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Benarroch E. What Are the Roles of Cellular Prion Protein in Normal and Pathologic Conditions? Neurology 2024; 102:e209272. [PMID: 38484222 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
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2
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Long HZ, Cheng Y, Zhou ZW, Luo HY, Wen DD, Gao LC. The key roles of organelles and ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1257-1280. [PMID: 35293012 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disease, is a striking global health problem. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation products and the accumulation of lethal reactive oxygen species. Strict regulation of iron metabolism is essential to ensure neuronal homeostasis. Excess and deficiency of iron are both associated with neurodegeneration. Studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by cerebral iron metabolism disorders in the body is involved in the process of AD, ferroptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, and regulating ferroptosis is expected to be a new direction for the treatment of AD. Various organelles are closely related to ferroptosis: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome are involved in the regulation of ferroptosis from the aspects of iron metabolism and redox imbalance. In this review, the relationship between AD and the dysfunction of organelles (including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and Golgi apparatus) and the role of organelles in ferroptosis of AD were reviewed to provide insights for understanding the relationship between organelles and ferroptosis in AD and the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
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Kitakaze K, Taniuchi S, Kawano E, Hamada Y, Miyake M, Oyadomari M, Kojima H, Kosako H, Kuribara T, Yoshida S, Hosoya T, Oyadomari S. Cell-based HTS identifies a chemical chaperone for preventing ER protein aggregation and proteotoxicity. eLife 2019; 8:e43302. [PMID: 31843052 PMCID: PMC6922633 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for folding secretory and membrane proteins, but disturbed ER proteostasis may lead to protein aggregation and subsequent cellular and clinical pathologies. Chemical chaperones have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for ER stress-related diseases. Here, we identified 2-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole derivatives (IBTs) as chemical chaperones in a cell-based high-throughput screen. Biochemical and chemical biology approaches revealed that IBT21 directly binds to unfolded or misfolded proteins and inhibits protein aggregation. Finally, IBT21 prevented cell death caused by chemically induced ER stress and by a proteotoxin, an aggression-prone prion protein. Taken together, our data show the promise of IBTs as potent chemical chaperones that can ameliorate diseases resulting from protein aggregation under ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kitakaze
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of PharmacologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiJapan
| | - Shusuke Taniuchi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of Molecular Research, Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Eri Kawano
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Yoshimasa Hamada
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Masato Miyake
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of Molecular Research, Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Miho Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative (DDI)The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Tomoko Kuribara
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and BioengineeringTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and BioengineeringTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and BioengineeringTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of Molecular Research, Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
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Kerner-Rossi M, Gulinello M, Walkley S, Dobrenis K. Pathobiology of Christianson syndrome: Linking disrupted endosomal-lysosomal function with intellectual disability and sensory impairments. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 165:106867. [PMID: 29772390 PMCID: PMC6235725 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Christianson syndrome (CS) is a recently described rare neurogenetic disorder presenting early in life with a broad range of neurological symptoms, including severe intellectual disability with nonverbal status, hyperactivity, epilepsy, and progressive ataxia due to cerebellar atrophy. CS is due to loss-of-function mutations in SLC9A6, encoding NHE6, a sodium-hydrogen exchanger involved in the regulation of early endosomal pH. Here we review what is currently known about the neuropathogenesis of CS, based on insights from experimental models, which to date have focused on mechanisms that affect the CNS, specifically the brain. In addition, parental reports of sensory disturbances in their children with CS, including an apparent insensitivity to pain, led us to explore sensory function and related neuropathology in Slc9a6 KO mice. We present new data showing sensory deficits in Slc9a6 KO mice, which had reduced behavioral responses to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli (Hargreaves and Von Frey assays, respectively) compared to wild type (WT) littermates. