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Yoon SY, Jang YS, Kim SJ, Krishnan R, Oh MJ. Determination of the minimum infective dose of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus using an immersion challenge model. Virus Res 2024; 340:199305. [PMID: 38158128 PMCID: PMC10792560 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) affects over 80 fish species, leading to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). Horizontal VHSV transmission is widely studied, with researchers utilizing various doses to establish infection models. Infected hosts shed the virus into the environment, elevating the risk of transmission to naïve fish within the same system. This study aimed to ascertain the minimum infective dose of VHSV in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In olive flounder, the detection of VHSV within the kidney exhibited the highest infection rate on the third day among days 1, 3 and 5. Doses of 103.0 to 104.7 TCID50/ml were administered to juvenile olive flounder across three farms. Results showed resistance to infection below 103.4 TCID50/ml at 15 °C. While infection frequency varied by concentration, higher concentrations correlated with more infections. Nonetheless, viral copy numbers did not differ significantly among infected fish at varying concentrations. This study underscores the need for early VHSV management and contributes essential data for pathogenicity assessment and foundational knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Young Yoon
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Seb Jang
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea; Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea; Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kerala, India
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Gorgoglione B, Liu JT, Li J, Vakharia VN. The efficacy of new oral vaccine feeds against Salmonid novirhabdovirus in rainbow trout. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100082. [PMID: 36660300 PMCID: PMC9842750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonid novirhabdovirus (IHNV) causes infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in salmonid species. Despite an injectable plasmid-based DNA vaccine of the glycoprotein (G) gene is effective, there are no oral vaccines for mass vaccination of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Recombinant baculoviruses were generated, used in cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) insect larvae to produce IHNV G and IHNV G-C5a proteins. Western blotting and chemiluminescence assays confirmed the expression of recombinant proteins, which were added to the fish feeding and top-coated with unflavored gelatin binder. Commercial rainbow trout were fed with experimental diets containing either IHNV G or IHNV G-C5a proteins for 2 weeks, and boosted 4 weeks after. Four weeks post-booster, fish were challenged with IHNV by immersion. Survival upon the infection challenge was evaluated. Spleen were sampled at 7 and 14 days post infection (dpi). Non-vaccinated and IHNV G fed trout reached a mortality of 91.7 and 97.6%, and 70.9 and 88.4%, respectively at 8 and 15 dpi. The IHNV G-C5a fed group exhibited a reduced mortality of 51.2% at 8 dpi, reaching 81.7% at 15 dpi, suggesting some level of antiviral protection. The individual viral load was measured by RT-qPCR detection of IHNV N gene, showing no significant difference across experimental groups. The transcription modulation of selected immune response markers was evaluated across experimental groups, including Type I IFN-a, Mx-1, CD4, and IgM. Further study is needed to assess how new oral vaccines may become effective to mitigate IHNV pathogenesis in juvenile trout by modulating the host immune response to protect towards IHNV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Fish Pathobiology and Immunology Laboratory, Dept. Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (CVM)/ Dept. Fisheries and Wildlife (CANR), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States,Corresponding authors.
| | - Juan-Ting Liu
- Fish Pathobiology and Immunology Laboratory, Dept. Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (CVM)/ Dept. Fisheries and Wildlife (CANR), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Dept. of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vikram N. Vakharia
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Dept. of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore, MD, United States,Corresponding authors.
