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Uddin MK, Watanabe T, Arata M, Sato Y, Kimura H, Murata T. Epstein-Barr Virus BBLF1 Mediates Secretory Vesicle Transport to Facilitate Mature Virion Release. J Virol 2023; 97:e0043723. [PMID: 37195206 PMCID: PMC10308924 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00437-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses undergo a complex multistep process of assembly, maturation, and release into the extracellular space utilizing host secretory machinery. Several studies of the herpesvirus subfamily have shown that secretory vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or endosomes transport virions into the extracellular space. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying the release of Epstein-Barr virus, a human oncovirus, remains unclear. We demonstrate that disruption of BBLF1, a tegument component, suppressed viral release and resulted in the accumulation of viral particles on the inner side of the vesicular membrane. Organelle separation revealed the accumulation of infectious viruses in fractions containing vesicles derived from the TGN and late endosomes. Deficiency of an acidic amino acid cluster in BBLF1 reduced viral secretion. Moreover, truncational deletion of the C-terminal region of BBLF1 increased infectious virus production. These findings suggest that BBLF1 regulates the viral release pathway and reveal a new aspect of tegument protein function. IMPORTANCE Several viruses have been linked to the development of cancer in humans. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the first identified human oncovirus, causes a wide range of cancers. Accumulating literature has demonstrated the role of viral reactivation in tumorigenesis. Elucidating the functions of viral lytic genes induced by reactivation, and the mechanisms of lytic infection, is essential to understanding pathogenesis. Progeny viral particles synthesized during lytic infection are released outside the cell after the assembly, maturation, and release steps, leading to further infection. Through functional analysis using BBLF1-knockout viruses, we demonstrated that BBLF1 promotes viral release. The acidic amino acid cluster in BBLF1 was also important for viral release. Conversely, mutants lacking the C terminus exhibited more efficient virus production, suggesting that BBLF1 is involved in the fine-tuning of progeny release during the EBV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Uddin
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masataka Arata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Murata T. Tegument proteins of Epstein-Barr virus: Diverse functions, complex networks, and oncogenesis. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200260. [PMID: 37169175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tegument is the structure between the envelope and nucleocapsid of herpesvirus particles. Viral (and cellular) proteins accumulate to create the layers of the tegument. Some Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) tegument proteins are conserved widely in Herpesviridae, but others are shared only by members of the gamma-herpesvirus subfamily. As the interface to envelope and nucleocapsid, the tegument functions in virion morphogenesis and budding of the nucleocapsid during progeny production. When a virus particle enters a cell, enzymes such as kinase and deubiquitinase, and transcriptional activators are released from the virion to promote virus infection. Moreover, some EBV tegument proteins are involved in oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the roles of EBV tegument proteins, in comparison to those of other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
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Fülöp Á, Torma G, Moldován N, Szenthe K, Bánáti F, Almsarrhad IAA, Csabai Z, Tombácz D, Minárovits J, Boldogkői Z. Integrative profiling of Epstein-Barr virus transcriptome using a multiplatform approach. Virol J 2022; 19:7. [PMID: 34991630 PMCID: PMC8740505 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human pathogenic gammaherpesvirus with carcinogenic potential. The EBV transcriptome has previously been analyzed using both Illumina-based short read-sequencing and Pacific Biosciences RS II-based long-read sequencing technologies. Since the various sequencing methods have distinct strengths and limitations, the use of multiplatform approaches have proven to be valuable. The aim of this study is to provide a more complete picture on the transcriptomic architecture of EBV. METHODS In this work, we apply the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION (long-read sequencing) platform for the generation of novel transcriptomic data, and