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system revealed intracellular accumulation of the glycosphingolipid GM2 ganglioside in KO but not WT mice. This cellular storage phenotype was most abundant in neurons of lamina I-II of the dorsal horn, a major relay site in the processing of painful stimuli. Spinal cords of KO mice also exhibited changes in astroglial and microglial populations throughout the gray matter suggestive of a neuroinflammatory process. Our findings establish the Slc9a6 KO mouse as a relevant tool for studying the sensory deficits in CS, and highlight selective vulnerabilities in relevant cell populations that may contribute to this phenotype. How NHE6 loss of function leads to such a multifaceted neurological syndrome is still undefined, and it is likely that NHE6 is involved with many cellular processes critical to normal nervous system development and function. In addition, the sensory issues exhibited by Slc9a6 KO mice, in combination with our neuropathological findings, are consistent with NHE6 loss of function impacting the entire nervous system. Sensory dysfunction in intellectually disabled individuals is challenging to assess and may impair patient safety and quality of life. Further mechanistic studies of the neurological impairments underlying CS and other genetic intellectual disability disorders must also take into account mechanisms affecting broader nervous system function in order to understand the full range of associated disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Kerner-Rossi
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maria Gulinello
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; IDDRC Behavioral Core Facility, Neuroscience Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven Walkley
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Naughton M, McMahon J, Healy S, FitzGerald U. Profile of the unfolded protein response in rat cerebellar cortical development. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2910-2924. [PMID: 31132146 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) has been reported during normal development of cortical neurons and cerebellar white matter and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological conditions, such as Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome and Borna virus infection, which result in cerebellar defects. The UPR is initiated when the processing capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is overwhelmed. Misfolded proteins accumulate and can activate ER stress sensors; PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), activated transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and their downstream targets glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In order to provide a fuller appreciation of the possible importance of ER stress-associated proteins in the context of cerebellar disease, we have profiled the expression of ER stress sensors and their downstream targets in the developing cerebellar cortex in postnatal rat. Activation of PERK and IRE1 stress sensors was observed for the first time in normally developing granule cell precursors. A second proliferative pPERK-positive population was also detected in the internal granular layer (IGL). In general, the density of UPR protein-positive cells was found to decrease significantly when profiles in early and late postnatal ages were compared. These data may be relevant to studies of medulloblastoma and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Naughton
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jill McMahon
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Healy
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Chadwick SR, Lajoie P. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Coping Mechanisms and Lifespan Regulation in Health and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:84. [PMID: 31231647 PMCID: PMC6558375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors lead to proteostatic perturbations, often resulting in the aberrant accumulation of toxic misfolded proteins. Cells, from yeast to humans, can respond to sudden accumulation of secretory proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through pathways such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The ability of cells to adapt the ER folding environment to the misfolded protein burden ultimately dictates cell fate. The aging process is a particularly important modifier of the proteostasis network; as cells age, both their ability to maintain this balance in protein folding/degradation and their ability to respond to insults in these pathways can break down, a common element of age-related diseases (including neurodegenerative diseases). ER stress coping mechanisms are central to lifespan regulation under both normal and disease states. In this review, we give a brief overview of the role of ER stress response pathways in age-dependent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Chadwick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Wang ZF, Gao C, Chen W, Gao Y, Wang HC, Meng Y, Luo CL, Zhang MY, Chen G, Chen XP, Wang T, Tao LY. Salubrinal offers neuroprotection through suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and apoptosis in a mouse traumatic brain injury model. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:12-25. [PMID: 30851432 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex injury that can cause severe disabilities and even death. TBI can induce secondary injury cascades, including but not limited to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Although the investigators has previously shown that salubrinal, the selective phosphatase inhibitor of p-eIF2α, ameliorated neurologic deficits in murine TBI model, the neuroprotective mechanisms of salubrinal need further research to warrant the preclinical value. This study was undertaken to characterize the effects of salubrinal on cell death and neurological outcomes following TBI in mice and the potential mechanisms. In the current study, ER stress-related proteins including p-eIF2α, GRP78 and CHOP showed peak expressions both in the cortex and hippocampus from day 2 to day 3 after TBI, indicating ER stress was activated in our TBI model. Immunofluorescence staining showed that CHOP co-located NeuN-positive neuron, GFAP-positive astrocyte, Iba-1-positive microglia, CD31-positive vascular endothelial cell and PDGFR-β-positive pericyte in the cortex on day 2 after TBI, and these cells mentioned above constitute the neurovascular unit (NVU). We also found TBI-induced plasmalemma permeability, motor dysfunction, spatial learning and memory deficits and brain lesion volume were alleviated by continuous intraperitoneal administration of salubrinal post TBI. To investigate the underlying mechanisms further, we determined that salubrinal suppressed the expression of ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis related proteins on day 2 after TBI. In addition, salubrinal administration decreased the number of CHOP+/TUNEL+ and CHOP+/LC3+ cells on day 2 after TBI, detected by immunofluorescence. In conclusion, these data imply that salubrinal treatment improves morphological and functional outcomes caused by TBI in mice and these neuroprotective effects may be associated with inhibiting apoptosis, at least in part by suppressing ER stress-autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Feng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hao-Chen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Community Health Center, Suzhou Western Eco-City, Suzhou 215161, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming-Yang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xi-Ping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Lu-Yang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Sigurdson CJ, Bartz JC, Glatzel M. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Prion Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:497-516. [PMID: 30355150 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are rapidly progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded, aggregated proteins known as prions, which are uniquely infectious. Remarkably, these infectious proteins have been responsible for widespread disease epidemics, including kuru in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, and chronic wasting disease in cervids, the latter of which has spread across North America and recently appeared in Norway and Finland. The hallmark histopathological features include widespread spongiform encephalopathy, neuronal loss, gliosis, and deposits of variably sized aggregated prion protein, ranging from small, soluble oligomers to long, thin, unbranched fibrils, depending on the disease. Here, we explore recent advances in prion disease research, from the function of the cellular prion protein to the dysfunction triggering neurotoxicity, as well as mechanisms underlying prion spread between cells. We also highlight key findings that have revealed new therapeutic targets and consider unanswered questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Sigurdson
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Jason C Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Qin H, Li W, Sun Y, Bao Y, Sun L, Song Z, Zheng L, Zhao Y, Li Y. 20(S)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3β,12β,20-triol attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress via ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 836:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The cellular prion protein, PrPC, is a small, cell surface glycoprotein with a function that is currently somewhat ill defined. It is also the key molecule involved in the family of neurodegenerative disorders called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which are also known as prion diseases. The misfolding of PrPC to a conformationally altered isoform, designated PrPTSE, is the main molecular process involved in pathogenesis and appears to precede many other pathologic and clinical manifestations of disease, including neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and cognitive loss. PrPTSE is also believed to be the major component of the infectious "prion," the agent responsible for disease transmission, and preparations of this protein can cause prion disease when inoculated into a naïve host. Thus, understanding the biochemical and biophysical properties of both PrPC and PrPTSE, and ultimately the mechanisms of their interconversion, is critical if we are to understand prion disease biology. Although entire books could be devoted to research pertaining to the protein, herein we briefly review the state of knowledge of prion biochemistry, including consideration of prion protein structure, function, misfolding, and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Gill