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3
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Li S, Li X, Yuan R, Chen X, Chen S, Qiu Y, Yang Q, Wang M, Shi J, Zhang S. Development of a recombinant adenovirus-vectored vaccine against both infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108457. [PMID: 36455780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are typical pathogens of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and the concurrent infection of the two viruses is very common among modern trout hatcheries, which has caused huge economic losses to the rainbow trout farming industry. To prevent and control the spread of IHNV and IPNV in juvenile trout simultaneously, in this study a bivalent recombinant adenovirus vaccine with IHNV Glycoprotein (G) and IPNV VP2 genes was developed. After immunizing juvenile trout with this bivalent vaccine via the immersion route, the expression levels of IHNV G and IPNV VP2 and the representative immune genes in vaccinated and control rainbow trout were tested to evaluate the correlation of immune responses with the expression of viral genes. The neutralizing antibody level induced by this bivalent vaccine as well as the protection efficacy of the vaccine against IHNV and IPNV was also evaluated. The results showed that IHNV G and IPNV VP2 were successfully expressed in juvenile trout, and all the innate and adaptive immune genes were up-regulated. This indicated that the level of the innate and adaptive immune responses were significantly increased, which might be induced by the high expression of the two viral proteins. Compared with the controls, high levels of neutralizing antibodies against IHNV and IPNV were induced in the vaccinated trout. Besides, the bivalent recombinant adenovirus vaccine showed high protection rate against IHNV, with the relative percent survival (RPS) of 81.25%, as well as against IPNV, with the RPS of 78.95%. Taken together, our findings clearly demonstrated that replication-defective adenovirus can be developed as a qualified vector for fish vaccines and IHNV G and IPNV VP2 were two suitable antigenic genes that could induce effective immune protection against these two pathogens. This study provided new insights into developing bivalent vectored vaccines and controlling the spread of IHNV and IPNV simultaneously in juvenile trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huan Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Xincang Li
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Shouxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Yu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huan Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Qingfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Jiangao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huan Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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4
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Jeong MA, Jeong YJ, Kim KI. Virulence difference between red sea bream iridovirus mixed subtype I/II and subtype II and the expression of viral and apoptosis-related genes in infected rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:195-202. [PMID: 35643355 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the virulence of the red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) subtype II (17RbGs isolate) and a novel RSIV mixed subtype I/II (17SbTy isolate), which was genetically characterized in a previous study, were compared. The infectivity to rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) determined by infectious dose (ID50) revealed that 17RbGs isolate was significantly more infective than 17SbTy isolate using both intraperitoneal injection and bath immersion. In a cohabitation challenge test that mimicked natural conditions, the cumulative mortality of the donor (RSIV-injected rock bream) and the recipient (cohabited naïve rock bream) was significantly higher in the 17RbGs group than in the 17SbTy group, regardless of RSIV injected doses, supporting the correlation between genetic mutation and pathogenicity. In addition, the maximum viral shedding ratio identified from RSIV-infected rock bream suggested that viral transmission through infection with the 17SbTy isolate could have a lower relative risk than that of infection with the 17RbGs isolate. In particular, the odds ratio based on the spleen index after 17RbGs infection was 55.00, which was inconsistent with that of 17SbTy infection (19.38), hence supporting the virulence difference between RSIVs. Furthermore, the expression of viral genes, including DNA membrane and myristoylated protein genes with insertion and deletion mutations, and that of caspase-8, which is related to caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by RSIV infection, were significantly upregulated at 11 days post 17RbGs-infection compared to that following 17SbTy infection. Notably, although viral genes were highly expressed in the early infection stage and caspase-8 was upregulated, the low caspase-3 expression may have inhibited apoptosis, reflecting the difference in virulence between different RSIV isolates. Several virulence factors, including pathogenicity, viral shedding ratio, odds ratio, and gene expression, support that RSIV mixed subtype I/II may be a less pathogenic RSIV isolate compared with general RSIV subtype II in a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min A Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Wait LF, Kamiya T, Fairlie-Clarke KJ, Metcalf CJE, Graham AL, Mideo N. Differential drivers of intraspecific and interspecific competition during malaria-helminth co-infection. Parasitology 2021; 148:1030-1039. [PMID: 33971991 PMCID: PMC11010048 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100072x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Various host and parasite factors interact to determine the outcome of infection. We investigated the effects of two factors on the within-host dynamics of malaria in mice: initial infectious