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Newcomer BW. 75 years of bovine viral diarrhea virus: Current status and future applications of the use of directed antivirals. Antiviral Res 2021; 196:105205. [PMID: 34742739 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was first reported 75 years ago and remains a source of major financial and production losses in the North American cattle industry. Currently, control methods in North America primarily center around biosecurity and vaccination programs; however, despite high levels of vaccination, the virus persists in the cattle herd due at least in part to the often-insidious nature of disease and the constant viremia and viral shedding of persistently infected animals which act as a reservoir for the virus. Continued development of targeted antivirals represents an additional tool for the prevention of BVDV-associated losses. Currently, in vivo studies of BVDV antivirals are relatively limited and have primarily been directed at the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which represents the viral target with the highest potential for commercial development. Additional live animal studies have explored the potential of exogenous interferon treatment. Future research of commercial antivirals must focus on the establishment and validation of in vivo efficacy for compounds with demonstrated antiviral potential. The areas which provide the most viable economic justification for the research and development of antivirals drugs are the fed cattle sector, outbreak control, and wildlife or animals of high genetic value. With further development, targeted antivirals represent an additional tool for the management and control of BVDV in North American cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Newcomer
- Veterinary Education, Research, & Outreach Program, Texas A&M and West Texas A&M Universities, Canyon, TX, 79016, USA.
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2
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Gallina L, Koch MC, Gentile A, Treglia I, Bombardi C, Mandrioli L, Bolcato M, Scagliarini A, Drögemüller C, Seuberlich T, Ciulli S. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1b infection associated with congenital tremor and hypomyelination in Holstein calves. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109047. [PMID: 33866081 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypomyelination is a rare consequence of in utero bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection. We describe a BVDV outbreak in a naïve Holstein dairy herd in northern Italy, with an unusually high prevalence of calves with neurological signs, generalised tremors and ataxia. Histological analysis showed that hypomyelination was the predominant lesion and that the most typical BVDV neuropathological findings (e.g. cerebellar hypoplasia) were absent. Virological and molecular analyses showed that non-cytopathic BVDV genotype 1b was associated with the calves' neurological signs and excluded other viruses responsible for congenital infection or neurological disorders. Whole-genome sequencing of BVDVs from the brain of a calf with neurological signs and the whole blood of a persistently infected herd-mate with no such sign showed >99.7 % sequence identity. Analysis of the quasispecies distribution revealed the greatest variation rates in regions coding for the structural proteins E1 and E2. Variation was slightly greater in the brain- than in the blood-derived sequence and occurred at different sites, suggesting the occurrence of distinct evolutionary processes in the two persistently infected calves. Molecular characterisation of BVDV genomes from five other calves with neurological signs from the same farm confirmed that the E1 and E2 regions were the most variable. Several factors, including genetic variability and host factors, appear to have contributed to the observed unique BVDV disease phenotype, characterised by hypomyelination and neurological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Michel C Koch
- Division of Neurological Sciences, NeuroCenter, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Ida Treglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marilena Bolcato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, NeuroCenter, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
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3
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Weber MN, Wolf JM, da Silva MS, Mosena ACS, Budaszewski RF, Lunge VR, Canal CW. Insights into the origin and diversification of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subtypes. Arch Virol 2021; 166:607-611. [PMID: 33392819 PMCID: PMC7779086 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we performed phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis on bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) sequences to investigate the origin and temporal diversification of different BVDV-1 subtypes. Dated phylogenies using the complete polyprotein sequence were reconstructed, and the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was estimated. The results demonstrated that BVDV-1 subtypes clustered into two phylogenetic clades, where the predominant subtypes worldwide grouped together. In the temporal analysis, the tMRCA of BVDV-1 was 1336, and the diversification into different subtypes appears to have occurred around 363 years ago. The present results help to elucidate the origins of BVDV-1 subtypes and the dynamics of ruminant pestiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jonas M Wolf
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana S da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Mosena
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata F Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner R Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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4
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An Assessment of Secondary Clinical Disease, Milk Production and Quality, and the Impact on Reproduction in Holstein Heifers and Cows from a Single Large Commercial Herd Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070760. [PMID: 32679648 PMCID: PMC7412390 DOI: 10.3390/v12070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate secondary clinical disease, milk production efficiency and reproductive performance of heifers and cows persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV type 2). PI animals (n = 25) were identified using an antigen capture ELISA of ear notch samples. They were distributed into three age groups: ≤ 12 (n = 8), 13 to 24 (n = 6) and 25 to 34 (n = 11) months old. A control group of BVDV antigen ELISA negative female cattle that were age matched to the PI animals was utilized from the same herd. The PI group had a 1.29 higher odds ratio for diarrhea than controls (p = 0.001, IC95% = 1.032–1.623) and 1.615 greater chance of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) (p = 0.012, IC95% = 1.155–2.259). The age at first insemination (p = 0.012) and number of insemination attempts required to establish the first pregnancy (p = 0.016) were both higher for PI than controls. Milk production was higher for control cows than PI cows during most of the sampling periods. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were higher in PI cows than the controls at all sampling points across lactation (p ≤ 0.042). PI cattle had a higher incidence of disease, produced less milk, a higher SCC, and poorer reproductive performance than control cattle in this study.
