault F, Midoux C, Mariadassou M, Chapleur O, Mazéas L, Loux V, Bouchez T, Krupovic M, Bize A. Diversity of novel archaeal viruses infecting methanogens discovered through coupling of stable isotope probing and metagenomics. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4853-4868. [PMID: 35848130 PMCID: PMC9796341 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diversity of viruses infecting non-extremophilic archaea has been grossly understudied. This is particularly the case for viruses infecting methanogenic archaea, key players in the global carbon biogeochemical cycle. Only a dozen of methanogenic archaeal viruses have been isolated so far. In the present study, we implemented an original coupling between stable isotope probing and complementary shotgun metagenomic analyses to identify viruses of methanogens involved in the bioconversion of formate, which was used as the sole carbon source in batch anaerobic digestion microcosms. Under our experimental conditions, the microcosms were dominated by methanogens belonging to the order Methanobacteriales (Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter genera). Metagenomic analyses yielded several previously uncharacterized viral genomes, including a complete genome of a head-tailed virus (class Caudoviricetes, proposed family Speroviridae, Methanobacterium host) and several near-complete genomes of spindle-shaped viruses. The two groups of viruses are predicted to infect methanogens of the Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina genera and represent two new virus families. The metagenomics results are in good agreement with the electron microscopy observations, which revealed the dominance of head-tailed virus-like particles and the presence of spindle-shaped particles. The present study significantly expands the knowledge on the viral diversity of viruses of methanogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Quoc Hoang Ngo
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, PRocédés biOtechnologiques au Service de l'EnvironnementAntonyFrance
| | - François Enault
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGEClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Cédric Midoux
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, PRocédés biOtechnologiques au Service de l'EnvironnementAntonyFrance,Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGEJouy‐en‐JosasFrance,Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics FacilityJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
| | - Mahendra Mariadassou
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGEJouy‐en‐JosasFrance,Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics FacilityJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
| | - Olivier Chapleur
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, PRocédés biOtechnologiques au Service de l'EnvironnementAntonyFrance
| | - Laurent Mazéas
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, PRocédés biOtechnologiques au Service de l'EnvironnementAntonyFrance
| | - Valentin Loux
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGEJouy‐en‐JosasFrance,Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics FacilityJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
| | - Théodore Bouchez
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, PRocédés biOtechnologiques au Service de l'EnvironnementAntonyFrance
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology UnitParisFrance
| | - Ariane Bize
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, PRocédés biOtechnologiques au Service de l'EnvironnementAntonyFrance
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8
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Wirth J, Young M. Viruses in Subsurface Environments. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:99-119. [PMID: 36173700 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093020-015957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, our knowledge of virus diversity and abundance in subsurface environments has expanded dramatically through application of quantitative metagenomic approaches. In most subsurface environments, viral diversity and abundance rival viral diversity and abundance observed in surface environments. Most of these viruses are uncharacterized in terms of their hosts and replication cycles. Analysis of accessory metabolic genes encoded by subsurface viruses indicates that they evolved to replicate within the unique features of their environments. The key question remains: What role do these viruses play in the ecology and evolution of the environments in which they replicate? Undoubtedly, as more virologists examine the role of viruses in subsurface environments, new insights will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wirth
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology and Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA;
| | - Mark Young
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology and Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA;
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9
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Complete Genome Sequence of Methanofollis aquaemaris BCRC 16166
T
, Isolated from a Marine Aquaculture Fishpond. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0074322. [PMID: 36094213 PMCID: PMC9583781 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00743-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanofollis aquaemaris BCRC 16166T (= N2F9704T = DSM 14661T) was isolated from a marine aquaculture fishpond near Wang-gong (Taiwan, Republic of China). The genome of strain BCRC 16166T was selected for sequencing in order to provide further information about the species delineation and its infected virus.