dose and co-infection with a helminth that limits the availability of red blood cells (RBCs). Using a statistical, time-series approach to model the within-host ‘epidemiology’ of malaria, we found that increasing initial dose reduced the time to peak cell-to-cell parasite propagation, but also reduced its magnitude, while helminth co-infection delayed peak cell-to-cell propagation, except at the highest malaria doses. Using a mechanistic model of within-host infection dynamics, we identified dose-dependence in parameters describing host responses to malaria infection and uncovered a plausible explanation of the observed differences in single vs co-infections. Specifically, in co-infections, our model predicted a higher background death rate of RBCs. However, at the highest dose, when intraspecific competition between malaria parasites would be highest, these effects of co-infection were not observed. Such interactions between initial dose and co-infection, although difficult to predict a priori, are key to understanding variation in the severity of disease experienced by hosts and could inform studies of malaria transmission dynamics in nature, where co-infection and low doses are the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. F. Wait
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - T. Kamiya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - C. J. E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - A. L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - N. Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Wargo AR, Kurath G, Scott RJ, Kerr B. Virus shedding kinetics and unconventional virulence tradeoffs. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009528. [PMID: 33970967 PMCID: PMC8109835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tradeoff theory, which postulates that virulence provides both transmission costs and benefits for pathogens, has become widely adopted by the scientific community. Although theoretical literature exploring virulence-tradeoffs is vast, empirical studies validating various assumptions still remain sparse. In particular, truncation of transmission duration as a cost of virulence has been difficult to quantify with robust controlled in vivo studies. We sought to fill this knowledge gap by investigating how transmission rate and duration were associated with virulence for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using host mortality to quantify virulence and viral shedding to quantify transmission, we found that IHNV did not conform to classical tradeoff theory. More virulent genotypes of the virus were found to have longer transmission durations due to lower recovery rates of infected hosts, but the relationship was not saturating as assumed by tradeoff theory. Furthermore, the impact of host mortality on limiting transmission duration was minimal and greatly outweighed by recovery. Transmission rate differences between high and low virulence genotypes were also small and inconsistent. Ultimately, more virulent genotypes were found to have the overall fitness advantage, and there was no apparent constraint on the evolution of increased virulence for IHNV. However, using a mathematical model parameterized with experimental data, it was found that host culling resurrected the virulence tradeoff and provided low virulence genotypes with the advantage. Human-induced or natural culling, as well as host population fragmentation, may be some of the mechanisms by which virulence diversity is maintained in nature. This work highlights the importance of considering non-classical virulence tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Scott
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Kerr
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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7
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Hernandez DG, Brown W, Naish KA, Kurath G. Virulence and Infectivity of UC, MD, and L Strains of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) in Four Populations of Columbia River Basin Chinook Salmon. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040701. [PMID: 33919549 PMCID: PMC8072589 DOI: 10.3390/v13040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) infects juvenile salmonid fish in conservation hatcheries and aquaculture facilities, and in some cases, causes lethal disease. This study assesses intra-specific variation in the IHNV susceptibility of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River Basin (CRB), in the northwestern United States. The virulence and infectivity of IHNV strains from three divergent virus genogroups are measured in four Chinook salmon populations, including spring-run and fall-run fish from the lower or upper regions of the CRB. Following controlled laboratory exposures, our results show that the positive control L strain had significantly higher virulence, and the UC and MD strains that predominate in the CRB had equivalently low virulence, consistent with field observations. By several experimental measures, there was little variation in host susceptibility to infection or disease. However, a small number of exceptions suggested that the lower CRB spring-run Chinook salmon population may be less susceptible than other populations tested. The UC and MD viruses did not differ in infectivity, indicating that the observed asymmetric field prevalence in which IHNV detected in CRB Chinook salmon is 83% UC and 17% MD is not due to the UC virus being more infectious. Overall, we report little intra-species variation in CRB Chinook salmon susceptibility to UC or MD IHNV infection or disease, and suggest that other factors may instead influence the ecology of IHNV in the CRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Hernandez
- Western Fisheries Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - William Brown
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Kerry A. Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Gael Kurath
