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Systematic Identification and Comparison of the Expressed Profiles of Exosomal MiRNAs in Pigs Infected with NADC30-like PRRSV Strain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050876. [PMID: 36899733 PMCID: PMC10000162 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are biological vesicles secreted and released by cells that act as mediators of intercellular communication and play a unique role in virus infection, antigen presentation, and suppression/promotion of body immunity. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most damaging pathogens in the pig industry and can cause reproductive disorders in sows, respiratory diseases in pigs, reduced growth performance, and other diseases leading to pig mortality. In this study, we used the PRRSV NADC30-like CHsx1401 strain to artificially infect 42-day-old pigs and isolate serum exosomes. Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, 305 miRNAs were identified in serum exosomes before and after infection, among which 33 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between groups (13 relatively upregulated and 20 relatively downregulated). Sequence conservation analysis of the CHsx1401 genome identified 8 conserved regions, of which a total of 16 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were predicted to bind to the conserved region closest to the 3' UTR of the CHsx1401 genome, including 5 DE miRNAs capable of binding to the CHsx1401 3' UTR (ssc-miR-34c, ssc-miR-375, ssc-miR-378, ssc-miR-486, ssc-miR-6529). Further analysis revealed that the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were widely involved in exosomal function-related and innate immunity-related signaling pathways, and 18 DE miRNAs (ssc-miR-4331-3p, ssc-miR-744, ssc-miR-320, ssc-miR-10b, ssc-miR-124a, ssc-miR-128, etc.) associated with PRRSV infection and immunity were screened as potential functional molecules involved in the regulation of PRRSV virus infection by exosomes.
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Shao C, Yu Z, Luo T, Zhou B, Song Q, Li Z, Yu X, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Dong W, Zhou X, Wang X, Song H. Chitosan-Coated Selenium Nanoparticles Attenuate PRRSV Replication and ROS/JNK-Mediated Apoptosis in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3043-3054. [PMID: 35832119 PMCID: PMC9273186 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s370585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly prevalent and endemic swine pathogen that causes significant economic losses to the global swine industry. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted increasing attention in the biomedical field, given their antiviral effects. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of chitosan-coated SeNPs (CS-SeNPs) on PRRSV replication. Methods In this study, CS-SeNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction and characterized by assessing the morphology, size distribution, zeta potential, and element composition. Marc-145 cells were infected with r-PRRSV-EGFP (0.1 MOI) and inoculated with CS-SeNPs (10 μM). Subsequently, the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were measured using specific commercial assay kits. ORF5 RNA expression, viral titer, and nucleocapsid (N) protein expression were assessed using qRT-PCR, TCID50, and Western blot. ROS generation, apoptosis rates, and JNK /caspase-3/PARP protein expression were evaluated using dihydroethidium staining, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Results The results showed that CS-SeNPs treatment significantly suppressed oxidative stress induced by r-PRRSV-EGFP infection by increasing GSH-Px activity, promoting GSH production, and inhibiting H2O2 synthesis. CS-SeNPs treatment significantly inhibited ORF5 gene expression, viral titers, and N protein of r-PRRSV-EGFP at 24 and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) in Marc-145 cells. The increase in apoptosis rates induced by r-PRRSV-EGFP infection was significantly decreased by CS-SeNPs inoculation through inhibiting ROS generation, JNK phosphorylation levels, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP mainly at 48 hpi. Conclusion These results demonstrated that CS-SeNPs suppress PRRSV-induced apoptosis in Marc-145 cells via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting PRRSV replication, which suggested the potential antiviral activity of CS-SeNPs that deserves further investigation for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongwang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
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Chen D, Xu S, Jiang R, Guo Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Yang H. IL-1β induced by PRRSV co-infection inhibited CSFV C-strain proliferation via the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathways and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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The Roles of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) in Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179640. [PMID: 34502556 PMCID: PMC8431791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are among the most crucial mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and regulate various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Microbes heavily rely on cellular signaling pathways for their effective replication; hence, JNKs may play important roles in infectious diseases. In this review, we describe the basic signaling properties of MAPKs and JNKs in apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of JNKs in various infectious diseases induced by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, as well as their potential to serve as targets for the development of therapeutic agents for infectious diseases. We expect this review to expand our understanding of