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10
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Gophna U, Altman-Price N. Horizontal Gene Transfer in Archaea-From Mechanisms to Genome Evolution. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:481-502. [PMID: 35667126 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-040820-124627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Archaea remains the least-studied and least-characterized domain of life despite its significance not just to the ecology of our planet but also to the evolution of eukaryotes. It is therefore unsurprising that research into horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in archaea has lagged behind that of bacteria. Indeed, several archaeal lineages may owe their very existence to large-scale HGT events, and thus understanding both the molecular mechanisms and the evolutionary impact of HGT in archaea is highly important. Furthermore, some mechanisms of gene exchange, such as plasmids that transmit themselves via membrane vesicles and the formation of cytoplasmic bridges that allows transfer of both chromosomal and plasmid DNA, may be archaea specific. This review summarizes what we know about HGT in archaea, and the barriers that restrict it, highlighting exciting recent discoveries and pointing out opportunities for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Gophna
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; ,
| | - Neta Altman-Price
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; , .,Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
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11
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Xu Y, Li Y, You X, Pei C, Wang Z, Jiao S, Zhao X, Lin X, Lü Y, Jin C, Gao GF, Li J, Wang Q, Du Y. Novel Insights Into the Sulfated Glucuronic Acid-Based Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mechanism of Exopolysaccharides From Halophilic Archaeon Haloarcula hispanica. Front Chem 2022; 10:871509. [PMID: 35572116 PMCID: PMC9091367 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.871509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the most widely spread disease in the 21st century. Due to the continuous emergence of variants across the world, it is necessary to expand our understanding of host-virus interactions and explore new agents against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, it was found exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica ATCC33960 can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the binding constant KD of 2.23 nM, block the binding of spike protein to Vero E6 and bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and inhibit pseudovirus infection. However, EPSs from the gene deletion mutant △HAH_1206 almost completely lost the antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. A significant reduction of glucuronic acid (GlcA) and the sulfation level in EPSs of △HAH_1206 was clearly observed. Our results indicated that sulfated GlcA in EPSs is possible for a main structural unit in their inhibition of binding of SARS-CoV-2 to host cells, which would provide a novel antiviral mechanism and a guide for designing new agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Processing and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin You
- Lung Cancer Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Caixia Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Processing and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Processing and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Processing and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Processing and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Processing and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Chibani CM, Mahnert A, Borrel G, Almeida A, Werner A, Brugère JF, Gribaldo S, Finn RD, Schmitz RA, Moissl-Eichinger C. A catalogue of 1,167 genomes from the human gut archaeome. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:48-61. [PMID: 34969981 PMCID: PMC8727293 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-01020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome plays an important role in health, but its archaeal diversity remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we report the analysis of 1,167 nonredundant archaeal genomes (608 high-quality genomes) recovered from human gastrointestinal tract, sampled across 24 countries and rural and urban populations. We identified previously undescribed taxa including 3 genera, 15 species and 52 strains. Based on distinct genomic features, we justify the split of the Methanobrevibacter smithii clade into two separate species, with one represented by the previously undescribed 'Candidatus Methanobrevibacter intestini'. Patterns derived from 28,581 protein clusters showed significant associations with sociodemographic characteristics such as age groups and lifestyle. We additionally show that archaea are characterized by specific genomic and functional adaptations to the host and carry a complex virome. Our work expands our current understanding of the human archaeome and provides a large genome catalogue for future analyses to decipher its impact on human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Maria Chibani
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute for Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Mahnert
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guillaume Borrel
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Department of Microbiology, Unit of Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Almeida
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Almut Werner
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute for Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean-François Brugère
- grid.494717.80000000115480420Institut Universitaire de Technologie Clermont Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6023 Laboratoire Microorganismes: Genome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Department of Microbiology, Unit of Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Robert D. Finn
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth A. Schmitz
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute for Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
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13
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Viruses in Extreme Environments, Current Overview, and Biotechnological Potential. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010081. [PMID: 33430116 PMCID: PMC7826561 DOI: 10.3390/v13010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus research has advanced significantly since the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the characterization of its infection mechanisms and the factors that determine their pathogenicity. However, most viral research has focused on pathogenic viruses to humans, animals and plants, which represent only a small fraction in the virosphere. As a result, the role of most viral genes, and the mechanisms of coevolution between mutualistic viruses, their host and their environment, beyond pathogenicity, remain poorly understood. This review focuses on general aspects of viruses that interact with extremophile organisms, characteristics and examples of mechanisms of adaptation. Finally, this review provides an overview on how knowledge of extremophile viruses sheds light on the application of new tools of relevant use in modern molecular biology, discussing their value in a biotechnological context.
