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Wang J, Zhao Y, Cui T, Bao H, Gao M, Cheng M, Sun Y, Lu Y, Guan J, Zhang D, Jiang Y, Huang H, Shi C, Wang J, Wang N, Hu J, Yang W, Qian H, Jiang Q, Yang G, Zeng Y, Wang C, Cao X. AhR ligands from LGG metabolites promote piglet intestinal ILC3 activation and IL-22 secretion to inhibit PEDV infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0103924. [PMID: 39012142 PMCID: PMC11334530 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01039-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In maintaining organismal homeostasis, gut immunity plays a crucial role. The coordination between the microbiota and the immune system through bidirectional interactions regulates the impact of microorganisms on the host. Our research focused on understanding the relationships between substantial changes in jejunal intestinal flora and metabolites and intestinal immunity during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in piglets. We discovered that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) could effectively prevent PEDV infection in piglets. Further investigation revealed that LGG metabolites interact with type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) in the jejunum of piglets through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This interaction promotes the activation of ILC3s and the production of interleukin-22 (IL-22). Subsequently, IL-22 facilitates the proliferation of IPEC-J2 cells and activates the STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby preventing PEDV infection. Moreover, the AhR receptor influences various cell types within organoids, including intestinal stem cells (ISCs), Paneth cells, and enterocytes, to promote their growth and development, suggesting that AhR has a broad impact on intestinal health. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the ability of LGG to modulate intestinal immunity and effectively prevent PEDV infection in piglets. These findings highlight the potential application of LGG as a preventive measure against viral infections in livestock.IMPORTANCEWe observed high expression of the AhR receptor on pig and human ILC3s, although its expression was negligible in mouse ILC3s. ILC3s are closely related to the gut microbiota, particularly the secretion of IL-22 stimulated by microbial signals, which plays a crucial regulatory role in intestinal immunity. In our study, we found that metabolites produced by beneficial gut bacteria interact with ILC3s through AhR, thereby maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis in pigs. Moreover, LGG feeding can enhance the activation of ILC3s and promote IL-22 secretion in the intestines of piglets, ultimately preventing PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiyuan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayao Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Qingrong Jiang
- Sichuan Sundaily Farm Ecological Food Co. Ltd, Mianyang, China
| | - Guilian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Garcias B, Migura-Garcia L, Giler N, Martín M, Darwich L. Differences in enteric pathogens and intestinal microbiota between diarrheic weaned piglets and healthy penmates. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110162. [PMID: 38941767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a multifactorial disease caused by different aetiological agents, like viruses or bacteria and where the role of the microbiota remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess differences between healthy and diarrheic weaned pigs concerning the prevalence of pathogens and changes in the intestinal microbiota. Eighteen farms with PWD were selected and 277 fecal samples were collected (152 diarrheic vs 125 healthy). Presence of Rotavirus A (RVA), B (RVB), C (RVC) and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), virulence factors of Escherichia coli and Clostridioides difficile were analyzed by PCR. Finally, the microbiota composition was also study by 16 S rRNA sequencing on 148 samples (102 diarrheic vs 46 healthy). RVA (53.95 % vs 36 %, p=0.04) and RVB (49.67 % vs 28.8 %, p<0.001) were more frequent in diarrheic animals. Furthermore, RVA viral load was higher in diseased animals. VT2 toxin was significantly associated with diarrhea, whereas other virulence factors were not. Presence of C. difficile and PEDV was almost negligible. Regarding microbiota changes, Fusobacteriota phylum was more frequent in diarrheic samples and Ruminococcaceae family in healthy penmates. During the first week postweaning, Enterobacteriace and Campylobacteria were enriched in animals presenting diarrhea. Furthermore, Lactobacillus was detected in those individuals with no RVA infection. In conclusion, RVA seems to play a primary role in PWD. Classic E. coli virulence factors were not associated with diarrhea, indicating the need for revising their implication in disease. Moreover, Lactobacillus was found frequently in animals negative for RVA, suggesting some protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biel Garcias
- Departament Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- IRTA-UAB Mixed Research Unit in Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Barcelona, Spain; IRTA Animal Health Programme, CReSA, WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Giler
- IRTA-UAB Mixed Research Unit in Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Barcelona, Spain; IRTA Animal Health Programme, CReSA, WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Departament Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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Wang C, Lu Y, Yu H, Zhang Y, Savelkoul HFJ, Jansen CA, Liu G. TLR9 mediates IgA production in the porcine small intestine during PEDV infection. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110096. [PMID: 38636174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
