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Mullins CS, Hühns M, Krohn M, Peters S, Cheynet V, Oriol G, Guillotte M, Ducrot S, Mallet F, Linnebacher M. Generation, Characterization and Application of Antibodies Directed against HERV-H Gag Protein in Colorectal Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153349. [PMID: 27119520 PMCID: PMC4847760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A substantial part of the human genome originates from transposable elements, remnants of ancient retroviral infections. Roughly 8% of the human genome consists of about 400,000 LTR elements including human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) sequences. Mainly, the interplay between epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms is thought to silence HERV expression in most physiological contexts. Interestingly, aberrant reactivation of several HERV-H loci appears specific to colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Results The expression of HERV-H Gag proteins (Gag-H) was assessed using novel monoclonal mouse anti Gag-H antibodies. In a flow cytometry screen four antibody clones were tested on a panel of primary CRC cell lines and the most well performing ones were subsequently validated in western blot analysis. Finally, Gag-H protein expression was analyzed by immune histology on cell line cytospins and on clinical samples. There, we found a heterogeneous staining pattern with no background staining of endothelial, stromal and infiltrating immune cells but diffuse staining of the cytoplasm for positive tumor and normal crypt cells of the colonic epithelium. Conclusion Taken together, the Gag-H antibody clone(s) present a valuable tool for staining of cells with colonic origin and thus form the basis for future more detailed investigations. The observed Gag-H protein staining in colonic epithelium crypt cells demands profound analyses of a potential role for Gag-H in the normal physiology of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S. Mullins
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Hühns
- University Medicine Rostock, Institute of Pathology, Strempelstraße 14, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Krohn
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Peters
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Valérie Cheynet
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
| | - Guy Oriol
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sandrine Ducrot
- R&D Immunoassay, bioMérieux, Raw Material Department, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - François Mallet
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
- EA Pathophysiology of injury-induced immunosuppression, University of Lyon1–Hospices Civils de Lyon–bioMérieux,Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 LYON Cedex 3, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Porcine endogenous retroviruses in xenotransplantation--molecular aspects. Viruses 2014; 6:2062-83. [PMID: 24828841 PMCID: PMC4036542 DOI: 10.3390/v6052062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the shortage of organs and other tissues for use in human transplantation, xenotransplantation procedures with material taken from pigs have come under increased consideration. However, there are unclear consequences of the potential transmission of porcine pathogens to humans. Of particular concern are porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). Three subtypes of PERV have been identified, of which PERV-A and PERV-B have the ability to infect human cells in vitro. The PERV-C subtype does not show this ability but recombinant PERV-A/C forms have demonstrated infectivity in human cells. In view of the risk presented by these observations, the International Xenotransplantation Association recently indicated the existence of four strategies to prevent transmission of PERVs. This article focuses on the molecular aspects of PERV infection in xenotransplantation and reviews the techniques available for the detection of PERV DNA, RNA, reverse transcriptase activity and proteins, and anti-PERV antibodies to enable carrying out these recommendations. These methods could be used to evaluate the risk of PERV transmission in human recipients, enhance the effectiveness and reliability of monitoring procedures, and stimulate discussion on the development of improved, more sensitive methods for the detection of PERVs in the future.
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No evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia-related virus infection in Sweden using internally controlled multiepitope suspension array serology. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1399-410. [PMID: 22787191 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00391-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many syndromes have a large number of differential diagnoses, a situation which calls for multiplex diagnostic systems. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), also named chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is a common disease of unknown etiology. A mouse retrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia-related virus (XMRV), was found in ME/CFS patients and blood donors, but this was not corroborated. However, the paucity of serological investigations on XMRV in humans prompted us to develop a serological assay which cover many aspects of XMRV antigenicity. It is a novel suspension array method, using a multiplex IgG assay with nine recombinant proteins from the env and gag genes of XMRV and 38 peptides based on known epitopes of vertebrate gammaretroviruses. IgG antibodies were sought in 520 blood donors and 85 ME/CFS patients and in positive- and negative-control sera from animals. We found no differences in seroreactivity between blood donors and ME/CFS patients for any of the antigens. This did not support an association between ME/CFS and XMRV infection. The multiplex serological system had several advantages: (i) biotinylated protein G allowed us to run both human and animal sera, which is essential because of a lack of XMRV-positive humans; (ii) a novel quality control was a pan-peptide positive-control rabbit serum; and (iii) synthetic XMRV Gag peptides with degenerate positions covering most of the variation of murine leukemia-like viruses did not give higher background than nondegenerate analogs. The principle may be used for creation of variant tolerant peptide serologies. Thus, our system allows rational large-scale serological assays with built-in quality control.