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14
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CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems in Sulfolobales: genetic studies and molecular mechanisms. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:678-696. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Fernández-Barat L, López-Aladid R, Torres A. Reconsidering ventilator-associated pneumonia from a new dimension of the lung microbiome. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102995. [PMID: 32950001 PMCID: PMC7492164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex microbial communities that reside in the lungs, skin and gut are now appreciated for their role in maintaining organ, tissue and immune homoeostasis. As lungs are currently seen as an ecosystem, the shift in paradigm calls for the consideration of new algorithms related to lung ecology in pulmonology. Evidence of lung microbiota does not solely challenge the traditional physiopathology of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP); indeed, it also reinforces the need to include molecular techniques in VAP diagnosis and accelerate the use of immunomodulatory drugs, including corticosteroids, and other supplements such as probiotics for VAP prevention and/or treatment. With that stated, both microbiome and virome, including phageome, can lead to new opportunities in further understanding the relationship between health and dysbiosis in VAP. Previous knowledge may be, however, reconsidered at a microbiome scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Fernández-Barat
- Cellex Laboratory, CibeRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ruben López-Aladid
- Cellex Laboratory, CibeRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Cellex Laboratory, CibeRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pneumology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Gao SM, Schippers A, Chen N, Yuan Y, Zhang MM, Li Q, Liao B, Shu WS, Huang LN. Depth-related variability in viral communities in highly stratified sulfidic mine tailings. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:89. [PMID: 32517753 PMCID: PMC7285708 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have significantly expanded our knowledge of viral diversity and functions in the environment. Exploring the ecological relationships between viruses, hosts, and the environment is a crucial first step towards a deeper understanding of the complex and dynamic interplays among them. RESULTS Here, we obtained extensive 16S rRNA gene amplicon, metagenomics sequencing, and geochemical datasets from different depths of two highly stratified sulfidic mine tailings cores with steep geochemical gradients especially pH, and explored how variations in viral community composition and functions were coupled to the co-existing prokaryotic assemblages and the varying environmental conditions. Our data showed that many viruses in the mine tailings represented novel genera, based on gene-sharing networks. Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, and Myoviridae dominated the classified viruses in the surface tailings and deeper layers. Both viral richness and normalized coverage increased with depth in the tailings cores and were significantly correlated with geochemical properties, for example, pH. Viral richness was also coupled to prokaryotic richness (Pearson's r = 0.65, P = 0.032). The enrichment of prophages in the surface mine tailings suggested a preference of lysogenic viral lifestyle in more acidic conditions. Community-wide comparative analyses clearly showed that viruses in the surface tailings encoded genes mostly with unknown functions while viruses in the deeper layers contained genes mainly annotated as conventional functions related to metabolism and structure. Notably, significantly abundant assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were identified from the deeper tailings layers and they were widespread in viruses predicted to infect diverse bacterial phyla. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results revealed a depth-related distribution of viral populations in the extreme and heterogeneous tailings system. The viruses may interact with diverse hosts and dynamic environmental conditions and likely play a role in the functioning of microbial community and modulate sulfur cycles in situ. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ming Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Axel Schippers
- Resource Geochemistry, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Sheng Shu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Nan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
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17
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Rowland EF, Bautista MA, Zhang C, Whitaker RJ. Surface resistance to SSVs and SIRVs in pilin deletions of Sulfolobus islandicus. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:718-727. [PMID: 31774609 PMCID: PMC7217056 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the molecular interactions of viruses in natural microbial populations offers insights into virus–host dynamics in complex ecosystems. We identify the resistance of Sulfolobus islandicus to Sulfolobus spindle‐shaped virus (SSV9) conferred by chromosomal deletions of pilin genes, pilA1 and pilA2 that are individually able to complement resistance. Mutants with deletions of both pilA1 and pilA2 or the prepilin peptidase, PibD, show the reduction in the number of pilins observed in TEM and reduced surface adherence but still adsorb SSV9. The proteinaceous outer S‐layer proteins, SlaA and SlaB, are not required for adsorption nor infection demonstrating that the S‐layer is not the primary receptor for SSV9 surface binding. Strains lacking both pilins are resistant to a broad panel of SSVs as well as a panel of unrelated S. islandicus rod‐shaped viruses (SIRVs). Unlike SSV9, we show that pilA1 or pilA2 is required for SIRV8 adsorption. In sequenced Sulfolobus strains from around the globe, one copy of each pilA1 and pilA2 is maintained and show codon‐level diversification, demonstrating their importance in nature. By characterizing the molecular interactions at the initiation of infection between S. islandicus and two different types of viruses we hope to increase the understanding of virus–host interactions in the archaeal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Rowland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Maria A Bautista
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Changyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rachel J Whitaker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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18