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew R Castle
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ulbrich S, Janning P, Seidel R, Matschke J, Gonsberg A, Jung S, Glatzel M, Engelhard M, Winklhofer KF, Tatzelt J. Alterations in the brain interactome of the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197659. [PMID: 29791485 PMCID: PMC5965872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is implicated in neuroprotective signaling and neurotoxic pathways in both prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain (N-PrP) has been shown to interact with neurotoxic ligands, such as Aβ and Scrapie prion protein (PrPSc), and to be crucial for the neuroprotective activity of PrPC. To gain further insight into cellular pathways tied to PrP, we analyzed the brain interactome of N-PrP. As a novel approach employing recombinantly expressed PrP and intein-mediated protein ligation, we used N-PrP covalently coupled to beads as a bait for affinity purification. N-PrP beads were incubated with human AD or control brain lysates. N-PrP binding partners were then identified by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nano ESI-MS/MS). In addition to newly identified proteins we found many previously described PrP interactors, indicating a crucial role of the intrinsically disordered part of PrP in mediating protein interactions. Moreover, some interactors were found only in either non-AD or AD brain, suggesting aberrant PrPC interactions in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ulbrich
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Gonsberg
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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What Is Our Current Understanding of PrP Sc-Associated Neurotoxicity and Its Molecular Underpinnings? Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040063. [PMID: 29194372 PMCID: PMC5750587 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion diseases are a collection of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that cause rapid onset dementia and ultimately death. Uniquely, the infectious agent is a misfolded form of the endogenous cellular prion protein, termed PrPSc. Despite the identity of the molecular agent remaining the same, PrPSc can cause a range of diseases with hereditary, spontaneous or iatrogenic aetiologies. However, the link between PrPSc and toxicity is complex, with subclinical cases of prion disease discovered, and prion neurodegeneration without obvious PrPSc deposition. The toxic mechanisms by which PrPSc causes the extensive neuropathology are still poorly understood, although recent advances are beginning to unravel the molecular underpinnings, including oxidative stress, disruption of proteostasis and induction of the unfolded protein response. This review will discuss the diseases caused by PrPSc toxicity, the nature of the toxicity of PrPSc, and our current understanding of the downstream toxic signaling events triggered by the presence of PrPSc.
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Santos LE, Ferreira ST. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:350-360. [PMID: 29129774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While most often noted for its cognitive symptoms, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is, at its core, a disease of protein misfolding/aggregation, with an intriguing inflammatory component. Defective clearance and/or abnormal production of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and its ensuing accumulation and aggregation, underlie two hallmark features of AD: brain accumulation of insoluble protein deposits known as amyloid or senile plaques, and buildup of soluble Aβ oligomers (AβOs), diffusible toxins linked to synapse dysfunction and memory impairment. In neurons, as in typical eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a main compartment for the folding, maturation, trafficking and quality control of newly synthesized proteins. The ER lumen, a calcium-rich, oxidizing environment, provides favorable conditions for these physiological functions to occur. These conditions, however, also favor protein aggregation. Several stressors, including metabolic/nutrient stress and certain pathologies, may upset the ER homeostasis, e.g., by affecting calcium levels or by causing the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. Whatever the underlying cause, the result is what is commonly known as "ER stress". This, in turn, triggers a conserved cellular response mechanism known as the "unfolded protein response" (UPR). The UPR comprises three pathways involving transcriptional or translational regulators aimed at normalizing ER function, and each of them results in pro-inflammatory signaling. A positive feedback loop exists between ER stress and inflammation, with clear implications for neurodegeneration and AD. Here, we explore recent findings on the role of ER stress and the UPR in inflammatory processes leading to synapse failure and memory impairment in AD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Santos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil.