the JNK signaling pathway’s role in infectious diseases and provide important clues for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Song Y, Guo Y, Li X, Sun R, Zhu M, Shi J, Tan Z, Zhang L, Huang J. RBM39 Alters Phosphorylation of c-Jun and Binds to Viral RNA to Promote PRRSV Proliferation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664417. [PMID: 34079549 PMCID: PMC8165236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As transcriptional co-activator of AP-1/Jun, estrogen receptors and NF-κB, nuclear protein RBM39 also involves precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes sow reproductive disorders and piglet respiratory diseases, which resulted in serious economic losses worldwide. In this study, the up-regulated expression of RBM39 and down-regulated of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, TNFα, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6) were determined in PRRSV-infected 3D4/21 cells, and accompanied with the PRRSV proliferation. The roles of RBM39 altering phosphorylation of c-Jun to inhibit the AP-1 pathway to promote PRRSV proliferation were further verified. In addition, the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of RBM39 and c-Jun from the nucleus to cytoplasm was enhanced in PRRSV-infected cells. The three RRM domain of RBM39 are crucial to support the proliferation of PRRSV. Several PRRSV RNA (nsp4, nsp5, nsp7, nsp10-12, M and N) binding with RBM39 were determined, which may also contribute to the PRRSV proliferation. Our results revealed a complex mechanism of RBM39 by altering c-Jun phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic translocation, and regulating binding of RBM39 with viral RNA to prompt PRRSV proliferation. The results provide new viewpoints to understand the immune escape mechanism of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinna Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms for PRRSV Pathogenesis and Host Response to Infection. Virus Res 2020; 286:197980. [PMID: 32311386 PMCID: PMC7165118 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PRRSV has evolved to arm with various strategies to modify host antiviral response. Viral modulation of homeostatic cellular processes provides favorable conditions for PRRSV survival during infection. PRRSV modulation of cellular processes includes pathways for interferons, apoptosis, microRNAs, cytokines, autophagy, and viral genome recombination.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused tremendous amounts of economic losses to the swine industry for more than three decades, but its control is still unsatisfactory. A significant amount of information is available for host cell-virus interactions during infection, and it is evident that PRRSV has evolved to equip various strategies to disrupt the host antiviral system and provide favorable conditions for survival. The current study reviews viral strategies for modulations of cellular processes including innate immunity, apoptosis, microRNAs, inflammatory cytokines, and other cellular pathways.
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7
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Fan L. Signaling pathways involved in regulating apoptosis induction in host cells upon PRRSV infection. Virus Genes 2019; 55:433-439. [PMID: 31004277 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the etiologic agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), a devastating disease of swine that poses a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. The induction of apoptosis in host cells is suggested to be the key cellular mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of PRRS. Various signaling pathways have been identified to be involved in regulating PRRSV-induced apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the potential signaling pathways that contribute to PRRSV-induced apoptosis, and propose the issues that need to be addressed in future studies for a better understanding of the molecular basis underlying the pathogenesis of PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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8
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Li Y, Wu Z, Liu K, Qi P, Xu J, Wei J, Li B, Shao D, Shi Y, Qiu Y, Ma Z. Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science; Shanghai PR China
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) up-regulates IL-8 expression through TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 pathways. Virology 2017; 506:64-72. [PMID: 28347884 PMCID: PMC7111726 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase of respiratory distress caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is likely a consequence of the release of inflammatory cytokines in the lung. IL-8, the main chemokine and activator of neutrophils, might be related to the lung injury upon PRRSV infection. In this study, we showed that PRRSV induced IL-8 expression in vivo and in vitro. Subsequently, we demonstrated that JNK and NF-κB pathways were activated upon PRRSV infection and required for the enhancement of IL-8 expression. We further verified that PRRSV-activated TAK-1 was essential for the activation of JNK and NF-κB pathways and IL-8 expression. Moreover, we revealed an AP-1 binding motif in the cloned porcine IL-8 (pIL-8) promoter, and deletion of this motif abolished the pIL-8 promoter activity. Finally, we found that the JNK-activated AP-1 subunit c-Jun was critical for the up-regulation of IL-8 expression by PRRSV. These data suggest that PRRSV-induced IL-8 production is likely through the TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 pathways. PRRSV infection induces IL-8 expression in vitro and in vivo. PRRSV up-regulates IL-8 expression through TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 pathways. AP-1 element in porcine IL-8 promoter is essential for PRRSV induced IL-8 expression.