integrate these with other's data generated by another LRS approach, Pacific BioSciences RSII sequencing and Illumina CAGE-Seq and Poly(A)-Seq approaches. Both amplified and non-amplified cDNA sequencings were applied for the generation of sequencing reads, including both oligo-d(T) and random oligonucleotide-primed reverse transcription. EBV transcripts are identified and annotated using the LoRTIA software suite developed in our laboratory. RESULTS This study detected novel genes embedded into longer host genes containing 5'-truncated in-frame open reading frames, which potentially encode N-terminally truncated proteins. We also detected a number of novel non-coding RNAs and transcript length isoforms encoded by the same genes but differing in their start and/or end sites. This study also reports the discovery of novel splice isoforms, many of which may represent altered coding potential, and of novel replication-origin-associated transcripts. Additionally, novel mono- and multigenic transcripts were identified. An intricate meshwork of transcriptional overlaps was revealed. CONCLUSIONS An integrative approach applying multi-technique sequencing technologies is suitable for reliable identification of complex transcriptomes because each techniques has different advantages and limitations, and the they can be used for the validation of the results obtained by a particular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Fülöp
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Norbert Moldován
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Kálmán Szenthe
- Carlsbad Research Organization Ltd., Szabadság u. 2., Újrónafő, 9244 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bánáti
- RT-Europe Research Center, Vár tér 2., Mosonmagyaróvár, 9200 Hungary
| | - Islam A. A. Almsarrhad
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csabai
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - János Minárovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720 Hungary
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Epstein-Barr Virus BBRF2 Is Required for Maximum Infectivity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120705. [PMID: 31888254 PMCID: PMC6955869 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the gammaherpesvirinae, which causes infectious mononucleosis and several types of cancer. BBRF2 is an uncharacterized gene of EBV and is expressed during the lytic phase. To evaluate its function, BBRF2-knockout EBV was prepared using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Although viral gene expression, DNA synthesis, and progeny secretion were not affected, the infectivity of progeny viruses was significantly reduced by the disruption of BBRF2. When expressed alone, BBRF2 protein localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, while the coexpression of an interacting partner, BSRF1, resulted in its relocalization to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the coexpression of BBRF2 protected BSRF1 from proteasome/ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Therefore, BBRF2, together with BSRF1, augments viral infectivity.
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Initial Characterization of the Epstein⁻Barr Virus BSRF1 Gene Product. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030285. [PMID: 30901892 PMCID: PMC6466199 DOI: 10.3390/v11030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein⁻Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes infectious mononucleosis and several types of cancer, such as Burkitt lymphoma, T/NK-cell lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. As a herpesvirus, it encodes more than 80 genes, many of which have not been characterized. EBV BamHI S rightward reading frame 1 (BSRF1) encodes a tegument protein that, unlike its homologs herpes simplex virus unique long 51 (UL51) and human cytomegalovirus UL71, has not been extensively investigated. To examine the role of BSRF1, we prepared knockout and revertant strains using the bacterial artificial chromosome system. Unexpectedly, the disruption of the gene had little or no effect on EBV lytic replication and the transformation of primary B cells. However, the knockdown of BSRF1 in B95-8 cells decreased progeny production. An immunofluorescence assay revealed that BSRF1 localized to the Golgi apparatus in the cytoplasm, as did its homologs. BSRF1 also associated with BamHI G leftward reading frame 3.5 (BGLF3.5), BamHI B rightward reading frame 2 (BBRF2), and BamHI A leftward reading frame 1 (BALF1), and BALF1 was incorporated into the tegument fraction with BSRF1. Taken together, our results indicate that BSRF1 plays a role in secondary envelopment or virion egress in the cytoplasm, as do its homolog genes.
