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Božinović K, Nestić D, Grellier E, Raddi N, Cornilleau G, Ambriović-Ristov A, Benihoud K, Majhen D. NGR-bearing human adenovirus type 5 infects cells in flotillin- or caveolin-mediated manner depending on the NGR insertion site. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 155:213681. [PMID: 37944448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses represent attractive candidates for the design of cancer gene therapy vectors. Modification of adenovirus tropism by incorporating a targeting ligand into the adenovirus capsid proteins allows retargeting of adenovirus towards the cells of interest. Human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) bearing NGR containing peptide (CNGRCVSGCAGRC) inserted into the fiber (AdFNGR) or the hexon (AdHNGR) protein demonstrated an increased transduction of endothelial cells showing expression of aminopeptidase N, also known as CD13, and αvβ3 integrin both present on tumor vasculature, indicating that NGR-bearing adenoviruses could be used as tools for anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. Here we investigated how AdFNGR and AdHNGR infect cells lacking HAdV-C5 primary receptor, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor, and we showed that both AFNGR and AdHNGR enter cells by dynamin- and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, while clathrin is not required for endocytosis of these viruses. We present evidence that productive infection of both AdFNGR and AdHNGR involves lipid rafts, with usage of flotillin-mediated cell entry for AdFNGR and limited role of caveolin in AdHNGR transduction efficiency. Lipid rafts play important role in angiogenesis and process of metastasis. Therefore, the ability of AdFNGR and AdHNGR to use lipid raft-dependent endocytosis, involving respectively flotillin- or caveolin-mediated pathway, could give them an advantage in targeting tumor cells lacking HAdV-C5 primary receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Božinović
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Nestić
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elodie Grellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis for New Therapeutic Approaches, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Najat Raddi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis for New Therapeutic Approaches, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Gaétan Cornilleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis for New Therapeutic Approaches, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Andreja Ambriović-Ristov
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karim Benihoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis for New Therapeutic Approaches, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis for New Therapeutic Approaches, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Human Adenovirus Type 26 Infection Mediated by αvβ3 Integrin Is Caveolin-1-Dependent. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0109722. [PMID: 35924932 PMCID: PMC9430667 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01097-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 26 (HAdV26) has been recognized as a promising platform for vaccine vector development, and very recently vaccine against COVID-19 based on HAdV26 was authorized for emergency use. Nevertheless, basic biology of this virus, namely, pathway which HAdV26 uses to enter the cell, is still insufficiently known. We have shown here that HAdV26 infection of human epithelial cells expressing low amount of αvβ3 integrin involves clathrin and is caveolin-1-independent, while HAdV26 infection of cells with high amount of αvβ3 integrin does not involve clathrin but is caveolin-1-dependent. Thus, this study demonstrates that caveolin-1 is limiting factor in αvβ3 integrin-mediated HAdV26 infection. Regardless of αvβ3 integrin expression, HAdV26 infection involves dynamin-2. Our data provide for the first-time description of HAdV26 cell entry pathway, hence increase our knowledge of HAdV26 infection. Knowing that functionality of adenovirus vector is influenced by its cell entry pathway and intracellular trafficking, our results will contribute to better understanding of HAdV26 immunogenicity and antigen presentation when used as vaccine vector. IMPORTANCE In order to fulfill its role as a vector, adenovirus needs to successfully deliver its DNA genome to the host nucleus, a process highly influenced by adenovirus intracellular translocation. Thus, cell entry pathway and intracellular trafficking determine functionality of human adenovirus-based vectors. Endocytosis of HAdV26, currently extensively studied as a vaccine vector, has not been described so far. We present here that HAdV26 infection of human epithelial cells with high expression of αvβ3 integrin, one of the putative HAdV26 receptors, is caveolin-1- and partially dynamin-2-dependent. Since caveolin containing domains provide a unique environment for specific signaling events and participate in inflammatory signaling one can imagine that directing HAdV26 cell entry toward caveolin-1-mediate pathway might play role in immunogenicity of this virus. Therefore, our results contribute to better understanding of HAdV26 infection pathway, hence, can be helpful in explaining induction of immune response and antigen presentation by HAdV26-based vaccine vector.