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10
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Yuan S, Zhang N, Xu L, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. Induction of Apoptosis by the Nonstructural Protein 4 and 10 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156518. [PMID: 27310256 PMCID: PMC4911139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by most viruses triggers apoptosis in host cells, and viruses manipulate this cell response to promote viral replication, virus spread, and cell killing. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been shown to induce apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, while the regulatory roles of PRRSV-encoded products in apoptosis are not fully understood. In the present study, we first showed a biphasic apoptosis regulation by a highly pathogenic PRRSV strain JXwn06. It was indicated that PRRSV infection delays apoptosis at early infection but activates apoptosis at late infection in MARC-145 cells. In PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells, procaspase-8, -9 and -12 were activated at late infection, demonstrating the involvements of death receptor pathway, mitochondrial pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in inducing apoptosis. PRRSV was also shown to induce a similar apoptosis process in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with an early initiation. Next, the PRRSV-encoded apoptosis inducers were screened, indicating that the nonstructural protein (Nsp) 4 and Nsp10 of PRRSV are pro-apoptotic. In the presence of Nsp4, it was confirmed that procaspase-8, -9 and -12 were cleaved, and Nsp4 facilitates the cleavage of procaspase-9 by activating B-cell lymphoma 2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), a pro-apoptotic protein. In addition, Nsp4 was shown to induce the degradation of an anti-apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL). Nsp10 was shown to activate procaspase-8 and -9 but procaspase-12 and to upregulate the expression of BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid) and its active form, truncated Bid (tBid). Clearly, the participation of both activated caspase-8 and Bid is required for Nsp10-induced apoptosis, indicating a crosstalk between extrinsic- and mitochondria-dependent pathways. Together, our findings suggest that PRRSV infection regulates apoptosis in a two-phase manner and activates all three apoptotic pathways; the Nsp4 and Nsp10 of PRRSV function as apoptosis inducers with different molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Mitomo S, Omatsu T, Tsuchiaka S, Nagai M, Furuya T, Mizutani T. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase by Akabane virus is required for apoptosis. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:147-151. [PMID: 27473988 PMCID: PMC7111864 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV) belongs to the Simbu serogroup of the genus Orthobunyavirus in the family Bunyaviridae. It has been shown that AKAV induces apoptosis in mammalian cells. It is necessary to understand the signaling pathways involved in AKAV-induced apoptosis to further elucidate the molecular virology of AKAV. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are mediators of apoptosis; therefore, we investigated the roles of JNK and p38 MAPK cascades in AKAV-infected cells. We found that JNK and p38 MAPK as well as their downstream substrates, c-Jun and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), were phosphorylated in response to AKAV infection. A JNK inhibitor (SP600125) inhibited AKAV-mediated apoptosis whereas a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) did not. We conclude that AKAV infection activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and the JNK cascade plays a crucial role in AKAV-induced apoptosis in vitro. JNK and p38 MAPK were phosphorylated in response to Akabane virus infection. Downstream substrates, c-Jun and heat shock protein 27, were also phosphorylated by viral infection. JNK inhibitor (SP600125) inhibited AKAV-mediated apoptosis whereas a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitomo
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - T Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - S Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - M Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - T Furuya
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - T Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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12
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Guo M, Wei J, Huang X, Zhou Y, Yan Y, Qin Q. JNK1 Derived from Orange-Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus coioides, Involving in the Evasion and Infection of Singapore Grouper Iridovirus (SGIV). Front Microbiol 2016; 7:121. [PMID: 26903999 PMCID: PMC4748057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates cellular responses to various extracellular stimuli, environmental stresses, pathogen infections, and apoptotic agents. Here, a JNK1, Ec-JNK1, was identified from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Ec-JNK1 has been found involving in the immune response to pathogen challenges in vivo, and the infection of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and SGIV-induced apoptosis in vitro. SGIV infection activated Ec-JNK1, of which phosphorylation of motif TPY is crucial for its activity. Over-expressing Ec-JNK1 phosphorylated transcription factors c-Jun and promoted the infection and replication of SGIV, while partial inhibition of the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 showed the opposite effects by over-expressing the dominant-negative EcJNK1-Δ183-185 mutant. Interestingly, SGIV enhanced the viral infectivity by activating Ec-JNK1 which in turn drastically inhibited the antiviral responses of type 1 IFN, indicating that Ec-JNK1 could be involved in blocking IFN signaling during SGIV infection. In addition, Ec-JNK1 enhanced the activation of AP-1, p53, and NF-κB, and resulted in increasing the levels of SGIV-induced cell death. The caspase 3-dependent activation correlated with the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 and contributed to SGIV-induced apoptosis. Taken together, SGIV modulated the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 to inactivate the antiviral signaling, enhance the SGIV-induced apoptosis and activate transcription factors for efficient infection and replication. The “positive cooperativity” molecular mechanism mediated by Ec-JNK1 contributes to the successful evasion and infection of iridovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
