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Luczo JM, Spackman E. Epitopes in the HA and NA of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses that are important for antigenic drift. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae014. [PMID: 38734891 PMCID: PMC11149724 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host immunity and undergo antigenic drift in response to host pre-existing humoral and cellular immune responses. Specific sites have been identified as important epitopes in prominent subtypes such as H5 and H7, which are of animal and public health significance due to their panzootic and pandemic potential. The haemagglutinin is the immunodominant immunogen, it has been extensively studied, and the antigenic reactivity is closely monitored to ensure candidate vaccine viruses are protective. More recently, the neuraminidase has received increasing attention for its role as a protective immunogen. The neuraminidase is expressed at a lower abundance than the haemagglutinin on the virus surface but does elicit a robust antibody response. This review aims to compile the current information on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes and immune escape mutants of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Understanding the evolution of immune escape mutants and the location of epitopes is critical for identification of vaccine strains and development of broadly reactive vaccines that can be utilized in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina M Luczo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, East Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, United States
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Lyashko AV, Timofeeva TA, Rudneva IA, Lomakina NF, Treshchalina AA, Gambaryan AS, Sorokin EV, Tsareva TR, Adams SE, Prilipov AG, Sadykova GK, Timofeev BI, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Antigenic Architecture of the H7N2 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Belonging to the North American Lineage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:212. [PMID: 38203384 PMCID: PMC10779424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The North American low pathogenic H7N2 avian influenza A viruses, which lack the 220-loop in the hemagglutinin (HA), possess dual receptor specificity for avian- and human-like receptors. The purpose of this work was to determine which amino acid substitutions in HA affect viral antigenic and phenotypic properties that may be important for virus evolution. By obtaining escape mutants under the immune pressure of treatment with monoclonal antibodies, antigenically important amino acids were determined to be at positions 125, 135, 157, 160, 198, 200, and 275 (H3 numbering). These positions, except 125 and 275, surround the receptor binding site. The substitutions A135S and A135T led to the appearance of an N-glycosylation site at 133N, which reduced affinity for the avian-like receptor analog and weakened binding with tested monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, the A135S substitution is associated with the adaptation of avian viruses to mammals (cat, human, or mouse). The mutation A160V decreased virulence in mice and increased affinity for the human-type receptor analog. Conversely, substitution G198E, in combination with 157N or 160E, displayed reduced affinity for the human-type receptor analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V. Lyashko
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Tatiana A. Timofeeva
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Irina A. Rudneva
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Natalia F. Lomakina
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Anastasia A. Treshchalina
- Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, 108819 Moscow, Russia (A.S.G.)
| | - Alexandra S. Gambaryan
- Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, 108819 Moscow, Russia (A.S.G.)
| | - Evgenii V. Sorokin
- The Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana R. Tsareva
- The Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Simone E. Adams
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey G. Prilipov
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Galina K. Sadykova
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Boris I. Timofeev
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
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Guan L, Babujee L, Browning VL, Presler R, Pattinson D, Nguyen HLK, Hoang VMP, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Continued Circulation of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets in 2018-2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1596. [PMID: 37515281 PMCID: PMC10384249 DOI: 10.3390/v15071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated 77 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses during routine surveillance in live poultry markets in northern provinces of Vietnam from 2018 to 2021. These viruses are of the H5N6 subtype and belong to HA clades 2.3.4.4g and 2.3.4.4h. Interestingly, we did not detect viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b, which in recent years have dominated in different parts of the world. The viruses isolated in this current study do not encode major determinants of mammalian adaptation (e.g., PB2-E627K or PB1-D701N) but possess amino acid substitutions that may affect viral receptor-binding, replication, or the responses to human antiviral factors. Several of the highly pathogenic H5N6 virus samples contained other influenza viruses, providing an opportunity for reassortment. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the highly pathogenic H5 viruses circulating in Vietnam in 2018-2021 were different from those in other parts of the world, and that the Vietnamese H5 viruses continue to evolve through mutations and reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Guan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Lavanya Babujee
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Victoria L. Browning
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Robert Presler
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pattinson