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Masud HMAA, Watanabe T, Sato Y, Goshima F, Kimura H, Murata T. The BOLF1 gene is necessary for effective Epstein-Barr viral infectivity. Virology 2019; 531:114-125. [PMID: 30856483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies. Here, we focused on an EBV lytic protein, BOLF1, which is conserved throughout the herpesvirus family and is reported to be a virion tegument protein. We first constructed BOLF1-deficient viruses using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Although the loss of BOLF1 had almost no effect on viral protein expression, DNA synthesis, or extracellular progeny release, EBV infectivity was significantly reduced. Further analysis showed that nuclear transportation of the incoming virus was decreased by the disruption of BOLF1. Our results indicate that BOLF1enhances the infectious potential of progeny virions, at least partly by increasing nuclear transportation of incoming nucleocapsids. We also found that BOLF1 interacted with BKRF4, and the BOLF1 and BKRF4 proteins were localized in the nucleus and perinuclear area, during the viral lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
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The 5' Untranslated Region of Human Bocavirus Capsid Transcripts Regulates Viral mRNA Biogenesis and Alternative Translation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00443-18. [PMID: 30111560 PMCID: PMC6189511 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00443-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative translation of HBoV1 capsid mRNAs is vital for the viral life cycle, as capsid proteins perform essential functions in genome packaging, assembly, and antigenicity. The 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of capsid mRNAs are generated by alternative splicing, and they contain different exons. Our study shows that the 5′ UTR not only modulates mRNA abundance but also regulates capsid expression. Two upstream ATGs (uATGs) that were upstream of the capsid translation initiation site in the 5′ UTR were found to affect viral capsid mRNA polyadenylation, alternative translation, and progeny virus production. The results reveal that uATGs play an important role in the viral life cycle and represent a new layer to regulate HBoV1 RNA processing, which could be a target for gene therapy. The capsid mRNA transcripts of human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) can be generated by alternative splicing from the mRNA precursor transcribed from the P5 promoter. However, the alternative translation regulation mechanism of capsid mRNA transcripts is largely unknown. Here we report that the polycistronic capsid mRNA transcripts encode VP1, VP2, and VP3 in vitro and in vivo. The 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of capsid mRNA transcripts, which consist of exons, affected not only the abundance of mRNA but also the translation pattern of capsid proteins. Further study showed that exons 2 and 3 were critical for the abundance of mRNA, while exon 4 regulated capsid translation. Alternative translation of capsid mRNA involved a leaky scan mechanism. Mutating the upstream ATGs (uATGs) located in exon 4 resulted in more mRNA transcripts polyadenylated at the proximal polyadenylation [(pA)p] site, leading to increased capsid mRNA transcripts. Moreover, uATG mutations induced more VP1 expression, while VP3 expression was decreased, which resulted in less progeny virus production. Our data show that the 5′ UTR of HBoV1 plays a critical role in the modulation of mRNA abundance, alternative RNA processing, alternative translation, and progeny virus production. IMPORTANCE Alternative translation of HBoV1 capsid mRNAs is vital for the viral life cycle, as capsid proteins perform essential functions in genome packaging, assembly, and antigenicity. The 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of capsid mRNAs are generated by alternative splicing, and they contain different exons. Our study shows that the 5′ UTR not only modulates mRNA abundance but also regulates capsid expression. Two upstream ATGs (uATGs) that were upstream of the capsid translation initiation site in the 5′ UTR were found to affect viral capsid mRNA polyadenylation, alternative translation, and progeny virus production. The results reveal that uATGs play an important role in the viral life cycle and represent a new layer to regulate HBoV1 RNA processing, which could be a target for gene therapy.
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Encyclopedia of EBV-Encoded Lytic Genes: An Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:395-412. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Bergson S, Itzhak I, Wasserman T, Gelgor A, Kalt I, Sarid R. The Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf35 gene product is required for efficient lytic virus reactivation. Virology 2016; 499:91-98. [PMID: 27639575 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is implicated in the etiology of several human malignancies. KSHV open reading frame (orf) 35 encodes a conserved gammaherpesvirus protein with an, as yet, unknown function. Employing the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system, we generated a recombinant viral clone that fails to express ORF35 (BAC16-ORF35-stop) but preserves intact adjacent and overlapping reading frames. Using this construct, we studied the role of this previously uncharacterized gene product during lytic reactivation of KSHV. Upon lytic reactivation, the ORF35-stop recombinant virus displayed significantly reduced lytic viral gene expression, viral DNA replication, and progeny virus production as compared to control wild-type virus. Exogenous expression of ORF35-Flag reversed the effects of ORF35 deficiency. These results demonstrate that ORF35 is important for efficient lytic virus reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Bergson
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Inbal Itzhak
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Talya Wasserman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Anastasia Gelgor
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Inna Kalt