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13
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Yang T, Wilkinson J, Wang Z, Ladinig A, Harding J, Plastow G. A genome-wide association study of fetal response to type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20305. [PMID: 26846722 PMCID: PMC4742883 DOI: 10.1038/srep20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is economically important for the swine industry worldwide. As current PRRS vaccines do not completely protect against heterologous challenge, alternative means of control, including enhanced genetic resilience, are needed. For reproductive PRRS, the genetic basis of fetal response to PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection is poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were done here using data from 928 fetuses from pregnant gilts experimentally challenged with type 2 PRRSV. Fetuses were assessed for viral load in thymus (VLT), viral load in endometrium (VLE), fetal death (FD) and fetal viability (FV), and genotyped at a medium density. Collectively, 21 candidate genomic regions were found associated with these traits, seven of which overlap with previously reported QTLs for pig health and reproduction. A comparison with ongoing and related transcriptomic analyses of fetal response to PRRSV infection found differentially expressed genes within 18 candidate regions. Some of these genes have immune system functions, and have been reported to contribute to host response to PRRSV infection. The results provide new evidence about the genetic basis of fetal response to PRRSV challenge, and may ultimately lead to alternative control strategies to reduce the impact of reproductive PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Yang
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - James Wilkinson
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - John Harding
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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14
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Intrinsic, extrinsic and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in RK13 cells infected with equine arteritis virus. Virus Res 2016; 213:219-223. [PMID: 26732484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of the expression of caspases by viruses influences the cell survival of different cell types. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) induces apoptosis of BHK21 and Vero cell lines, but it is not known whether EAV induces apoptosis in RK13 cells, a common cell line routinely used in EAV diagnosis and research. In this study, we determined that caspase-3 expression was triggered after infection of RK13 cells with EAV in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also detected caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation, indicating the stimulation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Finally, we found caspase-12 activation, an indicator of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. The variability observed in the apoptotic response in the different cell lines demonstrates that apoptosis depends on the distinctive sensitivity of each cell line used for investigation.
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15
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Kavanová L, Prodělalová J, Nedbalcová K, Matiašovic J, Volf J, Faldyna M, Salát J. Immune response of porcine alveolar macrophages to a concurrent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Haemophilus parasuis in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Kappes MA, Faaberg KS. PRRSV structure, replication and recombination: Origin of phenotype and genotype diversity. Virology 2015; 479-480:475-86. [PMID: 25759097 PMCID: PMC7111637 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus (PRRSV) has the intrinsic ability to adapt and evolve. After 25 years of study, this persistent pathogen has continued to frustrate efforts to eliminate infection of herds through vaccination or other elimination strategies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research on the virion structure, replication and recombination properties of PRRSV that have led to the extraordinary phenotype and genotype diversity that exists worldwide. Review of structure, replication and recombination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Homologous recombination to produce conventional subgenomic messenger RNA as well as heteroclite RNA. Discussion of structure, replication and recombination mechanisms that have yielded genotypic and phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kappes
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.
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17
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Regulation and evasion of antiviral immune responses by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2014; 202:101-11. [PMID: 25529442 PMCID: PMC7132515 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Five PRRSV viral proteins are shown to inhibit type I IFN induction and signaling by targeting different intracellular signaling intermediates. PRRSV regulates the expression of IL-10 and TNFα. PRRSV modulates apoptosis during infection. MicroRNAs might play significant roles in subverting immunity for PRRSV. PRRSV escapes from adaptive immunity by impairing antigen presentation, activating Tregs, and ADE.
Virus infection of mammalian cells triggers host innate immune responses to restrict viral replication and induces adaptive immunity for viral elimination. In order to survive and propagate, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host defense system by encoding proteins that target key components of the immune signaling pathways. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a RNA virus, impairs several processes of host immune responses including interfering with interferon production and signaling, modulating cytokine expression, manipulating apoptotic responses and regulating adaptive immunity. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of how PRRSV interferes with the different steps of initial antiviral host responses to establish persistent infection in pigs. Dissection of the PRRSV–host interaction is the key in understanding PRRSV pathogenesis and will provide a basis for the rational design of vaccines.