- Western Fisheries Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Louboutin L, Cabon J, Vigouroux E, Morin T, Danion M. Comparative analysis of the course of infection and the immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the 5 genotypes of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Virology 2021; 552:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Novelli L, Raimondi F, Ghirardi A, Pellegrini D, Capodanno D, Sotgiu G, Guagliumi G, Senni M, Russo FM, Lorini FL, Rizzi M, Barbui T, Rambaldi A, Cosentini R, Grazioli LS, Marchesi G, Sferrazza Papa GF, Cesa S, Colledan M, Civiletti R, Conti C, Casati M, Ferri F, Camagni S, Sessa M, Masciulli A, Gavazzi A, Falanga A, DA Pozzo LF, Buoro S, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Callegaro A, D'Antiga L, Pasulo L, Pezzoli F, Gianatti A, Parigi P, Farina C, Bellasi A, Solidoro P, Sironi S, DI Marco F, Fagiuoli S. At the peak of COVID-19 age and disease severity but not comorbidities are predictors of mortality: COVID-19 burden in Bergamo, Italy. Panminerva Med 2020; 63:51-61. [PMID: 33244949 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.20.04063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from February 2020, indicate that the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 can be heterogeneous, probably due to the infectious dose and viral load of SARS-CoV-2 within the first weeks of the outbreak. The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of overall 28-day mortality at the peak of the Italian outbreak. METHODS Retrospective observational study of all COVID-19 patients admitted to the main hospital of Bergamo, from February 23 to March 14, 2020. RESULTS Five hundred and eight patients were hospitalized, predominantly male (72.4%), mean age of 66±15 years; 49.2% were older than 70 years. Most of patients presented with severe respiratory failure (median value [IQR] of PaO<inf>2</inf>/FiO<inf>2</inf>: 233 [149-281]). Mortality rate at 28 days resulted of 33.7% (N.=171). Thirty-nine percent of patients were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 9.5% with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and 13.6% with endotracheal intubation. 9.5% were admitted to Semi-Intensive Respiratory Care Unit, and 18.9% to Intensive Care Unit. Risk factors independently associated with 28-day mortality were advanced age (≥78 years: odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.91 [10.67-141.93], P<0.001; 70-77 years: 17.30 [5.40-55.38], P<0.001; 60-69 years: 3.20 [1.00-10.20], P=0.049), PaO<inf>2</inf>/FiO<inf>2</inf><200 at presentation (3.50 [1.70-7.20], P=0.001), need for CPAP/NIV in the first 24 hours (8.38 [3.63-19.35], P<0.001), and blood urea value at admission (1.01 [1.00-1.02], P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS At the peak of the outbreak, with a probable high infectious dose and viral load, older age, the severity of respiratory failure and renal impairment at presentation, but not comorbidities, are predictors of 28-day mortality in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Novelli
- Unit of Pulmonary Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Federico Raimondi
- Unit of Pulmonary Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Dario Pellegrini
- Cardiovascular Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Davide Capodanno
- Unit of Cardiology, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Filippo M Russo
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Area, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ferdinando L Lorini
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Area, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marco Rizzi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo S Grazioli
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Area, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gianmariano Marchesi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Area, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe F Sferrazza Papa
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Simonetta Cesa
- Department of Health and Social Care Professions, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Michele Colledan
- Unit of General Surgery 3, Department of Organ Failure and Transplantation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberta Civiletti
- Unit of Pulmonary Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.,Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Conti
- Unit of Pulmonary Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Monica Casati
- Department of Health and Social Care Professions, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferri
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Area, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stefania Camagni
- Unit of General Surgery 3, Department of Organ Failure and Transplantation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Sessa
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Falanga
- Unit of Immunohematology and Transfusion, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.,University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi F DA Pozzo
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Urology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Buoro
- Unit of Quality Management, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Anna Maria Astori Centet, Kilometro Rosso Science and Technology Park, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggenenti
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo D'Antiga
- Unit of Pediatric Hepatology Gastroenterology and Transplantation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasulo
- Unit of Gastroenterology 1, Hepatology and Transplantation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Fabio Pezzoli
- Medical Direction, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea Gianatti
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Piercarlo Parigi
- Unit of Pulmonary Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Claudio Farina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Bellasi