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Moon HJ, Kim HK, Park SJ, Lee CS, Song DS, Kang BK, Park BK. Comparison of the age-related porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV)expression using duplex RT-PCR. J Vet Sci 2010; 10:317-22. [PMID: 19934597 PMCID: PMC2807268 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2009.10.4.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are members of family Retroviridae, genus Gamma retrovirus, and transmitted by both horizontally and vertically like other endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). PERV was initially described in the 1970s having inserted its gene in the host genome of different pig breeds, and three classes, PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C are known. The therapeutic use of living cells, tissues, and organs from animals called xenotransplantation might relieve the limited supply of allografts in the treatment of organ dysfunction. Because of ethical considerations, compatible organ sizes, and physiology, the pig has been regarded as an alternative source for xenotransplantation. Sensitive duplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction protocols for simultaneously detecting PERV gag mRNA and porcine glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA in one tube was established. To compare the age-related PERV expression patterns of the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and pancreas in commercial pigs, 20 pigs from four age groups (5 heads each in 10 days-, 40 days-, 70 days-, and 110 days-old, respectively) were used in this study. The expression patterns of PERV were statistically different among age groups in lung, liver, and kidney (ANOVA, p < 0.05). These data may support in the selection of appropriate donor pigs expressing low levels of PERV mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Joon Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Chiang CY, Pan YR, Chou LF, Fang CY, Wang SR, Yang CY, Chang HY. Functional epitopes on porcine endogenous retrovirus envelope protein interacting with neutralizing antibody combining sites. Virology 2007; 361:364-71. [PMID: 17222436 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine cell and organ transplantation provides promise for maintaining normal physiological conditions in patients with end-stage organ failure. The approach however poses serious risk of transmitting pig pathogens to humans. Among many potential pathogens, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous nature in pigs and capability of infecting human cells. Major antigenic determinants and receptor binding domains on PERV remain unclear until now. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb), named 8E10 and 7C4 capable of neutralizing PERV infection in HEK293 cells are isolated at an IC(50) of 3.0 and 2.7 microg/ml, respectively, in this work. Epitope location for mAb 8E10 was mapped to amino acids 427-434, residing at the C-terminal region of the gp70 component of type A PERV Env protein. The mAb 8E10 bound directly to the PERV indicating that the epitope is exposed on the virion surface. The mAb 7C4 epitope was assigned to the region comprising amino acids 517-537 on the p15E component of PERV. In contrast to mAb 8E10, the 7C4 mAb bound native PERV inefficiently suggesting that its epitope is accessible only after the virus interacts with its receptor. Finally, both mAbs variable regions were cloned and nucleotide sequence determined. All together, these results reveal that both mAbs 8E10 and 7C4 effectively neutralize PERV infection and may be used as a mean to prevent PERV infection in patients receiving xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, ROC
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Shin GC, Chung YS, Kim IS, Cho HW, Kang C. Preparation and characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Virus Res 2006; 122:109-18. [PMID: 16942813 PMCID: PMC7114302 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus nucleocapsid (SARS-CoV N) protein has been found to be important to the processes related to viral pathogenesis, such as virus replication, interference of the cell process and modulation of host immune response; detection of the antigen has been used for the early diagnosis of infection. We have used recombinant N protein expressed in insect cells to generate 17 mAbs directed against this protein. We selected five mAbs that could be used in various diagnostic assays, and all of these mAbs recognized linear epitopes. Three IgG2b mAbs were recognized within the N-terminus of N protein, whereas the epitope of two IgG1 mAbs localized within the C-terminus. These mAbs were found to have significant reactivity with both non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated N proteins, which resulted in high reactivity with native N protein in virus-infected cells; however, they did not show cross-reactivity with human coronavirus. Therefore, these results suggested that these mAbs would be useful in the development of various diagnostic kits and in future studies of SARS-CoV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chun Kang
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 380 1501; fax: +82 2 389 2014.
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Baertschiger RM, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation literature update January-February, 2005. Xenotransplantation 2005; 12:245-9. [PMID: 15807776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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