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ronit Sarid
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Li R, Liao G, Nirujogi RS, Pinto SM, Shaw PG, Huang TC, Wan J, Qian J, Gowda H, Wu X, Lv DW, Zhang K, Manda SS, Pandey A, Hayward SD. Phosphoproteomic Profiling Reveals Epstein-Barr Virus Protein Kinase Integration of DNA Damage Response and Mitotic Signaling. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005346. [PMID: 26714015 PMCID: PMC4699913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is etiologically linked to infectious mononucleosis and several human cancers. EBV encodes a conserved protein kinase BGLF4 that plays a key role in the viral life cycle. To provide new insight into the host proteins regulated by BGLF4, we utilized stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics to compare site-specific phosphorylation in BGLF4-expressing Akata B cells. Our analysis revealed BGLF4-mediated hyperphosphorylation of 3,046 unique sites corresponding to 1,328 proteins. Frequency analysis of these phosphosites revealed a proline-rich motif signature downstream of BGLF4, indicating a broader substrate recognition for BGLF4 than its cellular ortholog cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Further, motif analysis of the hyperphosphorylated sites revealed enrichment in ATM, ATR and Aurora kinase substrates while functional analyses revealed significant enrichment of pathways related to the DNA damage response (DDR), mitosis and cell cycle. Phosphorylation of proteins associated with the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) indicated checkpoint activation, an event that inactivates the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome, APC/C. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BGLF4 binds to and directly phosphorylates the key cellular proteins PP1, MPS1 and CDC20 that lie upstream of SAC activation and APC/C inhibition. Consistent with APC/C inactivation, we found that BGLF4 stabilizes the expression of many known APC/C substrates. We also noted hyperphosphorylation of 22 proteins associated the nuclear pore complex, which may contribute to nuclear pore disassembly and SAC activation. A drug that inhibits mitotic checkpoint activation also suppressed the accumulation of extracellular EBV virus. Taken together, our data reveal that, in addition to the DDR, manipulation of mitotic kinase signaling and SAC activation are mechanisms associated with lytic EBV replication. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002411 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD002411). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that is associated with B cell and epithelial human cancers. Herpesviruses encode a protein kinase which is an important regulator of lytic virus replication and is consequently a target for anti-viral drug development. The EBV genome encodes for a serine/threonine protein kinase called BGLF4. Previous work on BGLF4 has largely focused on its cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)-like activity. The range of BGLF4 cellular substrates and the full impact of BGLF4 on the intracellular microenvironment still remain to be elucidated. Here, we utilized unbiased quantitative phosphoproteomic approach to dissect the changes in the cellular phosphoproteome that are mediated by BGLF4. Our MS analyses revealed extensive hyperphosphorylation of substrates that are normally targeted by CDK1, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) proteins and Aurora kinases. The up-regulated phosphoproteins were functionally linked to the DNA damage response, mitosis and cell cycle pathways. Our data demonstrate widespread changes in the cellular phosphoproteome that occur upon BGLF4 expression and suggest that manipulation of the DNA damage and mitotic kinase signaling pathways are central to efficient EBV lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Li
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (AP); (SDH)
| | - Gangling Liao
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Patrick G. Shaw
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tai-Chung Huang
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun Wan
- Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiang Qian
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Xinyan Wu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dong-Wen Lv
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kun Zhang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Srikanth S. Manda
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (AP); (SDH)
| | - S. Diane Hayward
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (AP); (SDH)
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Watanabe T, Tsuruoka M, Narita Y, Katsuya R, Goshima F, Kimura H, Murata T. The Epstein-Barr virus BRRF2 gene product is involved in viral progeny production. Virology 2015; 484:33-40. [PMID: 26057150 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) predominantly establishes a latent infection in B lymphocytes, and occasionally switches from the latent state to the lytic cycle. In this report, we identified and examined the role of a lytic gene, BRRF2. We first prepared an antibody against BRRF2 and identified the gene product as a viral lytic protein expressed in B95-8 cells with late kinetics. Immunofluorescence revealed that BRRF2 localized in the cytoplasm of cells during the lytic phase. We also found that BRRF2 protein was phosphorylated in lytic cells, but the only viral protein kinase, BGLF4, was not involved in the phosphorylation. Knockout EBV and a repaired strain were then prepared, and we found that BRRF2 disruption did not affect viral gene expression and DNA replication, but decreased virus production. These results demonstrated that BRRF2 is involved in production of infectious progeny, although it is not essential for lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyuki Tsuruoka
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yohei Narita
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Katsuya
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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