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Weitz JS, Li G, Gulbudak H, Cortez MH, Whitaker RJ. Viral invasion fitness across a continuum from lysis to latency. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez006. [PMID: 31024737 PMCID: PMC6476163 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing paradigm in ecological studies of viruses and their microbial hosts is that the reproductive success of viruses depends on the proliferation of the 'predator', that is, the virus particle. Yet, viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and the virus genome-the actual unit of selection-can persist and proliferate from one cell generation to the next without lysis or the production of new virus particles. Here, we propose a theoretical framework to quantify the invasion fitness of viruses using an epidemiological cell-centric metric that focuses on the proliferation of viral genomes inside cells instead of virus particles outside cells. This cell-centric metric enables direct comparison of viral strategies characterized by obligate killing of hosts (e.g. via lysis), persistence of viral genomes inside hosts (e.g. via lysogeny), and strategies along a continuum between these extremes (e.g. via chronic infections). As a result, we can identify environmental drivers, life history traits, and key feedbacks that govern variation in viral propagation in nonlinear population models. For example, we identify threshold conditions given relatively low densities of susceptible cells and relatively high growth rates of infected cells in which lysogenic and other chronic strategies have higher potential viral reproduction than lytic strategies. Altogether, the theoretical framework helps unify the ongoing study of eco-evolutionary drivers of viral strategies in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Weitz
- School of Biological Sciences.,School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Guanlin Li
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hayriye Gulbudak
- Department of Mathematics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Michael H Cortez
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Rachel J Whitaker
- Department of Microbiology.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
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19
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Xiong L, Liu S, Chen S, Xiao Y, Zhu B, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Chen B, Luo J, Deng Z, Chen X, Wang L, Chen S. A new type of DNA phosphorothioation-based antiviral system in archaea. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1688. [PMID: 30975999 PMCID: PMC6459918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaea and Bacteria have evolved different defence strategies that target virtually all steps of the viral life cycle. The diversified virion morphotypes and genome contents of archaeal viruses result in a highly complex array of archaea-virus interactions. However, our understanding of archaeal antiviral activities lags far behind our knowledges of those in bacteria. Here we report a new archaeal defence system that involves DndCDEA-specific DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification and the PbeABCD-mediated halt of virus propagation via inhibition of DNA replication. In contrast to the breakage of invasive DNA by DndFGH in bacteria, DndCDEA-PbeABCD does not degrade or cleave viral DNA. The PbeABCD-mediated PT defence system is widespread and exhibits extensive interdomain and intradomain gene transfer events. Our results suggest that DndCDEA-PbeABCD is a new type of PT-based virus resistance system, expanding the known arsenal of defence systems as well as our understanding of host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 430023, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Bochen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yali Gao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China. .,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, Hubei, China. .,Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Krupovic M, Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Medvedeva S, Prangishvili D, Forterre P, Koonin EV. Integrated mobile genetic elements in Thaumarchaeota. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2056-2078. [PMID: 30773816 PMCID: PMC6563490 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To explore the diversity of mobile genetic elements (MGE) associated with archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota, we exploited the property of most MGE to integrate into the genomes of their hosts. Integrated MGE (iMGE) were identified in 20 thaumarchaeal genomes amounting to 2 Mbp of mobile thaumarchaeal DNA. These iMGE group into five major classes: (i) proviruses, (ii) casposons, (iii) insertion sequence-like transposons, (iv) integrative-conjugative elements and (v) cryptic integrated elements. The majority of the iMGE belong to the latter category and might represent novel families of viruses or plasmids. The identified proviruses are related to tailed viruses of the order Caudovirales and to tailless icosahedral viruses with the double jelly-roll capsid proteins. The thaumarchaeal iMGE are all connected within a gene sharing network, highlighting pervasive gene exchange between MGE occupying the same ecological niche. The thaumarchaeal mobilome carries multiple auxiliary metabolic genes, including multicopper oxidases and ammonia monooxygenase subunit C (AmoC), and stress response genes, such as those for universal stress response proteins (UspA). Thus, iMGE might make important contributions to the fitness and adaptation of their hosts. We identified several iMGE carrying type I-B CRISPR-Cas systems and spacers matching other thaumarchaeal iMGE, suggesting antagonistic interactions between coexisting MGE and symbiotic relationships with the ir archaeal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Sofia Medvedeva
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 75015, Paris, France.,Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia.,Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, 75005, Paris, France
| | - David Prangishvili
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 75015, Paris, France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris- Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, Paris, France
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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21
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El Omari K, Li S, Kotecha A, Walter TS, Bignon EA, Harlos K, Somerharju P, De Haas F, Clare DK, Molin M, Hurtado F, Li M, Grimes JM, Bamford DH, Tischler ND, Huiskonen JT, Stuart DI, Roine E. The structure of a prokaryotic viral envelope protein expands the landscape of membrane fusion proteins. Nat Commun 2019; 10:846. [PMID: 30783086 PMCID: PMC6381117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membrane fusion is an essential function in many biological processes. Detailed mechanisms of membrane fusion and the protein structures involved have been mainly studied in eukaryotic systems, whereas very little is known about membrane fusion in prokaryotes. Haloarchaeal pleomorphic viruses (HRPVs) have a membrane envelope decorated with spikes that are presumed to be responsible for host attachment and membrane fusion. Here we determine atomic structures of the ectodomains of the 57-kDa spike protein VP5 from two related HRPVs revealing a previously unreported V-shaped fold. By Volta phase plate cryo-electron tomography we show that VP5 is monomeric on the viral surface, and we establish the orientation of the molecules with respect to the viral membrane. We also show that the viral membrane fuses with the host cytoplasmic membrane in a process mediated by VP5. This sheds light on protein structures involved in prokaryotic membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel El Omari