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Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Glatzel M. Misfolding leads the way to unraveling signaling pathways in the pathophysiology of prion diseases. Prion 2017; 10:434-443. [PMID: 27870599 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1244593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A misfolded version of the prion protein represents an essential component in the pathophysiology of fatal neurodegenerative prion diseases, which affect humans and animals alike. They may be of sporadic origin, acquired through exogenous introduction of infectious misfolded prion protein, or caused by genetic alterations in the prion protein coding gene. We have recently described a novel pathway linking retention of mutant prion protein in the early secretory pathway to activation p38-MAPK and a neurodegenerative phenotype in transgenic mice. Here we review the consequences that mutations in prion protein have on intracellular transport and stress responses focusing on protein quality control. We also discuss the neurotoxic signaling elicited by the accumulation of mutant prion protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Improved knowledge about these processes will help us to better understand complex pathogenesis of prion diseases, a prerequisite for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- a Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- a Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- a Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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Melatonin Prevents the Harmful Effects of Obesity on the Brain, Including at the Behavioral Level. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5830-5846. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Kang K, Yu M. Protective effect of sulforaphane against retinal degeneration in the Pde6 rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1684-1688. [PMID: 28937835 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1358371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited diseases characterized by the death of rod photoreceptors, followed by the death of cone photoreceptors, progressively leading to partial or complete blindness. Currently no specific treatment is available for RP patients. Sulforaphane (SFN) has been confirmed to be an effective antioxidant in the treatment of many diseases. In this study, we tested the therapeutic effects of SFN against photoreceptor degeneration in Pde6brd10 mice. METHODS rd10 mice and C57/BL6 wild-type (WT) mice were treated with SFN and saline, respectively, from P6 to P20. Electroretinography (ERG), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and western blot were tested, respectively, at P21 for the analysis of retinal function, retinal cell apoptosis or death and the protein express of GRP78/BiP (TUNEL) as a marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. RESULTS Compared with the saline group, the SFN-treated group showed significantly higher ERG a-wave and b-wave amplitudes, less photoreceptor death, and the downregulation of GRP78/BiP. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that SFN ameliorated the retinal degeneration of rd10 mice, which is possibly related to the downregulation of GRP78 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- a Department of Ophthalmic Research , Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH 44195 , USA
| | - Minzhong Yu
- a Department of Ophthalmic Research , Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH 44195 , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH 44195 , USA
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17
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Llorens F, Thüne K, Sikorska B, Schmitz M, Tahir W, Fernández-Borges N, Cramm M, Gotzmann N, Carmona M, Streichenberger N, Michel U, Zafar S, Schuetz AL, Rajput A, Andréoletti O, Bonn S, Fischer A, Liberski PP, Torres JM, Ferrer I, Zerr I. Altered Ca 2+ homeostasis induces Calpain-Cathepsin axis activation in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:35. [PMID: 28449707 PMCID: PMC5408381 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most prevalent form of human prion disease and it is characterized by the presence of neuronal loss, spongiform degeneration, chronic inflammation and the accumulation of misfolded and pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc). The molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are largely unknown, but the presence of intracellular neuronal calcium (Ca2+) overload, a general feature in models of prion diseases, is suggested to play a key role in prion pathogenesis. Here we describe the presence of massive regulation of Ca2+ responsive genes in sCJD brain tissue, accompanied by two Ca2+-dependent processes: endoplasmic reticulum stress and the activation of the cysteine proteases Calpains 1/2. Pathogenic Calpain proteins activation in sCJD is linked to the cleavage of their cellular substrates, impaired autophagy and lysosomal damage, which is partially reversed by Calpain inhibition in a cellular prion model. Additionally, Calpain 1 treatment enhances seeding activity of PrPSc in a prion conversion assay. Neuronal lysosomal impairment caused by Calpain over activation leads to the release of the lysosomal protease Cathepsin S that in sCJD mainly localises in axons, although massive Cathepsin S overexpression is detected in microglial cells. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and activation of Calpain-Cathepsin axis already occur at pre-clinical stages of the disease as detected in a humanized sCJD mouse model. Altogether our work indicates that unbalanced Calpain-Cathepsin activation is a relevant contributor to the pathogenesis of sCJD at multiple molecular levels and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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18
