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Pan Y, Cai W, Cheng A, Wang M, Huang J, Chen S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Sun D, Mao S, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Gao Q, Ou X, Tian B, Yin Z, Jia R. Duck Tembusu virus NS3 protein induces apoptosis by activating the PERK/PKR pathway and mitochondrial pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0149723. [PMID: 37877719 PMCID: PMC10688375 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01497-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that replicates well in mosquito, bird, and mammalian cells. An in vivo study revealed that BALB/c mice and Kunming mice were susceptible to DTMUV after intracerebral inoculation. Moreover, there are no reports about DTMUV-related human disease, but antibodies against DTMUV and viral RNA were detected in the serum samples of duck industry workers. This information implies that DTMUV has expanded its host range and poses a threat to mammalian health. Thus, understanding the pathogenic mechanism of DTMUV is crucial for identifying potential antiviral targets. In this study, we discovered that NS3 can induce the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway through the PERK/PKR pathway; it can also interact with voltage-dependent anion channel 2 to induce apoptosis. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of DTMUV infection and identifying potential antiviral targets and may also serve as a reference for exploring the pathogenesis of other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjun Cai
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Gao M, Yang X, Wu Y, Wang J, Hu X, Ma Z, Zhou JH. Analysis for codon usage bias in membrane anchor of nonstructural protein 5A from BVDV. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1106-1114. [PMID: 37407515 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a monotopic membrane protein. This protein can anchor to the cell membrane by an in-plane amphipathic ⍺-helix, which participates in the viral replication complex. In this study, the effects of synonymous codon usage pattern of NS5A and the overall transfer RNA (tRNA) abundance in cells on the formation of the in-plane membrane anchor of NS5A were analyzed, based on NS5A coding sequences of different BVDV genotypes. BVDV NS5A coding sequences represent the most potential for BVDV genotyping. Moreover, the nucleotide usage of BVDV NS5A dominates the genotype-specific pattern of synonymous codon usage. There is an obvious relationship between synonymous codon usage bias and the spatial conformation of the in-plane membrane anchor. Furthermore, the overall tRNA abundance profiling displays that codon positions with a high level of tRNA abundance are more than ones with a low level of tRNA abundance in the in-plane membrane anchor, implying that high translation speed probably acts on the spatial conformation of in-plane membrane anchor of BVDV NS5A. These results give a new opinion on the effect of codon usage bias in the formation of the in-plane membrane anchor of BVDV NS5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuanye Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jinqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinyan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou
| | - Jian-Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou
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Cheng Y, Lou JX, Liu YY, Liu CC, Chen J, Yang MC, Ye YB, Go YY, Zhou B. Intracellular Vimentin Regulates the Formation of Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication Complex through Interaction with NS5A Protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0177022. [PMID: 37129496 PMCID: PMC10231149 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01770-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vimentin (VIM), an indispensable protein, is responsible for the formation of intermediate filament structures within cells and plays a crucial role in viral infections. However, the precise role of VIM in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection remains unclear. Herein, we systematically investigated the function of VIM in CSFV replication. We demonstrated that both knockdown and overexpression of VIM affected CSFV replication. Furthermore, we observed by confocal microscopy the rearrangement of cellular VIM into a cage-like structure during CSFV infection. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging indicated that the cage-like structures were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ringed around the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), thereby suggesting that VIM was associated with the formation of the viral replication complex (VRC). Mechanistically, phosphorylation of VIM at serine 72 (Ser72), regulated by the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, induced VIM rearrangement upon CSFV infection. Confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed that VIM colocalized and interacted with CSFV NS5A. Structurally, it was determined that amino acids 96 to 407 of VIM and amino acids 251 to 416 of NS5A were the respective important domains for this interaction. Importantly, both VIM knockdown and disruption of VIM rearrangement inhibited the localization of NS5A in the ER, implying that VIM rearrangement recruited NS5A to the ER for VRC formation. Collectively, our results suggest that VIM recruits NS5A to form a stable VRC that is protected by the cage-like structure formed by VIM rearrangement, ultimately leading to enhanced virus replication. These findings highlight the critical role of VIM in the formation and stabilization of VRC, which provides alternative strategies for the development of antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is a highly infectious disease that poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. Therefore, gaining insights into the virus and its interaction with host cells is crucial for developing effective antiviral measures and controlling the spread of CSF. Previous studies have shown that CSFV infection induces rearrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to the formation of small vesicular organelles containing nonstructural protein and double-stranded RNA of CSFV, as well as some host factors. These organelles then assemble into viral replication complexes (VRCs). In this study, we have discovered that VIM recruited CSFV NS5A to form a stable VRC that was protected by a cage-like structure formed by rearranged VIM. This enhanced viral replication. Our findings not only shed light on the molecular mechanism of CSFV replication but also offer new insights into the development of antiviral strategies for controlling CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-xiu Lou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-yun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-chun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-chuan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yin-bo Ye
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Liu C, Zhao W, Su J, Chen X, Zhao F, Fan J, Li X, Liu X, Zou L, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Fan S, Li Y, Zhao M, Chen J, Yi L. HSP90AA1 interacts with CSFV NS5A protein and regulates CSFV replication via the JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031868. [PMID: 36405689 PMCID: PMC9666401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious and fatal viral disease, posing a significant threat to the swine industry. Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha class A member 1 (HSP90AA1) is a very conservative chaperone protein that plays an important role in signal transduction and viral proliferation. However, the role of HSP90AA1 in CSFV infection is unknown. In this study, we found that expression of HSP90AA1 could be promoted in PK-15 and 3D4/2 cells infected by CSFV. Over-expression of HSP90AA1 could inhibit CSFV replication and functional silencing of HSP90AA1 gene promotes CSFV replication. Further exploration revealed that HSP90AA1 interacted with CSFV NS5A protein and reduced the protein levels of NS5A. Since NS5A has an important role in CSFV replication and is closely related to type I IFN and NF-κB response, we further analyzed whether HSP90AA1 affects CSFV replication by regulating type I IFN and NF-κB pathway responses. Our research found HSP90AA1 positively regulated type I IFN response by promoting STAT1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation processes and promoted the nuclear translocation processes of p-P65. However, CSFV infection antagonizes the activation of HSP90AA1 on JAK/STAT and NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our study found that HSP90AA1 overexpression significantly inhibited CSFV replication and may inhibit CSFV replication by interacting with NS5A and activating JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of action of HSP90AA1 in CSFV infection, which abundant the candidate library of anti-CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Su