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Diamond Light Source Limited, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Sai Li
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thomas S Walter
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Eduardo A Bignon
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Avenida Zañartu 1482, 7780272, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Pentti Somerharju
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felix De Haas
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noorg 5, 5651 GG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel K Clare
- Diamond Light Source Limited, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Mika Molin
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felipe Hurtado
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Avenida Zañartu 1482, 7780272, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mengqiu Li
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Diamond Light Source Limited, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Dennis H Bamford
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Avenida Zañartu 1482, 7780272, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE and Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Diamond Light Source Limited, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Elina Roine
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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López-Pérez M, Haro-Moreno JM, de la Torre JR, Rodriguez-Valera F. Novel Caudovirales associated with Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota assembled from metagenomes. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:1980-1988. [PMID: 30370610 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaeota are some of the most abundant microorganisms in the deep ocean and responsible for much of the ammonia oxidation occurring in this environment. In this work, we present 35 sequences assembled from metagenomic samples of the first uncultivated Caudovirales viruses associated with Thaumarchaeota, which we designated marthavirus. Most of the sequences were obtained from cellular metagenomes confirming that they represent an important tool to study environmental viral communities due to cells retrieved while undergoing viral lysis. Metagenomic recruitment showed that this viral population is formed by very divergent entities with high intrapopulation homogeneity. However, metatranscriptomic analyses revealed the same differential expression profile with the capsid as major transcript, indicative of viruses during the lytic cycle. The cobalamine biosynthesis gene cobS, an auxiliary metabolic gene, was also highly expressed during the infection. These analyses expand our understanding of the global diversity of archaeal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario López-Pérez
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, División de Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Apartado 18, San Juan, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Jose M Haro-Moreno
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, División de Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Apartado 18, San Juan, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - José R de la Torre
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, División de Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Apartado 18, San Juan, Alicante, 03550, Spain
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23
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Wang Y, Chen B, Cao M, Sima L, Prangishvili D, Chen X, Krupovic M. Rolling-circle replication initiation protein of haloarchaeal sphaerolipovirus SNJ1 is homologous to bacterial transposases of the IS91 family insertion sequences. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:416-421. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Beibei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mengzhuo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Linshan Sima
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - David Prangishvili
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Paris, France
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Paris, France
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24
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Novel Sulfolobus Virus with an Exceptional Capsid Architecture. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01727-17. [PMID: 29212941 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01727-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel archaeal virus, denoted Sulfolobus ellipsoid virus 1 (SEV1), was isolated from an acidic hot spring in Costa Rica. The morphologically unique virion of SEV1 contains a protein capsid with 16 regularly spaced striations and an 11-nm-thick envelope. The capsid exhibits an unusual architecture in which the viral DNA, probably in the form of a nucleoprotein filament, wraps around the longitudinal axis of the virion in a plane to form a multilayered disk-like structure with a central hole, and 16 of these structures are stacked to generate a spool-like capsid. SEV1 harbors a linear double-stranded DNA genome of ∼23 kb, which encodes 38 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Among the few ORFs with a putative function is a gene encoding a protein-primed DNA polymerase. Sixfold symmetrical virus-associated pyramids (VAPs) appear on the surface of the SEV1-infected cells, which are ruptured to allow the formation of a hexagonal opening and subsequent release of the progeny virus particles. Notably, the SEV1 virions acquire the lipid membrane in the cytoplasm of the host cell. The lipid composition of the viral envelope correlates with that of the cell membrane. These results suggest the use of a unique mechanism by SEV1 in membrane biogenesis.IMPORTANCE Investigation of archaeal viruses has greatly expanded our knowledge of the virosphere and its role in the evolution of life. Here we show that Sulfolobus ellipsoid virus 1 (SEV1), an archaeal virus isolated from a hot spring in Costa Rica, exhibits a novel viral shape and an unusual capsid architecture. The SEV1 DNA wraps multiple times in a plane around the longitudinal axis of the virion to form a disk-like structure, and 16 of these structures are stacked to generate a spool-like capsid. The virus acquires its envelope intracellularly and exits the host cell by creating a hexagonal hole on the host cell surface. These results shed significant light on the diversity of viral morphogenesis.