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Tanaka KI, Kawahara M. Copper Enhances Zinc-Induced Neurotoxicity and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in a Neuronal Model of Vascular Dementia. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:58. [PMID: 28232787 PMCID: PMC5299027 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn), an essential trace element, is secreted by synaptic vesicles during neuronal excitation and plays several critical roles in neuronal information processing. However, excess Zn ion (Zn2+) is neurotoxic and has a causative role in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity by using immortalized hypothalamic neurons (GT1-7 cells), which are more vulnerable than other neuronal cells to Zn2+. We examined the effects of other metal ions on the Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity in these cells and found that sub-lethal concentrations of copper ion (Cu2+) markedly exacerbated Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity. The co-administration of Cu2+ and Zn2+ also significantly increased the expression of genes related to the endoplasmic reticulum's stress response, including CHOP, GADD34, and ATF4. Similar to Zn2+, Cu2+ is stored in presynaptic vesicles and secreted during neuronal excitation. Thus, based on our results, we hypothesize here that Cu2+ interacts with Zn2+ in the synapse to synergistically promote neuronal death and significantly influence the pathogenesis of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Bio Analytical Chemistry, Musashino University Nishitokyo-shi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio Analytical Chemistry, Musashino University Nishitokyo-shi, Japan
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Vega H, Agellon LB, Michalak M. The rise of proteostasis promoters. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:943-954. [PMID: 27797166 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are specialized proteins essential for facilitating the correct folding, assembly, and disassembly of many cellular proteins and for assuring proteostasis. Genetic mutations or metabolic extremes that cause long-term alteration of cellular homeostasis compromise protein folding efficiency. To maintain proteostasis, cells mobilized stress coping responses that include the unfolded protein response in order to prevent accumulation of improperly folded proteins that forms the basis of many diseases. In recent years, several small molecules commonly referred to as "chemical chaperones" (e.g., 4-phenylbutyric acid or 4-PBA, a modified fatty acid; tauroursodeoxycholic acid or TUDCA, a bile acid) have been identified that function to attenuate cellular stress and enhance protein processing. Here we illustrate that molecular chaperones and the so called "chemical chaperones" are distinct entities. We propose the term "proteostasis promoters" as a more accurate descriptor for a class of compounds that demonstrate ability to promote proteostasis by modulating the UPR and/or the function of chaperones. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(12):943-954, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Vega
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Arecoline Induces Neurotoxicity to PC12 Cells: Involvement in ER Stress and Disturbance of Endogenous H2S Generation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2140-8. [PMID: 27255601 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arecoline is a major alkaloid of areca nut and has been effect on central nervous system. Although arecoline-induced neurotoxicity has been reported, the possible underlying neurotoxic mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Increasing evidences have shown that both excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disturbance of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production are involved in the pathophysiology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Here, the purpose of present study was to verify whether ER stress and the disturbance of endogenous H2S generation are also involved in arecoline-caused neurotoxicity. We found that treatment of PC12 cells with arecoline induced the down-regulation of cells viability and up-regulation of apoptosis and the activity of caspase-3, indicating the neurotoxic role of arecoline to PC12 cells. In addition, arecoline also increased the expression of Bax (pro-apoptotic protein) and attenuated the expression of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein) in PC12 cells. Simultaneously, arecoline caused excessive ER stress in PC12 cells, as evidenced by the up-regulations of Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and Cleaved caspase-12 expressions. Notably, the level of H2S in the culture supernatant and the expressions of cystathionine β-synthase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (two major enzymes for endogenous H2S generation in PC12 cells) were also reduced by arecoline treatment. These results indicate that arecoline-caused neurotoxicity to PC12 cells is involved in ER stress and disturbance of endogenous H2S generation and suggest that the modulation of ER stress and endogenous H2S generation may be potential therapeutic approach in treatment of arecoline-caused neurotoxicity.