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Feifan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linke Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Pan Q, Xu Q, Liu T, Zhang Y, Xin J. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host
UPR
protein
GRP78
to facilitate infection. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:208-222. [PMID: 35791781 PMCID: PMC9542919 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a crucial role in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) pathogenesis. We previously demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae interferes with the host UPR to foster bacterial adhesion and infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this UPR modulation is unclear. Here, we report that M. hyopneumoniae membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host GRP78, a master regulator of UPR localized to the porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) surface. The interaction of Mhp271 with GRP78 reduces the porcine beta‐defensin 2 (PBD‐2) production, thereby facilitating M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection. Furthermore, the R1‐2 repeat region of Mhp271 is crucial for GRP78 binding and the regulation of PBD‐2 expression. Intriguingly, a coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay and molecular docking prediction indicated that the ATP, rather than the substrate‐binding domain of GRP78, is targeted by Mhp271 R1‐2. Overall, our findings identify host GRP78 as a target for M. hyopneumoniae Mhp271 modulating the host UPR to facilitate M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
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Zhang C, Wang X, Sun J, Guo M, Zhang X, Wu Y. Autophagy Induced by the N-Terminus of the Classic Swine Fever Virus Nonstructural Protein 5A Protein Promotes Viral Replication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:733385. [PMID: 34512612 PMCID: PMC8424089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although classic swine fever virus (CSFV) infection has been reported to induce autophagy, the specific induced mechanism remains unrevealed. Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) of CSFV is a multiphosphorylated protein with multiple functions to regulate viral replication and the host cell immune responses. Herein, we demonstrated that CSFV NS5A could induce cellular autophagy and promote viral replication. In the current study, we showed that NS5A expression significantly increased the levels of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), including light chain 3 (LC3), ATG5, and Beclin 1; conversely, degradation of P62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) was observed by Western blotting. The number of autophagy-like vesicles was also obviously increased in NS5A-expressing cells, as analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, we observed the co-localization of the NS5A and LC3 proteins by confocal immunofluorescence analysis. Direct binding of NS5A to the autophagy-related LC3 protein was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in vivo and by a GST pulldown assay in vitro. Through segmentation and point mutation research on the NS5A protein, we found that the N-terminal region and the phosphorylation of amino acids 81 and 92 of the NS5A protein were essential for inducing autophagy. Finally, we demonstrated that the LC3 protein had a positive effect on CSFV replication. These findings emphasize a previously unascertained interaction relationship between NS5A and LC3 in the autophagy process. Furthermore, our research revealed a new role of CSFV NS5A, particularly its N-terminal amino acids serine 81 and serine 92, as a critical regulator of CSFV-induced autophagy and have significance for extending our understanding of the CSFV-autophagy interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Fan J, Liao Y, Zhang M, Liu C, Li Z, Li Y, Li X, Wu K, Yi L, Ding H, Zhao M, Fan S, Chen J. Anti-Classical Swine Fever Virus Strategies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040761. [PMID: 33917361 PMCID: PMC8067343 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious swine disease with high morbidity and mortality, which has caused significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Biosecurity measures and vaccination are the main methods for prevention and control of CSF since no specific drug is available for the effective treatment of CSF. Although a series of biosecurity and vaccination strategies have been developed to curb the outbreak events, it is still difficult to eliminate CSF in CSF-endemic and re-emerging areas. Thus, in addition to implementing enhanced biosecurity measures and exploring more effective CSF vaccines, other strategies are also needed for effectively controlling CSF. Currently, more and more research about anti-CSFV strategies was carried out by scientists, because of the great prospects and value of anti-CSFV strategies in the prevention and control of CSF. Additionally, studies on anti-CSFV strategies could be used as a reference for other viruses in the Flaviviridae family, such as hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. In this review, we aim to summarize the research on anti-CSFV strategies. In detail, host proteins affecting CSFV replication, drug candidates with anti-CSFV effects, and RNA interference (RNAi) targeting CSFV viral genes were mentioned and the possible mechanisms related to anti-CSFV effects were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingxin Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.)
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.)
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Ganges L, Crooke HR, Bohórquez JA, Postel A, Sakoda Y, Becher P, Ruggli N. Classical swine fever virus: the past, present and future. Virus Res 2020; 289:198151. [PMID: 32898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine. Due to its severe economic impact, CSF is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. Strict control policies, including systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination, have permitted regional virus eradication. Nevertheless, CSF virus (CSFV) persists in certain areas of the world and has re-emerged regularly. This review summarizes the basic established knowledge in the field and provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the recent advances in fundamental CSFV research, diagnostics and vaccine development. It covers the latest discoveries on the genetic diversity of pestiviruses, with implications for taxonomy, the progress in understanding disease pathogenesis, immunity against acute and persistent infections, and the recent findings in virus-host interactions and virulence determinants. We also review the progress and pitfalls in the improvement of diagnostic tools and the challenges in the development of modern and efficacious marker vaccines compatible with serological tests for disease surveillance. Finally, we highlight the gaps that require research efforts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Paul Becher
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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