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Nestić D, Božinović K, Pehar I, Wallace R, Parker AL, Majhen D. The Revolving Door of Adenovirus Cell Entry: Not All Pathways Are Equal. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1585. [PMID: 34683878 PMCID: PMC8540258 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses represent exceptional candidates for wide-ranging therapeutic applications, from vectors for gene therapy to oncolytics for cancer treatments. The first ever commercial gene therapy medicine was based on a recombinant adenovirus vector, while most recently, adenoviral vectors have proven critical as vaccine platforms in effectively controlling the global coronavirus pandemic. Here, we discuss factors involved in adenovirus cell binding, entry, and trafficking; how they influence efficiency of adenovirus-based vectors; and how they can be manipulated to enhance efficacy of genetically modified adenoviral variants. We focus particularly on endocytosis and how different adenovirus serotypes employ different endocytic pathways to gain cell entry, and thus, have different intracellular trafficking pathways that subsequently trigger different host antiviral responses. In the context of gene therapy, the final goal of the adenovirus vector is to efficiently deliver therapeutic transgenes into the target cell nucleus, thus allowing its functional expression. Aberrant or inefficient endocytosis can impede this goal, therefore, it should be considered when designing and constructing adenovirus-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Nestić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.P.)
| | - Ksenija Božinović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.P.)
| | - Isabela Pehar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.P.)
| | - Rebecca Wallace
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.P.)
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Adenovirus - a blueprint for gene delivery. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:49-56. [PMID: 33892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A central quest in gene therapy and vaccination is to achieve effective and long-lasting gene expression at minimal dosage. Adenovirus vectors are widely used therapeutics and safely deliver genes into many cell types. Adenoviruses evolved to use elaborate trafficking and particle deconstruction processes, and efficient gene expression and progeny formation. Here, we discuss recent insights into how human adenoviruses deliver their double-stranded DNA genome into cell nuclei, and effect lytic cell killing, non-lytic persistent infection or vector gene expression. The mechanisms underlying adenovirus entry, uncoating, nuclear transport and gene expression provide a blueprint for the emerging field of synthetic virology, where artificial virus-like particles are evolved to deliver therapeutic payload into human cells without viral proteins and genomes.
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Savarese M, Sarparanta J, Vihola A, Jonson PH, Johari M, Rusanen S, Hackman P, Udd B. Panorama of the distal myopathies. ACTA MYOLOGICA : MYOPATHIES AND CARDIOMYOPATHIES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY OF MYOLOGY 2020; 39:245-265. [PMID: 33458580 PMCID: PMC7783427 DOI: 10.36185/2532-1900-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Distal myopathies are genetic primary muscle disorders with a prominent weakness at onset in hands and/or feet. The age of onset (from early childhood to adulthood), the distribution of muscle weakness (upper versus lower limbs) and the histological findings (ranging from nonspecific myopathic changes to myofibrillar disarrays and rimmed vacuoles) are extremely variable. However, despite being characterized by a wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity, the distal myopathies are a category of muscular dystrophies: genetic diseases with progressive loss of muscle fibers. Myopathic congenital arthrogryposis is also a form of distal myopathy usually caused by focal amyoplasia. Massive parallel sequencing has further expanded the long list of genes associated with a distal myopathy, and contributed identifying as distal myopathy-causative rare variants in genes more often related with other skeletal or cardiac muscle diseases. Currently, almost 20 genes (ACTN2, CAV3, CRYAB, DNAJB6, DNM2, FLNC, HNRNPA1, HSPB8, KHLH9, LDB3, MATR3, MB, MYOT, PLIN4, TIA1, VCP, NOTCH2NLC, LRP12, GIPS1) have been associated with an autosomal dominant form of distal myopathy. Pathogenic changes in four genes (ADSSL, ANO5, DYSF, GNE) cause an autosomal recessive form; and disease-causing variants in five genes (DES, MYH7, NEB, RYR1 and TTN) result either in a dominant or in a recessive distal myopathy. Finally, a digenic mechanism, underlying a Welander-like form of distal myopathy, has been recently elucidated. Rare pathogenic mutations in SQSTM1, previously identified with a bone disease (Paget disease), unexpectedly cause a distal myopathy when combined with a common polymorphism in TIA1. The present review aims at describing the genetic basis of distal myopathy and at summarizing the clinical features of the different forms described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Savarese
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Sarparanta
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Vihola
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Genetics, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Per Harald Jonson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mridul Johari
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Rusanen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Hackman
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