IgA plays a vital role in defending against the infectious pathogens. However, the specific regulatory pathways involved in IgA secretion in the context of PEDV infection have remained elusive. Therefore, in this study, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying IgA secretion in response to infection, with a particular focus on PEDV, a devastating enteric virus affecting global swine production. Our investigation begins by examining changes in IgA concentrations in both serum and small intestinal contents following PEDV infection in 2- and 4-week-old pigs. Remarkably, a significant increase in IgA levels in these older pigs post-infection were observed. To delve deeper into the regulatory mechanisms governing IgA secretion in response to PEDV infection, isolated porcine intestinal B cells were co-cultured with monocytes derived DCs (Mo-DCs) in vitro. In the intestinal DC-B cell co-cultures, IgA secretion was found to increase significantly after PEDV infection, as well as upregulating the expression of AID, GLTα and PSTα reflecting isotype switching to IgA. In addition, the expression of TLR9 was upregulated in these cultures, as determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Moreover, our findings extend to in vivo observations, where we detected higher levels of TLR9 expression in the ileum of pig post PEDV infection. Collectively, our results highlight the ability of PEDV to stimulate the generation of IgA, particularly in elder pigs, and identify TLR9 as a critical mediator of IgA production within the porcine intestinal microenvironment during PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yabin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Haoyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Yang S, Huang X, Li S, Wang C, Jansen CA, Savelkoul HFJ, Liu G. Linoleic acid: a natural feed compound against porcine epidemic diarrhea disease. J Virol 2023; 97:e0170023. [PMID: 38009930 PMCID: PMC10734519 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01700-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a pig coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, but as no effective drugs are available, this virus threatens the pig industry. Here, we found that the intestinal contents of specific pathogen-free pigs effectively blocked PEDV invasion. Through proteomic and metabolic analyses of the intestinal contents, we screened 10 metabolites to investigate their function and found that linoleic acid (LA) significantly inhibited PEDV replication. Further investigations revealed that LA inhibited viral replication and release mainly by binding with PEDV NSP5 to regulate the PI3K pathway and, in particular, inhibiting AKT phosphorylation. In vivo experiments illustrated that orally administered LA protected pigs from PEDV challenge and severe diarrhea. These findings provide strong support for exploring antiviral drugs for coronavirus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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Yang S, Wang C, Huang X, Jansen CA, Savelkoul HFJ, Liu G. Linoleic acid stimulation results in TGF-β1 production and inhibition of PEDV infection in vitro. Virology 2023; 581:89-96. [PMID: 36934552 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) is recommended to improve pork quality. However, whether it affects the intestinal immune response in pigs is still unclear. Our ex vivo experiments demonstrated that LA stimulation resulted in increased frequencies of Tregs in PBMCs but not in Peyer's Patches (PPs). The results of RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA indicated that LA increased the TGF-β1 expression level in DCs isolated from PEDV infected pigs. Furthermore, RT-qPCR and flow cytometry results demonstrated that TGF-β1 was associated with higher frequencies of Tregs both in PBMCs and PPs. Additional investigations showed that TGF-β1 inhibited PEDV infection in vitro. Besides, knocking-out TGF-β1 in IPEC-J2 cells resulted in higher viral load. Taken together, our results demonstrated that LA stimulation resulted in enhanced production of TGF-β1 by DC, which resulted in higher frequencies of Tregs production and inhibition of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, China
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, China.
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Yang S, Li S, Lu Y, Jansen CA, Savelkoul HFJ, Liu G. Oral administration of Lactic acid bacteria inhibits PEDV infection in young piglets. Virology 2023; 579:1-8. [PMID: 36584644 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the highly pathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain in 2010, the prevention of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in pig farms remains problematic. To find the reasons behind the high mortality in young piglets, the relative mRNA expression of inflammation-related factors in infected pigs of different ages as well as uninfected pigs were detected by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the mRNA expression of these factors including IL-6 and TNF-α was more increased in infected younger piglets than infected older pigs. To clarify the relationship between these inflammation related factors, the pairwise linear correlation between the relative expression of these factors were analyzed and showed as network mapping with different correlation coefficients. A strong positive correlation was observed between the expression of various factors in 1-week-old piglets. Combined with the difference in mortality of PEDV infection in pigs of different ages, we hypothesized that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could inhibit PEDV infection in newborn piglets, and an in vivo experiment was carried out. The results of survival rate and wet/dry ratio showed that LAB alleviated PEDV indued mortality and diarrhea. The detection of viral copies and tissue section staining showed less observed viruses in LAB treated pig. RT-qPCR results of gene expression in intestines showed that LAB modulated the gene expression of various host barrier genes, indicating that LAB is potential to inhibit PEDV infection by regulating the host intestinal barrier. However, to use LAB as therapy, how to improve the efficiency on inhibiting PEDV infection needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shuxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yabin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Rao H, Su W, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li T, Li J, Zeng X, Li P. Hypericum japonicum extract inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1112610. [PMID: 37138845 PMCID: PMC10149974 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes lethal watery diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal piglets, leading to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. Currently, the existing commercial vaccines cannot fully control PEDV, so it is urgent to develop effective antiviral agents to complement vaccine therapy. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral effect of Hypericum japonicum extract (HJ) against PEDV in vivo and in vitro. In in vitro assays, HJ could directly inactivate PEDV strains; moreover, it inhibited the proliferation of PEDV strains in Vero or IPI-FX cells at its non-cytotoxic concentrations. Time of addition assays revealed that HJ mainly inhibited PEDV at the later stages of the viral life cycle. In in vivo, compared with the model group, HJ could reduce the viral titers in the intestines of infected piglets, and improve their intestinal pathological, indicating that HJ could protect the newborn piglets from highly pathogenic PEDV variant infection. Furthermore, this effect may be related to the fact that HJ can not only directly inhibit viruses, but also regulate the structure of intestinal microbiota. In conclusion, our results indicate that Hypericum japonicum could inhibit PEDV replication in vitro and in vivo and might possess the potential to develop as the anti-PEDV drug.