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25
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Berliner AJ, Mochizuki T, Stedman KM. Astrovirology: Viruses at Large in the Universe. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:207-223. [PMID: 29319335 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on modern Earth. They are highly diverse both in structure and genomic sequence, play critical roles in evolution, strongly influence terran biogeochemistry, and are believed to have played important roles in the origin and evolution of life. However, there is yet very little focus on viruses in astrobiology. Viruses arguably have coexisted with cellular life-forms since the earliest stages of life, may have been directly involved therein, and have profoundly influenced cellular evolution. Viruses are the only entities on modern Earth to use either RNA or DNA in both single- and double-stranded forms for their genetic material and thus may provide a model for the putative RNA-protein world. With this review, we hope to inspire integration of virus research into astrobiology and also point out pressing unanswered questions in astrovirology, particularly regarding the detection of virus biosignatures and whether viruses could be spread extraterrestrially. We present basic virology principles, an inclusive definition of viruses, review current virology research pertinent to astrobiology, and propose ideas for future astrovirology research foci. Key Words: Astrobiology-Virology-Biosignatures-Origin of life-Roadmap. Astrobiology 18, 207-223.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenneth M Stedman
- 3 Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Biology Department, Portland State University , Oregon, USA
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26
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Krupovic M, Cvirkaite-Krupovic V, Iranzo J, Prangishvili D, Koonin EV. Viruses of archaea: Structural, functional, environmental and evolutionary genomics. Virus Res 2017; 244:181-193. [PMID: 29175107 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of archaea represent one of the most enigmatic parts of the virosphere. Most of the characterized archaeal viruses infect extremophilic hosts and display remarkable diversity of virion morphotypes, many of which have never been observed among viruses of bacteria or eukaryotes. The uniqueness of the virion morphologies is matched by the distinctiveness of the genomes of these viruses, with ∼75% of genes encoding unique proteins, refractory to functional annotation based on sequence analyses. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on various aspects of archaeal virus genomics. First, we outline how structural and functional genomics efforts provided valuable insights into the functions of viral proteins and revealed intricate details of the archaeal virus-host interactions. We then highlight recent metagenomics studies, which provided a glimpse at the diversity of uncultivated viruses associated with the ubiquitous archaea in the oceans, including Thaumarchaeota, Marine Group II Euryarchaeota, and others. These findings, combined with the recent discovery that archaeal viruses mediate a rapid turnover of thaumarchaea in the deep sea ecosystems, illuminate the prominent role of these viruses in the biosphere. Finally, we discuss the origins and evolution of archaeal viruses and emphasize the evolutionary relationships between viruses and non-viral mobile genetic elements. Further exploration of the archaeal virus diversity as well as functional studies on diverse virus-host systems are bound to uncover novel, unexpected facets of the archaeal virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, Paris, France.
| | | | - Jaime Iranzo
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Prangishvili
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Methanosarcina Spherical Virus, a Novel Archaeal Lytic Virus Targeting Methanosarcina Strains. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00955-17. [PMID: 28878086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00955-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel archaeal lytic virus targeting species of the genus Methanosarcina was isolated using Methanosarcina mazei strain Gö1 as the host. Due to its spherical morphology, the virus was designated Methanosarcina spherical virus (MetSV). Molecular analysis demonstrated that MetSV contains double-stranded linear DNA with a genome size of 10,567 bp containing 22 open reading frames (ORFs), all oriented in the same direction. Functions were predicted for some of these ORFs, i.e., such as DNA polymerase, ATPase, and DNA-binding protein as well as envelope (structural) protein. MetSV-derived spacers in CRISPR loci were detected in several published Methanosarcina draft genomes using bioinformatic tools, revealing a potential protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) motif (TTA/T). Transcription and expression of several predicted viral ORFs were validated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), PAGE analysis, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based proteomics. Analysis of core lipids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry showed that MetSV and Methanosarcina mazei both contain archaeol and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether without a cyclopentane moiety (GDGT-0). The MetSV host range is limited to Methanosarcina strains growing as single cells (M. mazei, Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanosarcina soligelidi). In contrast, strains growing as sarcina-like aggregates were apparently protected from infection. Heterogeneity related to morphology phases in M. mazei cultures allowed acquisition of resistance to MetSV after challenge by growing cultures as sarcina-like aggregates. CRISPR/Cas-mediated resistance was excluded since neither of the two CRISPR arrays showed MetSV-derived spacer acquisition. Based on these findings, we propose that changing the morphology from single cells to sarcina-like aggregates upon rearrangement of the envelope structure prevents infection and subsequent lysis by MetSV.IMPORTANCE Methanoarchaea are among the most abundant organisms on the planet since they are present in high numbers in major anaerobic environments. They convert various carbon sources, e.g., acetate, methylamines, or methanol, to methane and carbon dioxide; thus, they have a significant impact on the emission of major greenhouse gases. Today, very little is known about viruses specifically infecting methanoarchaea that most probably impact the abundance of methanoarchaea in microbial consortia. Here, we characterize the first identified Methanosarcina-infecting virus (MetSV) and show a mechanism for acquiring resistance against MetSV. Based on our results, we propose that growth as sarcina-like aggregates prevents infection and subsequent lysis. These findings allow new insights into the virus-host relationship in methanogenic community structures, their dynamics, and their phase heterogeneity. Moreover, the availability of a specific virus provides new possibilities to deepen our knowledge of the defense mechanisms of potential hosts and offers tools for genetic manipulation.