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Hang Le Khanh Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Vu Mai Phuong Hoang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Services, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research (UTOPIA) Center, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Timofeeva TA, Sadykova GK, Lomakina NF, Gambaryan AS, Rudneva IA, Timofeeva EB, Shilov AA, Boravleva EY, Zhuravleva MM, Ivanov PA, Ryazanova EL, Prilipov AG. The Effect of I155T, K156Q, K156E and N186K Mutations in Hemagglutinin on the Virulence and Reproduction of Influenza A/H5N1 Viruses. Mol Biol 2021; 54:861-869. [PMID: 33424035 PMCID: PMC7783499 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The continued circulation of influenza A virus subtype H5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. The occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (HA). Previously we discovered mutations in H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. The purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus and the possibility of their maintenance in the viral population. Mutations were introduced into the HA gene of a recombinant H5N1 influenza A virus (VNH5N1-PR8/CDC-RG) using site-specific mutagenesis. The "variant" viruses were investigated and compared with respect to replication kinetics in chicken embryos, thermostability, reproductive activity at different temperatures (33, 37 and 40°C), and virulence for mice. Amino acid substitutions I155T, K156Q, K156E+V138A, N186K led to a decrease in thermal stability, replication activity of the mutant viruses in chicken embryos, and virulence for mice, although these effects differed between the variants. The K156Q and N186K mutations reduced viral reproduction at elevated temperature (40°C). The analysis of the frequency of these mutations in natural isolates of H5N1 influenza viruses indicated that the K156E/Q and N186K mutations have little chance to gain a foothold during evolution, in contrast to the I155T mutation, which is the most responsible for antigenic drift. The A138V and N186K mutations seem to be adaptive in mammalian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Timofeeva
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - G. K. Sadykova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - N. F. Lomakina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. S. Gambaryan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. A. Rudneva
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. B. Timofeeva
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Shilov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. Y. Boravleva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. M. Zhuravleva
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - P. A. Ivanov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. L. Ryazanova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. G. Prilipov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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Zhong G, Fan S, Lopes TJS, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Dutta J, Smith GJD, Jayakumar J, Nguyen HLK, Hoang PVM, Halfmann P, Hatta M, Su YCF, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Isolation of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Viruses in 2009-2013 in Vietnam. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1411. [PMID: 31293548 PMCID: PMC6603144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine surveillance and surveillance in response to influenza outbreaks in avian species in Vietnam in 2009-2013 resulted in the isolation of numerous H5N1 influenza viruses of clades 1.1.2, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1b, 2.3.2.1c, and 2.3.4.1. Consistent with other studies, we found that viruses of clade 2.3.2.1c were dominant in Vietnam in 2013 and circulated in the northern, central, and southern parts of the country. Phylogenetic analysis revealed reassortment among viruses of clades 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1b, and 2.3.2.1c; in contrast, no reassortment was detected between clade 2.3.2.1 viruses and viruses of clades 1.1.2 or 2.3.4.1, respectively. Deep-sequencing of 42 of the 53 isolated H5N1 viruses revealed viral subpopulations encoding variants that may affect virulence, host range, or sensitivity to antiviral compounds; virus isolates containing these subpopulations may have a higher potential to transmit and adapt to mammals. Among the viruses sequenced, a relatively high number of non-synonymous nucleotide polymorphisms was detected in a virus isolated from a barn swallow, possibly suggesting influenza virus adaption to this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxun Zhong
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shufang Fan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tiago J S Lopes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | | | - Peter Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Masato Hatta
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Russell CJ, Hu M, Okda FA. Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein Stability, Activation, and Pandemic Risk. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:841-853. [PMID: 29681430 PMCID: PMC6150828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For decades, hemagglutinin (HA) protein structure and its refolding mechanism have served as a paradigm for understanding protein-mediated membrane fusion. HA trimers are in a high-energy state and are functionally activated by low pH. Over the past decade, HA stability (or the pH at which irreversible conformational changes are triggered) has emerged as an important determinant in influenza virus host range, infectivity, transmissibility, and human pandemic potential. Here, we review HA protein structure, assays to measure its stability, measured HA stability values, residues and mutations that regulate its stability, the effect of HA stability on interspecies adaptation and transmissibility, and mechanistic insights into this process. Most importantly, HA stabilization appears to be necessary for adapting emerging influenza viruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Faten A Okda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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Rudneva IA, Timofeeva TA, Mukasheva EA, Ignatieva AV, Shilov AA, Burtseva EI, Timofeev BI, Kaverin NV. Pleiotropic effects of hemagglutinin amino acid substitutions of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus escape mutants. Virus Res 2018; 251:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Timofeeva TA, Sadykova GK, Rudneva IA, Boravleva EY, Gambaryan AS, Lomakina NF, Mochalova LV, Bovin NV, Usachev EV, Prilipov AG. Changes in the phenotypic properties of highly pathogenic influenza A virus of H5N1 subtype induced by N186I and N186T point mutations in hemagglutinin. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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