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Uhlorn BL, Jackson R, Li S, Bratton SM, Van Doorslaer K, Campos SK. Vesicular trafficking permits evasion of cGAS/STING surveillance during initial human papillomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009028. [PMID: 33253291 PMCID: PMC7728285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) replicate in differentiating epithelium, causing 5% of cancers worldwide. Like most other DNA viruses, HPV infection initiates after trafficking viral genome (vDNA) to host cell nuclei. Cells possess innate surveillance pathways to detect microbial components or physiological stresses often associated with microbial infections. One of these pathways, cGAS/STING, induces IRF3-dependent antiviral interferon (IFN) responses upon detection of cytosolic DNA. Virion-associated vDNA can activate cGAS/STING during initial viral entry and uncoating/trafficking, and thus cGAS/STING is an obstacle to many DNA viruses. HPV has a unique vesicular trafficking pathway compared to many other DNA viruses. As the capsid uncoats within acidic endosomal compartments, minor capsid protein L2 protrudes across vesicular membranes to facilitate transport of vDNA to the Golgi. L2/vDNA resides within the Golgi lumen until G2/M, whereupon vesicular L2/vDNA traffics along spindle microtubules, tethering to chromosomes to access daughter cell nuclei. L2/vDNA-containing vesicles likely remain intact until G1, following nuclear envelope reformation. We hypothesize that this unique vesicular trafficking protects HPV from cGAS/STING surveillance. Here, we investigate cGAS/STING responses to HPV infection. DNA transfection resulted in acute cGAS/STING activation and downstream IFN responses. In contrast, HPV infection elicited minimal cGAS/STING and IFN responses. To determine the role of vesicular trafficking in cGAS/STING evasion, we forced premature viral penetration of vesicular membranes with membrane-perturbing cationic lipids. Such treatment renders a non-infectious trafficking-defective mutant HPV infectious, yet susceptible to cGAS/STING detection. Overall, HPV evades cGAS/STING by its unique subcellular trafficking, a property that may contribute to establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Uhlorn
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert Jackson
- School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shauna M. Bratton
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Campos
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Lee JS, Mukherjee S, Lee JY, Saha A, Chodosh J, Painter DF, Rajaiya J. Entry of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis-Associated Human Adenovirus Type 37 in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:50. [PMID: 32852546 PMCID: PMC7453050 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ocular infection by human adenovirus species D type 37 (HAdV-D37) causes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, a severe, hyperacute condition. The corneal component of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis begins upon infection of corneal epithelium, and the mechanism of viral entry dictates subsequent proinflammatory gene expression. Therefore, it is important to understand the specific pathways of adenoviral entry in these cells. Methods Transmission electron microscopy of primary and tert-immortalized human corneal epithelial cells infected with HAdV-D37 was performed to identify the means of viral entry. Confocal microscopy was used to determine intracellular trafficking. The results of targeted small interfering RNA and specific chemical inhibitors were analyzed by quantitative PCR, and Western blot. Results By transmission electron microscopy, HAdV-D37 was seen to enter by both clathrin-coated pits and macropinocytosis; however, entry was both pH and dynamin 2 independent. Small interfering RNA against clathrin, AP2A1, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1, but not early endosome antigen 1, decreased early viral gene expression. Ethyl-isopropyl amiloride, which blocks micropinocytosis, did not affect HAdV-D37 entry, but IPA, an inhibitor of p21-activated kinase, and important to actin polymerization, decreased viral entry in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions HAdV-D37 enters human corneal epithelial cells by a noncanonical clathrin-mediated pathway involving lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and PAK1, independent of pH, dynamin, and early endosome antigen 1. We showed earlier that HAdV-D37 enters human keratocytes through caveolae. Therefore, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis-associated viruses enter different corneal cell types via disparate pathways, which could account for a relative paucity of proinflammatory gene expression upon infection of corneal epithelial cells compared with keratocytes, as seen in prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Lee
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Amrita Saha
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David F. Painter