- Department of Research, Innovation and Brand Reputation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- Unit of Pneumology, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandro Sironi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Fabiano DI Marco
- Unit of Pulmonary Medicine, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy - .,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fagiuoli
- Unit of Gastroenterology 1, Hepatology and Transplantation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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10
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Gandhi M, Beyrer C, Goosby E. Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:3063-3066. [PMID: 32737790 PMCID: PMC7393808 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the benefit of population-level public facial masking to protect others during the COVID-19 pandemic has received a great deal of attention, we discuss for one of the first times the hypothesis that universal masking reduces the "inoculum" or dose of the virus for the mask-wearer, leading to more mild and asymptomatic infection manifestations. Masks, depending on type, filter out the majority of viral particles, but not all. We first discuss the near-century-old literature around the viral inoculum and severity of disease (conceptualized as the LD50 or lethal dose of the virus). We include examples of rising rates of asymptomatic infection with population-level masking, including in closed settings (e.g., cruise ships) with and without universal masking. Asymptomatic infections may be harmful for spread but could actually be beneficial if they lead to higher rates of exposure. Exposing society to SARS-CoV-2 without the unacceptable consequences of severe illness with public masking could lead to greater community-level immunity and slower spread as we await a vaccine. This theory of viral inoculum and mild or asymptomatic disease with SARS-CoV-2 in light of population-level masking has received little attention so this is one of the first perspectives to discuss the evidence supporting this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Desmond M. Tutu Professor of Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Goosby
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jones DR, Rutan BJ, Wargo AR. Impact of Vaccination and Pathogen Exposure Dosage on Shedding Kinetics of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) in Rainbow Trout. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2020; 32:95-108. [PMID: 32443164 PMCID: PMC7540492 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy in preventing clinical disease has been well characterized. However, vaccine impacts on transmission under diverse field conditions, such as variable pathogen exposure dosages, are not fully understood. We evaluated the impacts of vaccination on disease-induced host mortality and shedding of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish, in up to three different genetic lines, were exposed to different dosages of IHNV to simulate field variability. Mortality and viral shedding of each individual fish were quantified over the course of infection. As the exposure dosage increased, mortality, number of fish shedding virus, daily virus quantity shed, and total amount of virus shed also increased. Vaccination significantly reduced mortality but had a much smaller impact on shedding, such that vaccinated fish still shed significant amounts of virus, particularly at higher viral exposure dosages. These studies demonstrate that the consideration of pathogen exposure dosage and transmission are critical for robust inference of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darbi R. Jones
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam & MaryPost Office Box 1346, 1370 Greate RoadGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
| | - Barbara J. Rutan
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam & MaryPost Office Box 1346, 1370 Greate RoadGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
| | - Andrew R. Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam & MaryPost Office Box 1346, 1370 Greate RoadGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
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12
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Little P, Read RC, Amlôt R, Chadborn T, Rice C, Bostock J, Yardley L. Reducing risks from coronavirus transmission in the home-the role of viral load. BMJ 2020; 369:m1728. [PMID: 32376669 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Little
- Primary Care Population Sciences and Medical Education Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert C Read
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Behavioural Science Team, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Tim Chadborn
- Behavioural Insights, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Bostock
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Lucy Yardley
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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13
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Cantrell DL, Groner ML, Ben-Horin T, Grant J, Revie CW. Modeling Pathogen Dispersal in Marine Fish and Shellfish. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:239-249. [PMID: 32037136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In marine ecosystems, oceanographic processes often govern host contacts with infectious agents. Consequently, many approaches developed to quantify pathogen dispersal in terrestrial ecosystems have limited use in the marine context. Recent applications in marine disease modeling demonstrate that physical oceanographic models coupled with biological models of infectious agents can characterize dispersal networks of pathogens in marine ecosystems. Biophysical modeling has been used over the past two decades to model larval dispersion but has only recently been utilized in marine epidemiology. In this review, we describe how biophysical models function and how they can be used to measure connectivity of infectious agents between sites, test hypotheses regarding pathogen dispersal, and quantify patterns of pathogen spread, focusing on fish and shellfish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Cantrell