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Isolation and Characterization of Metallosphaera Turreted Icosahedral Virus, a Founding Member of a New Family of Archaeal Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00925-17. [PMID: 28768871 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00925-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of archaeal virus diversity and structure is just beginning to emerge. Here we describe a new archaeal virus, tentatively named Metallosphaera turreted icosahedral virus (MTIV), that was isolated from an acidic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Two strains of the virus were identified and were found to replicate in an archaeal host species closely related to Metallosphaera yellowstonensis Each strain encodes a 9.8- to 9.9-kb linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome with large inverted terminal repeats. Each genome encodes 21 open reading frames (ORFs). The ORFs display high homology between the strains, but they are quite distinct from other known viral genes. The 70-nm-diameter virion is built on a T=28 icosahedral lattice. Both single particle cryo-electron microscopy and cryotomography reconstructions reveal an unusual structure that has 42 turret-like projections: 12 pentameric turrets positioned on the icosahedral 5-fold axes and 30 turrets with apparent hexameric symmetry positioned on the icosahedral 2-fold axes. Both the virion structural properties and the genome content support MTIV as the founding member of a new family of archaeal viruses.IMPORTANCE Many archaeal viruses are quite different from viruses infecting bacteria and eukaryotes. Initial characterization of MTIV reveals a virus distinct from other known bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal viruses; this finding suggests that viruses infecting Archaea are still an understudied group. As the first known virus infecting a Metallosphaera sp., MTIV provides a new system for exploring archaeal virology by examining host-virus interactions and the unique features of MTIV structure-function relationships. These studies will likely expand our understanding of virus ecology and evolution.
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29
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A Novel Type of Polyhedral Viruses Infecting Hyperthermophilic Archaea. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00589-17. [PMID: 28424284 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00589-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsidation of genetic material into polyhedral particles is one of the most common structural solutions employed by viruses infecting hosts in all three domains of life. Here, we describe a new virus of hyperthermophilic archaea, Sulfolobus polyhedral virus 1 (SPV1), which condenses its circular double-stranded DNA genome in a manner not previously observed for other known viruses. The genome complexed with virion proteins is wound up sinusoidally into a spherical coil which is surrounded by an envelope and further encased by an outer polyhedral capsid apparently composed of the 20-kDa virion protein. Lipids selectively acquired from the pool of host lipids are integral constituents of the virion. None of the major virion proteins of SPV1 show similarity to structural proteins of known viruses. However, minor structural proteins, which are predicted to mediate host recognition, are shared with other hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses infecting members of the order Sulfolobales The SPV1 genome consists of 20,222 bp and contains 45 open reading frames, only one-fifth of which could be functionally annotated.IMPORTANCE Viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea display a remarkable morphological diversity, often presenting architectural solutions not employed by known viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes. Here we present the isolation and characterization of Sulfolobus polyhedral virus 1, which condenses its genome into a unique spherical coil. Due to the original genomic and architectural features of SPV1, the virus should be considered a representative of a new viral family, "Portogloboviridae."