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Zhao M, Smith L, Volpatti J, Fabian L, Dowling JJ. Insights into wild-type dynamin 2 and the consequences of DNM2 mutations from transgenic zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:4186-4196. [PMID: 31691805 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin 2 (DNM2) encodes a ubiquitously expressed large GTPase with membrane fission capabilities that participates in the endocytosis of clathrin-coated vesicles. Heterozygous mutations in DNM2 are associated with two distinct neuromuscular disorders, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and autosomal dominant centronuclear myopathy (CNM). Despite extensive investigations in cell culture, the role of dynamin 2 in normal muscle development is poorly understood and the consequences of DNM2 mutations at the molecular level in vivo are not known. To address these gaps in knowledge, we developed transgenic zebrafish expressing either wild-type dynamin 2 or dynamin 2 with either a CNM or CMT mutation. Taking advantage of the live imaging capabilities of the zebrafish embryo, we establish the localization of wild-type and mutant dynamin 2 in vivo, showing for the first time distinctive dynamin 2 subcellular compartments. Additionally, we demonstrate that CNM-related DNM2 mutations are associated with protein mislocalization and aggregation. Lastly, we define core phenotypes associated with our transgenic mutant fish, including impaired motor function and altered muscle ultrastructure, making them the ideal platform for drug screening. Overall, using the power of the zebrafish, we establish novel insights into dynamin 2 localization and dynamics and provide the necessary groundwork for future studies examining dynamin 2 pathomechanisms and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhao
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lindsay Smith
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan Volpatti
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - James J Dowling
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Mystery eye: Human adenovirus and the enigma of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100826. [PMID: 31891773 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Known to occur in widespread outbreaks, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a severe ocular surface infection with a strong historical association with human adenovirus (HAdV). While the conjunctival manifestations can vary from mild follicular conjunctivitis to hyper-acute, exudative conjunctivitis with formation of conjunctival membranes, EKC is distinct as the only form of adenovirus conjunctivitis in which the cornea is also involved, likely due to the specific corneal epithelial tropism of its causative viral agents. The initial development of a punctate or geographic epithelial keratitis may herald the later formation of stromal keratitis, and manifest as subepithelial infiltrates which often persist or recur for months to years after the acute infection has resolved. The chronic keratitis in EKC is associated with foreign body sensation, photophobia, glare, and reduced vision. However, over a century since the first clinical descriptions of EKC, and over 60 years since the first causative agent, human adenovirus type 8, was identified, our understanding of this disorder remains limited. This is underscored by a current lack of effective diagnostic tools and treatments. In part, stasis in our knowledge base has been encouraged by the continued acceptance, and indeed propagation of, inaccurate paradigms pertaining to disease etiology and pathogenesis, particularly with regard to mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity within the cornea. Owing to its often persistent and medically refractory visual sequelae, reconsideration of key aspects of EKC disease biology is warranted to identify new treatment targets to curb its worldwide socioeconomic burden.
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Ismail AM, Zhou X, Dyer DW, Seto D, Rajaiya J, Chodosh J. Genomic foundations of evolution and ocular pathogenesis in human adenovirus species D. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3583-3608. [PMID: 31769017 PMCID: PMC7185199 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus commonly causes infections of respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and ocular surface mucosae. Although most adenovirus eye infections are mild and self-limited, specific viruses within human adenovirus species D are associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), a severe and highly contagious ocular surface infection, which can lead to chronic and/or recurrent, visually disabling keratitis. In this review, we discuss the links between adenovirus ontogeny, genomics, immune responses, and corneal pathogenesis, for those viruses that cause EKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrafali M. Ismail
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David W. Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Donald Seto
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Pennington MR, Saha A, Painter DF, Gavazzi C, Ismail AM, Zhou X, Chodosh J, Rajaiya J. Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E351. [PMID: 31540200 PMCID: PMC6780103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus infection of the ocular surface is associated with severe keratoconjunctivitis and the formation of subepithelial corneal infiltrates, which may persist and impair vision for months to years following infection. Long term pathology persists well beyond the resolution of viral replication, indicating that the prolonged immune response is not virus-mediated. However, it is not clear how these responses are sustained or even initiated following infection. This review discusses recent work from our laboratory and others which demonstrates different entry pathways specific to both adenovirus and cell type. These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pennington
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Amrita Saha
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - David F Painter
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Christina Gavazzi
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ashrafali M Ismail
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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