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5
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Kuca T, Passler T, Newcomer BW, Neill JD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Zhang Y, Bayles DO, Walz PH. Changes Introduced in the Open Reading Frame of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus During Serial Infection of Pregnant Swine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1138. [PMID: 32587582 PMCID: PMC7298064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most economically important viruses of cattle, but this pathogen is also able to infect pigs, camelids, and a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants. BVDV isolates circulating in animal populations are genetically and antigenically highly diverse. Acute BVDV infections in cattle cause the introduction of many substitutions in the viral genome. Serial infection of pregnant sheep with a BVDV-1b isolate of bovine origin was also associated with great numbers of substitutions. To our knowledge, genomic changes arising during BVDV infections in swine have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes occurring in the open reading frame (ORF) of BVDV during serial infection of pregnant swine with a BVDV isolate of bovine origin. The BVDV-1b isolate AU526 was serially passaged in six pregnant gilts, two of which gave birth to live piglets congenitally infected with BVDV. The complete ORF sequences of 14 BVDV isolates obtained from pregnant gilts and their piglets were determined. Their analysis revealed that serial transmission of AU526 in pregnant swine resulted in many genomic changes. All isolates of porcine origin shared 32 nucleotide and 12 amino acid differences with the virus inoculum AU526. These changes were detected after a single passage in pregnant swine and were conserved during the subsequent five passages. Amino acid changes occurred primarily in genomic regions encoding the BVDV structural proteins E2 and E rns . These results suggest that BVDV infections in pregnant swine may contribute significantly to the genetic variability of BVDV and lead to the appearance of adaptive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Kuca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patricia K Galik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kay P Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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6
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Russell GC, Zadoks RN, Willoughby K, Bachofen C. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000343. [PMID: 32160141 PMCID: PMC7276709 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important disease of cattle, with significant impacts on animal health and welfare. The wide host range of the causative pestiviruses may lead to formation of virus reservoirs in other ruminant or wildlife species, presenting a concern for the long-term success of BVD eradication campaigns. It is likely that the quasispecies nature of these RNA viruses contributes to their interspecies transmission by providing genetic plasticity. Understanding the spectrum of sequence variants present in persistently infected (PI) animals is, therefore, essential for studies of virus transmission. To analyse quasispecies diversity without amplification bias, we extracted viral RNA from the serum of a PI cow, and from cell culture fluid after three passages of the same virus in culture, to produce cDNA without amplification. Sequencing of this material using Illumina 250 bp paired-read technology produced full-length virus consensus sequences from both sources and demonstrated the quasispecies diversity of this pestivirus A genotype 1a field strain within serum and after culture. We report the distribution and diversity of over 800 SNPs and provide evidence for a loss of diversity after only three passages in cell culture, implying that cultured viruses cannot be used to understand quasispecies diversity and may not provide reliable molecular markers for source tracing or transmission studies. Additionally, both serum and cultured viruses could be sequenced as a set of 25 overlapping PCR amplicons that demonstrated the same consensus sequences and the presence of many of the same quasispecies variants. The observation that aspects of the quasispecies structure revealed by massively parallel sequencing are also detected after PCR and Sanger sequencing suggests that this approach may be useful for small or difficult to analyse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Willoughby
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Walz P, Casas E, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus detected in subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in persistently infected animals and health outcome. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 207:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Kuca T, Passler T, Newcomer BW, Neill JD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Zhang Y, Walz PH. Identification of Conserved Amino Acid Substitutions During Serial Infection of Pregnant Cattle and Sheep With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1109. [PMID: 29928264 PMCID: PMC5998738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle that can also infect a wide range of domestic and wild species including sheep, goats, deer, camelids, and pigs. BVDV isolates are genetically highly diverse and previous work demonstrated that many substitutions were introduced in the viral genome during acute infections in cattle. In contrast, only limited information exists regarding changes occurring during BVDV infections in species other than cattle. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes introduced in the open reading frame (ORF) of the BVDV genome during serial infection of pregnant cattle and sheep with an isolate of bovine origin. Serial experimental inoculations were performed in six pregnant heifers and six pregnant ewes using BVDV-1b isolate AU526 in the first heifer and ewe, and serum from the preceding acutely infected dam thereafter. Complete ORF sequences were determined for 23 BVDV-1b isolates including AU526, one isolate from each pregnant dam, and one isolate from each BVDV-positive offspring born to these dams. Sequence comparison revealed that greater numbers of substitutions occurred during serial infection of pregnant sheep than of pregnant cattle. Furthermore, multiple host-specific amino acid changes were gradually introduced and conserved. These changes were more abundant in ovine isolates and occurred primarily in the E2 coding region. These results suggest that BVDV infections in heterologous species may serve as a significant source of viral genetic diversity and may be associated with adaptive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Kuca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Newcomer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - John D. Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patricia K. Galik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kay P. Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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9
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Characterization of thymus-associated lymphoid depletion in bovine calves acutely or persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 or HoBi-like pestivirus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3473-3480. [PMID: 28795249 PMCID: PMC5640739 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Naïve pregnant cattle exposed to pestiviruses between 40-125 days of gestation can give birth to persistently infected (PI) calves. Clinical presentation and survivability, in PI cattle, is highly variable even with the same pestivirus strain whereas the clinical presentation in acute infections is more uniform with severity of symptoms being primarily a function of virulence of the infecting virus. The aim of this study was to compare thymic depletion, as measured by comparing the area of the thymic cortex to the medulla (corticomedullary ratio), in acute and persistent infections of the same pestivirus isolate. The same general trends were observed with each pestivirus isolate. Thymic depletion was observed in both acutely and persistently infected calves. The average thymic depletion observed in acutely infected calves was greater than that in age matched PI calves. PI calves, regardless of infecting virus, revealed a greater variability in amount of depletion compared to acutely infected calves. A trend was observed between survivability and depletion of the thymus, with PI calves surviving less than 5 weeks having lower corticomedullary ratios and greater depletion. This is the first study to compare PI and acutely infected calves with the same isolates as well as to evaluate PI calves based on survivability. Further, this study identified a quantifiable phenotype associated with potential survivability.
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10
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Li T, Huang M, Xiao H, Zhang G, Ding J, Wu P, Zhang H, Sheng J, Chen C. Selection and characterization of specific nanobody against bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178469. [PMID: 28582444 PMCID: PMC5459339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) is caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and results in abortion, stillbirth, and fetal malformation in cows. Here, we constructed the phage display vector pCANTAB 5E-VHH and then transformed it into Escherichia coli TG1-competent cells, to construct an initial anti-BVDV nanobody gene library. We obtained a BVDV-E2 antigen epitope bait protein by prokaryotic expression using the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene of the BVDV-NADL strain published in GenBank. Phage display was used to screen the anti-BVDV nanobody gene library. We successfully constructed a high quality phage display nanobody library, with an initial library capacity of 4.32×105. After the rescue of helper phage, the titer of the phage display nanobody library was 1.3×1011. The BVDV-E2 protein was then expressed in Escherichia coli (DE3), and a 49.5 kDa band was observed with SDS-PAGE analysis that was consistent with the expected nanobody size. Thus, we were able to isolate one nanobody that exhibits high affinity and specificity against BVDV using phage display techniques. This isolated nanobody was then used in Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and qRT-PCR, and ELISA analyses of BVDV infection of MDBK cells indicated that the nanobodies exhibited good antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Shihezi University Library, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongran Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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11
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Jenckel M, Blome S, Beer M, Höper D. Quasispecies composition and diversity do not reveal any predictors for chronic classical swine fever virus infection. Arch Virol 2016; 162:775-786. [PMID: 27885563 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) can run acute, chronic, and prenatal courses in both domestic pigs and wild boar. Although chronic infections are rare events, their epidemiological impact is very high due to the long-term shedding of virus. So far, little is known about the factors that influence disease course and outcome from either the host or virus's perspective. To elucidate the viral determinants, we analyzed the role of the viral populations for the development of chronic CSF virus (CSFV) infections. Three different animal trials that had led to both chronic and acute infections were chosen for a detailed analysis by deep sequencing. The three inocula represented sub-genogroups 2.1 and 2.3, and two viruses were wild-type CSFV, one derived from an infectious cDNA clone. These viruses and samples derived from acutely and chronically infected animals were subjected to next-generation sequencing. Subsequently, the derived full-length genomes were compared at both the consensus and the quasispecies level. At consensus level, no differences were observed between the parental viruses and the viruses obtained from chronically infected animals. Despite a considerable level of variability at the quasispecies level, no indications were found for any predictive pattern with regard to the chronicity of the CSFV infections. While there might be no direct marker for chronicity, moderate virulence of some CSFV strains in itself seems to be a crucial prerequisite for the establishment of long-term infections which does not need further genetic adaption. Thus, general host and virus factors need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jenckel
