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Gupta S, Mishra KP, Kumar B, Singh SB, Ganju L. Andrographolide Mitigates Unfolded Protein Response Pathway and Apoptosis Involved in Chikungunya Virus Infection. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:849-859. [PMID: 32819227 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200818165029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne RNA virus which induces host Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress by accumulating unfolded or misfolded proteins. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway to enable proper protein folding and maintain cellular homeostasis. There is no approved drug or vaccine available for CHIKV treatment, therefore, a pharmacological countermeasure is warranted for preventing CHIKV infection. OBJECTIVE With a view to find a treatment modality for chikungunya infection, "andrographolide", a plant-derived diterpenoid with reported antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, was used to investigate its role in chikungunya induced unfolded protein stress and apoptosis. METHODS Cells and supernatant collected on andrographolide and VER-155008, a GRP78 inhibitor, treatment in CHIKV infected and mock-infected THP-1 cells were tested for differential expression of UPR pathway proteins including GRP78, PERK, EIF-2α, IRE-1α, XBP-1 and ATF6. Furthermore, the inflammasome and apoptosis pathway proteins, i.e., caspase-1, caspase-3 and PARP, were tested by immunoblotting, and cytokines, i.e., IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ were tested by ELISA. RESULTS Andrographolide treatment in CHIKV infected THP-1 cells significantly reduced IRE1α and downstream spliced XBP1 protein expression. Furthermore, CHIKV induced apoptosis and viral protein expression were also reduced on andrographolide treatment. A comparative analysis of andrographolide versus VER-155008, confirmed that andrographolide surpasses the effects of VER-155008 in suppressing the CHIKV induced ER stress. CONCLUSION The study, therefore, confirms that andrographolide is a potential remedy for chikungunya infection and suppresses CHIKV induced ER stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India
| | - Kamla Prasad Mishra
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India
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Duan Q, Liu T, Yuan P, Huang C, Shao Q, Xu L, Sun J, Huang G, Chen Z. Antiviral effect of Chinese herbal prescription JieZe-1 on adhesion and penetration of VK2/E6E7 with herpes simplex viruses type 2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112405. [PMID: 31743766 PMCID: PMC7126206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Chinese Herbal Prescription JieZe-1(JZ-1), added and subtracted from Yihuang Decoction, a famous formula in the 12th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, has a clear effect on Genital Herpes (GH) and no obvious adverse reactions occur clinically. JZ-1 also has preventive and therapeutic effects on Trichomonas vaginitis, Candida albicans vaginitis and GH in vitro and in vivo experiments. AIM OF STUDY The effect and mechanism of JZ-1 on anti-herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV-2) in vitro focusing on adhesion and penetration stages were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A model of HSV-2 infection of VK2/E6E7 was developed. In order to explore JZ-1's anti-HSV-2 effect in vitro, cell morphology, ultrastructural pathology, cell viability and expression of viral glycoprotein D (gD) were assessed at 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h of JZ-1 treatment. Then we measured the exact time required for adhesion and penetration of HSV-2 into VK2/E6E7 among a series of times at room temperature and under temperature control techniques. We treated VK2/E6E7 with JZ-1, penciclovir, or berberine and explored the mechanism of JZ-1 in blocking HSV-2 adhesion and penetration of host cells by assessing the cell ultrastructural pathology, viability, viral proteins gB, gD, VP16, ICP5, and ICP4 and host cell proteins HVEM, Nectin-1, and Nectin-2. RESULTS HSV-2 can fully adhere and penetrate into VK/E6E7 within 5 mins at room temperature while it takes 60mins under temperature control techniques. JZ-1 and penciclovir showed significant anti-HSV-2 effects, with improved host cell morphologies and increased host cell viabilities observed after treatment for 24 h. The anti-HSV-2 effect of JZ-1 can be detected after treatment for 6 h while that of penciclovir was not obvious until treatment for 12 h. JZ-1 showed distinct effect on HSV-2 adhesion and penetration stages by significantly reducing the expression of viral proteins gB, gD, VP16, ICP5, and ICP4, improving cell morphology and increasing cell viability. However, these effects were not exerted via downregulated expression of membrane fusion-related proteins such as HVEM, Nectin-1, or Nectin-2. The specific anti-HSV-2 mechanism of JZ-1 need to be further explored. CONCLUSION The anti-HSV-2 effect of JZ-1 was superior to that of penciclovir and berberine in vitro, and was mainly mediated by enhancing host cell defense and blocking adhesion and penetration of HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Duan
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Cong Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Guangyin Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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