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18
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces IL-1β production depending on TLR4/MyD88 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:403515. [PMID: 24966466 PMCID: PMC4055429 DOI: 10.1155/2014/403515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide since the late 1980s. Previous studies have reported that PRRSV infection induced the production of IL-1β. However, the cellular sensors and signaling pathways involved in this process have not been elucidated yet. Here, we studied the mechanisms responsible for the production of IL-1β in response to highly pathogenic PRRSV. Upon PRRSV infection of primary porcine alveolar macrophages, both mRNA expression and secretion of IL-1β were significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also investigated the role of several pattern-recognition receptors and adaptor molecules in this response and showed that the TLR4/MyD88 pathway and its downstream signaling molecules, NF-κB, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPKs, were involved in IL-1β production during PRRSV infection. Treatment with specific inhibitors or siRNA knockdown assays demonstrated that components of the NLRP3 inflammasome were crucial for IL-1β secretion but not for IL-1β mRNA expression. Furthermore, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in PRRSV-induced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components. Together, our results deciphered the pathways leading from recognition of PRRSV to the production and release of IL-1β, providing a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms of PRRSV-induced inflammation responses.
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19
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Jing H, Fang L, Wang D, Ding Z, Luo R, Chen H, Xiao S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection activates NOD2-RIP2 signal pathway in MARC-145 cells. Virology 2014; 458-459:162-71. [PMID: 24928048 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) evolve as a group of germline-encoded receptors that detect cytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide. By examining the expression kinetics of ten selected NLRs, NOD2 and NLRP3 were found to be continuously up-regulated in PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells during 48 h of post-infection. Further study revealed that PRRSV infection enhanced the expression and phosphorylation of RIP2. Knockdown of NOD2 and RIP2 by siRNA significantly decreased PRRSV-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB subunit p65, JNK, Erk and p38 MAPK, as well as the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and RANTES in MARC-145 cells. Moreover, increased expression of NOD2 and RIP2 mRNA were observed in alveolar macrophages isolated from PRRSV-challenged piglets at 3, 7 and 10 day post-challenge. Collectively, our results revealed that PRRSV infection activates NOD2-RIP2 signaling pathway to induce pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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20
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Inhibition of replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by hemin is highly dependent on heme oxygenase-1, but independent of iron in MARC-145 cells. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:39-46. [PMID: 24583029 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have failed to provide sustainable disease control, and development of new antiviral strategies is of great importance. The present study investigated the mechanism of the antiviral effect of hemin during PRRSV infection in MARC-145 cells. Hemin, a commercial preparation of heme, is used as an iron donor or heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inducer, and has been shown to provide antiviral activity in many studies. In the current study, the anti-PRRSV activity of hemin was identified through suppressing PRRSV propagation. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of hemin antiviral activity was estimated to be 32μM, and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of hemin was found to be higher than 125μM. Further study showed that the antiviral activity of hemin is independent of iron. In addition, after treatment with Protoporphyrin IX zinc (II) (ZnPP) or Sn (IV) Protoporphyrin IX dichloride (SnPP), inhibitors of HO-1, the inhibition of viral replication by hemin was partially reversed. Additionally, it was confirmed that hemin and N-acetyl cysteine were able to significantly reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MARC-145 cells infected with virus. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), however, did not produce a reduction in viral load or promote expression of HO-1. Taken together, these data indicate that the effect of hemin on the inhibition of PRRSV propagation via HO-1 induction, as well as the antiviral mechanism of HO-1, is not dependent on decreased levels of ROS. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that hemin had antiviral activity against PRRSV and may serve as a useful antiviral agent inhibiting PRRSV replication.
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21
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Potential role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus structural protein GP2 in apoptosis inhibition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:160505. [PMID: 24511529 PMCID: PMC3910534 DOI: 10.1155/2014/160505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a serious threat to the pork industry, and its pathogenesis needs further investigations. To study the role of two structural proteins of PRRSV in virus-host cells interactions, two stable cell lines (MARC-2a and MARC-N) expressing GP2 and N proteins, respectively, were established. We induced apoptosis in these cells by treating them with staurosporine and found a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells in MARC-2a as compared to MARC-N and MARC-145 cells. In addition, we found significantly higher activities of transcriptional factors (NF- κ B and AP-1) in both cell lines as compared to MARC-145 (parent cells). Overall, our data suggest that, although both stable cell lines activate NF- κ B and AP-1, GP2 triggers the antiapoptotic process through an intermediate step that needs to be further investigated.