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Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Ulbrich S, Linsenmeier L, Krasemann S, Chakroun K, Acevedo-Morantes CY, Wille H, Tatzelt J, Glatzel M. Secretory pathway retention of mutant prion protein induces p38-MAPK activation and lethal disease in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24970. [PMID: 27117504 PMCID: PMC4847012 DOI: 10.1038/srep24970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of proteins in the biosynthetic pathway in neurons may cause disturbed protein homeostasis and neurodegeneration. The prion protein (PrPC) is a GPI-anchored protein that resides at the plasma membrane and may be misfolded to PrPSc leading to prion diseases. We show that a deletion in the C-terminal domain of PrPC (PrPΔ214–229) leads to partial retention in the secretory pathway causing a fatal neurodegenerative disease in mice that is partially rescued by co-expression of PrPC. Transgenic (Tg(PrPΔ214–229)) mice show extensive neuronal loss in hippocampus and cerebellum and activation of p38-MAPK. In cell culture under stress conditions, PrPΔ214–229 accumulates in the Golgi apparatus possibly representing transit to the Rapid ER Stress-induced ExporT (RESET) pathway together with p38-MAPK activation. Here we describe a novel pathway linking retention of a GPI-anchored protein in the early secretory pathway to p38-MAPK activation and a neurodegenerative phenotype in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sarah Ulbrich
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry und Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Karima Chakroun
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Claudia Y Acevedo-Morantes
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2M8 Alberta, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2M8 Alberta, Canada
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry und Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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22
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Qin HS, Yu PP, Sun Y, Wang DF, Deng XF, Bao YL, Song J, Sun LG, Song ZB, Li YX. Paclitaxel inhibits selenoprotein S expression and attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:5118-24. [PMID: 27109260 PMCID: PMC4878553 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary effect of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response or unfolded protein response (UPR) is to reduce the load of unfolded protein and promote survival. However, prolonged and severe ER stress leads to tissue injury and serious diseases. Thus, it is important to identify drugs that can attenuate ER stress for the treatment of diseases. Natural products continue to provide lead compounds for drug discovery and front-line pharmacotherapy for people worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that selenoprotein S (SelS) is a sensitive and ideal maker of ER stress. In the present study, a firefly luciferase reporter driven by the SelS gene promoter was used to screen for natural compounds capable of attenuating ER stress. From this, paclitaxel (PTX) was identified to efficiently inhibit the promoter activity of the SelS gene, and further results revealed that PTX significantly inhibited the tunicamycin-induced upregulation of SelS at the mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 and HEK293T cells. In addition, PTX was able to efficiently inhibit the expression of the ER stress marker, glucose-regulated protein 78, in ER stress, indicating that PTX may reverse ER stress. Taken together, these results suggest that PTX is able to inhibit SelS expression during ER stress and attenuate ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shuang Qin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Pei Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Feng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fen Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Li Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Ultrasound, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Guo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Bo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
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Carneiro MV, Americo TA, Guimarães MZ, Linden R. The prion protein selectively binds to and modulates the content of purinergic receptor P2X4R. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jiang Y, Chadwick SR, Lajoie P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: The cause and solution to Huntington's disease? Brain Res 2016; 1648:650-657. [PMID: 27040914 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins is a hallmark of many human diseases, including several incurable neurological disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, expansion of a polyglutamine stretch within the first exon of the Huntingtin protein (Htt) leads to Htt misfolding, aberrant protein aggregation, and progressive appearance of disease symptoms. Several studies in various organisms (from yeast to humans) have identified the accumulation of misfolded secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) as a crucial determinant of cellular toxicity in HD. In this review, we highlight the recent research linking HD to ER stress. We also discuss how the modulation of signaling pathways responsible for coping with misfolded protein accumulation in the ER may constitute attractive methods to reduce toxicity and identify new therapeutic targets for treatment of HD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Sarah R Chadwick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1.
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Liu W, Li G, Hölscher C, Li L. Neuroprotective effects of geniposide on Alzheimer's disease pathology. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:371-83. [PMID: 25879319 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has linked two of the most common aged-related diseases: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has led to the notion that drugs developed for the treatment of T2DM may be beneficial in modifying the pathophysiology of AD. As a receptor agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1R), which is a newer drug class to treat T2DM, geniposide shows clear effects in inhibiting pathological processes underlying AD, such as promoting neurite outgrowth. In the present article, we review the possible molecular mechanisms of geniposide to protect the brain from pathologic damages underlying AD: reducing amyloid plaques, inhibiting τ phosphorylation, preventing memory impairment and loss of synapses, reducing oxidative stress and the chronic inflammatory response, and promoting neurite outgrowth via the GLP-1R signaling pathway. In summary, the Chinese herb geniposide shows great promise as a novel treatment for AD.
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