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30
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Hulo C, Masson P, Toussaint A, Osumi-Sutherland D, de Castro E, Auchincloss AH, Poux S, Bougueleret L, Xenarios I, Le Mercier P. Bacterial Virus Ontology; Coordinating across Databases. Viruses 2017; 9:E126. [PMID: 28545254 PMCID: PMC5490803 DOI: 10.3390/v9060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial viruses, also called bacteriophages, display a great genetic diversity and utilize unique processes for infecting and reproducing within a host cell. All these processes were investigated and indexed in the ViralZone knowledge base. To facilitate standardizing data, a simple ontology of viral life-cycle terms was developed to provide a common vocabulary for annotating data sets. New terminology was developed to address unique viral replication cycle processes, and existing terminology was modified and adapted. Classically, the viral life-cycle is described by schematic pictures. Using this ontology, it can be represented by a combination of successive events: entry, latency, transcription/replication, host-virus interactions and virus release. Each of these parts is broken down into discrete steps. For example enterobacteria phage lambda entry is broken down in: viral attachment to host adhesion receptor, viral attachment to host entry receptor, viral genome ejection and viral genome circularization. To demonstrate the utility of a standard ontology for virus biology, this work was completed by annotating virus data in the ViralZone, UniProtKB and Gene Ontology databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Hulo
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Masson
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ariane Toussaint
- University Libre de Bruxelles, Génétique et Physiologie Bactérienne (LGPB), 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium.
| | - David Osumi-Sutherland
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Edouard de Castro
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea H Auchincloss
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Poux
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Lydie Bougueleret
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Le Mercier
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Thomas S, Izard J, Walsh E, Batich K, Chongsathidkiet P, Clarke G, Sela DA, Muller AJ, Mullin JM, Albert K, Gilligan JP, DiGuilio K, Dilbarova R, Alexander W, Prendergast GC. The Host Microbiome Regulates and Maintains Human Health: A Primer and Perspective for Non-Microbiologists. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1783-1812. [PMID: 28292977 PMCID: PMC5392374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans consider themselves discrete autonomous organisms, but recent research is rapidly strengthening the appreciation that associated microorganisms make essential contributions to human health and well being. Each person is inhabited and also surrounded by his/her own signature microbial cloud. A low diversity of microorganisms is associated with a plethora of diseases, including allergy, diabetes, obesity, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and even neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, an interaction of microorganisms with the host immune system is required for a healthy body. Exposure to microorganisms from the moment we are born and appropriate microbiome assembly during childhood are essential for establishing an active immune system necessary to prevent disease later in life. Exposure to microorganisms educates the immune system, induces adaptive immunity, and initiates memory B and T cells that are essential to combat various pathogens. The correct microbial-based education of immune cells may be critical in preventing the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. This review provides a broad overview of the importance of the host microbiome and accumulating knowledge of how it regulates and maintains a healthy human system. Cancer Res; 77(8); 1783-812. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.
| | - Jacques Izard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Emily Walsh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen Batich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, APC Microbiome Institute University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - James M Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Korin Albert
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - John P Gilligan
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Rima Dilbarova
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Walker Alexander
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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32
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Bipartite Network Analysis of the Archaeal Virosphere: Evolutionary Connections between Viruses and Capsidless Mobile Elements. J Virol 2016; 90:11043-11055. [PMID: 27681128 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01622-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaea and particularly hyperthermophilic crenarchaea are hosts to many unusual viruses with diverse virion shapes and distinct gene compositions. As is typical of viruses in general, there are no universal genes in the archaeal virosphere. Therefore, to obtain a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary relationships between viruses, network analysis methods are more productive than traditional phylogenetic approaches. Here we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of genomes and proteomes from all currently known taxonomically classified and unclassified, cultivated and uncultivated archaeal viruses. We constructed a bipartite network of archaeal viruses that includes two classes of nodes, the genomes and gene families that connect them. Dissection of this network using formal community detection methods reveals strong modularity, with 10 distinct modules and 3 putative supermodules. However, compared to similar previously analyzed networks of eukaryotic and bacterial viruses, the archaeal virus network is sparsely connected. With the exception of the tailed viruses related to bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales and the families Turriviridae and Sphaerolipoviridae that are linked to a distinct supermodule of eukaryotic and bacterial viruses, there are few connector genes shared by different archaeal virus modules. In contrast, most of these modules include, in addition to viruses, capsidless mobile elements, emphasizing tight evolutionary connections between the two types of entities in archaea. The relative contributions of distinct evolutionary origins, in particular from nonviral elements, and insufficient sampling to the sparsity of the archaeal virus network remain to be determined by further exploration of the archaeal virosphere. IMPORTANCE Viruses infecting archaea are among the most mysterious denizens of the virosphere. Many of these viruses display no genetic or even morphological relationship to viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes, raising questions regarding their origins and position in the global virosphere. Analysis of 5,740 protein sequences from 116 genomes allowed dissection of the archaeal virus network and showed that most groups of archaeal viruses are evolutionarily connected to capsidless mobile genetic elements, including various plasmids and transposons. This finding could reflect actual independent origins of the distinct groups of archaeal viruses from different nonviral elements, providing important insights into the emergence and evolution of the archaeal virome.
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