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22
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Sun N, Wang ZW, Wu CH, Li E, He JP, Wang SY, Hu YL, Lei HM, Li HQ. Antiviral activity and underlying molecular mechanisms of Matrine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:323-7. [PMID: 24411654 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is an acute infectious disease. The prevalence of PRRS has made swine industry suffered huge financial losses. Matrine, a natural compound, has been demonstrated to possess anti-PRRSV activity in Marc-145 cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms were still unknown. The main objective of our study was to discuss the effect of Matrine on PRRSV N protein expression and PRRSV induced apoptosis. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot were used to assess the effect of Matrine on N protein expression. Apoptosis was analyzed by fluorescence staining. In addition, the effect of Matrine on caspase-3 activation was investigated by Western blot. Indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blot analysis demonstrated that Matrine could inhibit N protein expression in Marc-145 cells. And Matrine was found to be able to impair PRRSV-induced apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Cai-Hong Wu
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry & Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, PR China
| | - E Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Jun-Ping He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- University of Western Sydney, School of Medicine, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan-Liang Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hai-Min Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, PR China
| | - Hong-Quan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China.
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Involvement of unfolded protein response, p53 and Akt in modulation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-mediated JNK activation. Virology 2013; 444:233-40. [PMID: 23850458 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that activation of JNK plays a critical role in Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-mediated apoptosis. In this follow-up study, we further investigated the mechanisms involved in modulation of PRRSV-mediated JNK activation and apoptosis. We found that unfolded protein response (UPR) was induced in response to PRRSV infection which in turn triggered JNK activation and apoptosis. We also found that p53 and Akt were activated at the early stage of infection and functioned as negative regulator of JNK activation to counteract the PRRSV-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, induction of UPR, p53 and Akt was not only involved in modulation of PRRSV-mediated apoptosis, but also contributed to the virus replication. Our findings indicated that multiple signaling pathways were involved in modulation of PRRSV-mediated apoptosis of the host cells via regulating JNK signaling pathway and provided novel insights into understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis of PRRSV infection.
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Wang LL, Huang H, Zhang CR, Xia J, Liu SS, Wang XW. Cloning and functional characterization of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase from the Mediterranean species of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13433-46. [PMID: 23807503 PMCID: PMC3742195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling is a highly conserved pathway that controls gene transcription in response to a wide variety of biological and environmental stresses. In this study, a JNK from the invasive Mediterranean (MED) species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex was cloned and characterized. The full-length JNK cDNA of MED consists of 1565 bp, with an 1176 bp open reading frame encoding 392 amino acids. Comparison of JNK amino acid sequences among different species showed that the sequences of JNKs are highly conserved. To reveal its biological function, the gene expression and functional activation of JNK were analyzed during various stress conditions. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression level of JNK remained hardly unchanged when the insects were transferred from cotton (a suitable host plant) to tobacco (an unsuitable host plant), infected with bacteria and treated with high and low temperatures. However, the mRNA level of JNK significantly increased when treated with fungal pathogens. Furthermore, we found that the amount of phosphorylated JNK increased significantly after fungal infection, while there is no obvious change for phosphorylated p38 and ERK. Our results indicate that the whitefly JNK plays an important role in whitefly’s immune responses to fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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25
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Cholleti H, Paidikondala M, Munir M, Hakhverdyan M, Baule C. Equine arteritis virus induced cell death is associated with activation of the intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway. Virus Res 2012; 171:222-6. [PMID: 23079113 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) causes a respiratory and reproductive disease in horses, equine viral arteritis. Though cell death in infection with EAV is considered to occur by apoptosis, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been extensively elucidated. We investigated the expression of mRNA of pro-apoptotic and caspase genes during EAV infection in BHK21 cells, a well-established cell type for EAV replication. Using a SYBR Green real-time PCR, mRNA of p53, Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9 were found up-regulated in a time dependent manner in EAV infected cells. Western blot analysis for caspase 3 and caspase 9 showed expression of cleaved forms of these proteins during EAV infection. In addition, a luminescence-based cell assay for caspase 3/7 activation as a hallmark in apoptosis confirmed apoptotic cell death. The findings demonstrate that cell death in EAV infected BHK21 cells results from apoptosis mediated through the intrinsic signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harindranath Cholleti
- R&D Unit for Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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