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Shu X, Han F, Hu Y, Hao C, Li Z, Wei Z, Zhang H. Co-infection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus alters gut microbiota diversity and composition in the colon of piglets. Virus Res 2022; 322:198954. [PMID: 36198372 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) are the main porcine enteric coronaviruses that cause severe diarrhoea in piglets, posing huge threat to the swine industry. Our previous study verified that the co-infection of PDCoV and PEDV is common in natural swine infections and obviously enhances the disease severity in piglets. However, the effects of co-infection of PDCoV and PEDV on intestinal microbial community are unknown. In current study, the microbial composition and diversity in the colon of piglets were analyzed. Our results showed that both of PDCoV and PEDV were mainly distributed in the small intestines and caused severe damage of ileum but not colon in the co-inoculated piglets. Furthermore, we observed that PDCoV and PEDV co-infection alters the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, family and genus levels. The abundance of Mitsuokella and Collinsella at genus level were significantly increased in PDCoV-PEDV co-infection piglets. Spearman's correlation analysis further suggested that there existed strong positive correlation between Mitsuokella and TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, these two factors may together aggravating the small intestine pathological lesions. These results proved there existed obvious correlation between the disease severity caused by PDCoV-PEDV co-infection and intestinal microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Fangfang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yating Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Chenlin Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Honglei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Yang S, Yang N, Huang X, Li Y, Liu G, Jansen CA, Savelkoul HFJ, Liu G. Pigs' intestinal barrier function is more refined with aging. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104512. [PMID: 35995250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The high mortality upon enteric virus infection in piglets causes huge economic losses. To control these infections, potential causes for this high susceptibility for enteric virus infections in younger piglets were analyzed by comparing the intestinal barrier between 1-week, 2-week and 4-week-old piglets. In this study, histological staining was used to analyze morphological differences in intestinal villi, real-time qPCR was performed to assess mRNA expression levels of genes that were related to viral infection and differentiation of immune cells, and flow cytometry was utilized to measure the frequencies of T cells. According to the results obtained, 1-week-old piglets have intestinal villi with shallower crypts, less well developed epithelial cells and a more immature immune system compared to older pigs. Moreover, high amounts of enteric virus invasion-assisting proteins but low amounts of resistant proteins in 1-week piglets could also be a reason for the high susceptibility of 1-week-old piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Isolation, pathogenesis, and genetic evolution of a porcine bocavirus PBoV/HB/30/2018 strain in China. Virology 2022; 572:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li Y, Yang S, Huang X, Yang N, Wang C, Zhao J, Jing Z, Willems L, Liu G. MyD88 Mediates Colitis- and RANKL-Induced Microfold Cell Differentiation. Vet Sci 2021; 9:vetsci9010006. [PMID: 35051090 PMCID: PMC8779303 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microfold (M) cells are critical for sampling antigens in the gut and initiating the intestinal mucosal immune response. In this study, we found that the oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and Salmonella infection induced colitis. In the process, the expression levels of M cell differentiation-related genes were synchronized with the kinetics of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, MyD88-/- mice exhibited significantly lower expression levels of M cell differentiation-related genes. However, DSS induced colitis in MyD88-/- mice but failed to promote the transcription of M cell differentiation related genes. Furthermore, the receptor activator of the Nuclear Factor-κB ligand (RANKL) upregulated the transcription of M cell differentiation related genes in murine intestinal organoids prepared from both WT and MyD88-/- mice. Meanwhile, fewer changes in M cell differentiation related genes were found in MyD88-/- mice as compared to WT mice. Hence, we concluded that myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an essential molecule for colitis- and RANKL-related differentiation of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(931)834-2682; Fax: +86-(931)834-0977
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