- Health Management Department, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Maya L Groner
- Prince William Sound Science Center, Cordova, AK, USA; Affiliate, US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tal Ben-Horin
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, College of the Environment and Life Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Center for Marine Science and Technology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Jon Grant
- Oceanography Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Crawford W Revie
- Health Management Department, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada; Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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14
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Doumayrou J, Ryan MG, Wargo AR. Method for serial passage of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:223-236. [PMID: 31169128 DOI: 10.3354/dao03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transmission is a fundamental component of pathogen fitness. A better understanding of pathogen transmission can greatly improve disease management. In particular, controlled studies of multiple rounds of natural transmission (i.e. serial passage) can provide powerful epidemiological and evolutionary inferences. However, such studies are possible in only a few systems because of the challenges in successfully initiating and maintaining transmission in the laboratory. Here we developed an efficient and reproducible cohabitation method for conducting controlled experiments investigating the effects of serial passage on infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout. This method was used to investigate the transmission efficiency and kinetics of viral shedding of IHNV over 3 serial passages. Transmission efficiency decreased from 100 to 62.5% over the passage steps and was associated with a decrease in virus shedding into water. A shift in the peak of viral shedding was also observed, from Day 2 post immersion for passage 0 to at least 24 h later for all subsequent passages. Finally, the characterization of viruses after 1 round of transmission and propagation on cells showed no change in glycoprotein (G gene) sequences or viral virulence compared to the ancestral virus stock. The methods developed provide valuable tools for reproducible population-level studies of IHNV epidemiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Doumayrou
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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15
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Li S, Xie H, Yan Z, Li B, Wu P, Qian X, Zhang X, Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X. Development of a live vector vaccine against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:516-524. [PMID: 30986537 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) leads to serious disease and economic losses in the salmonid aquaculture industry. The present study aimed to develop an effective and efficient vaccine to protect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against IHNV infection. Administered via the immersion route, a live vector vaccine containing the regions of the IHNV glycoprotein (G) induced immune responses in rainbow trout. Use of the immersion route induced more-efficient mucosal immunity than intramuscular injection vaccination. IHNV G gene expression was detected in the spleens of rainbow trout at 3, 7 and 15 days post-vaccination (dpv). The G gene expression continuously decreased between 3 and 15 dpv. In addition, the expression of TLR-3, TLR-7 and TLR-8 was upregulated after vaccination, and the highest expression levels of IFN-1, Mx-1, Mx-3, Vig-1 and Vig-2 were observed at 3 dpv. Four markers of the adaptive immune response (CD4, CD8, IgM and IgT) gradually increased. When experimental fish were challenged with IHNV by immersion, significant differences in cumulative percentage mortality were observed in the vaccinated fish and the unvaccinated (empty-plasmid-vaccinated) fish. The relative survival rate was 92% and 6% in the vaccinated group and empty-plasmid group, respectively. Serum antibody levels gradually increased in the vaccinated fish, unlike in the unvaccinated fish, after 7 dpv. Our results suggest there was a significant increase in fish immune responses and resistance to infection with IHNV following administration of the live vector vaccine. Therefore, this live vector vaccine is a promising vaccine that may be utilized to protect rainbow trout against IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, 1# Yingmencun Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Hongxia Xie
- Center for Fisheries Technology Promotion, 533# Duanjiatan Road, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, 1# Yingmencun Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Baoyu Li
- Lanzhou Weiteseng Biological Technology Co., Ltd, 102# Yandong Road, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- Center for Fisheries Technology Promotion, 533# Duanjiatan Road, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Xu Qian
- Center for Fisheries Technology Promotion, 533# Duanjiatan Road, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- Center for Fisheries Technology Promotion, 533# Duanjiatan Road, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Jintang Wu
- Lanzhou Weiteseng Biological Technology Co., Ltd, 102# Yandong Road, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Jixing Liu
- Lanzhou Weiteseng Biological Technology Co., Ltd, 102# Yandong Road, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, 1# Yingmencun Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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