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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12
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Weber MN, Bauermann FV, Gómez-Romero N, Herring AD, Canal CW, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Variation in pestivirus growth in testicle primary cell culture is more dependent on the individual cell donor than cattle breed. Vet Res Commun 2016; 41:1-7. [PMID: 27864728 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The causes of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) are multifactorial and include infection with both viral and bacterial pathogens. Host factors are also involved as different breeds of cattle appear to have different susceptibilities to BRDC. Infection with bovine pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV1), BVDV2 and 'HoBi'-like viruses, is linked to the development of BRDC. The aim of the present study was to compare the growth of different bovine pestiviruses in primary testicle cell cultures obtained from taurine, indicine and mixed taurine and indicine cattle breeds. Primary cells strains, derived from testicular tissue, were generated from three animals from each breed. Bovine pestivirus strains used were from BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-2a and 'HoBi'-like virus. Growth was compared by determining virus titers after one passage in primary cells. All tests were run in triplicate. Virus titers were determined by endpoint dilution and RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test (P˂0.05). Significant differences in virus growth did not correlate with cattle breed. However, significant differences were observed between cells derived from different individuals regardless of breed. Variation in the replication of virus in primary cell strains may reflect a genetic predisposition that favors virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Ninnet Gómez-Romero
- Laboratorio de Vacunología y Constatación, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Andy D Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University (TAMU), College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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Weber MN, Bauermann FV, Canal CW, Bayles DO, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Temporal dynamics of 'HoBi'-like pestivirus quasispecies in persistently infected calves generated under experimental conditions. Virus Res 2016; 227:23-33. [PMID: 27693289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
'HoBi'-like virus is an atypical group within the Pestivirus genus that is implicated in economic losses for cattle producers due to both acute and persistent infections. Pestivirus strains exist as quasispecies (swarms of individual viruses) in infected animals and the viral populations making up the quasispecies differ widely in size and diversity in each animal. In the present study the viral quasispecies circulating in persistently infected (PI) calves, generated and maintained under experimental conditions using two different 'HoBi'-like strains, was observed over time. An increase in genetic variability and the development of certain mutations was observed over time. Mutations observed included the loss of a putative N-linked glycosylation site in the E2 region and the change of specific residues in E1/E2. It is hypothesized that these changes may be the results on continued adaption of the pestivirus to individual hosts. This is the first study characterizing variation in the viral swarms of animals persistently infected with HoBi-like viruses over time. Studies of the shifts in PI viral swarms will contribute to our understanding of the host and viral mechanisms that function in the maintenance of pestivirus persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States.
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14
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Weber MN, Bauermann FV, Bayles DO, Canal CW, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Comparison of 'HoBi'-like viral populations among persistent infected calves generated under experimental conditions and to inoculum virus. Virology 2016; 492:225-31. [PMID: 26971244 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Like other members from the Pestivirus genus, 'HoBi'-like pestiviruses cause economic losses for cattle producers due to both acute and persistent infections. The present study analyzed for the first time PI animals derived from a controlled infection with two different 'HoBi'-like strains where the animals were maintained under conditions where superinfection by other pestiviruses could be excluded. The sequence of the region coding for viral glycoproteins E1/E2 of variants within the swarms of viruses present in the PI calves and two viral inoculums used to generate them were compared. Differences in genetic composition of the viral swarms were observed suggesting that host factors can play a role in genetic variations among PIs. Moreover, PIs generated with the same inoculum showed amino acid substitutions in similar sites of the polyprotein, even in serum from PIs with different quasispecies composition, reinforcing that some specific sites in E2 are important for host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - F V Bauermann
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - D O Bayles
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States.
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