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Zhou CM, Jiang ZZ, Liu N, Yu XJ. Current insights into human pathogenic phenuiviruses and the host immune system. Virulence 2024; 15:2384563. [PMID: 39072499 PMCID: PMC11290763 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2384563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenuiviruses are a class of segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, typically consisting of three RNA segments that encode four distinct proteins. The emergence of pathogenic phenuivirus strains, such as Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) in sub-Saharan Africa, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) in East and Southeast Asia, and Heartland Virus (HRTV) in the United States has presented considerable challenges to global public health in recent years. The innate immune system plays a crucial role as the initial defense mechanism of the host against invading pathogens. In addition to continued research aimed at elucidating the epidemiological characteristics of phenuivirus, significant advancements have been made in investigating its viral virulence factors (glycoprotein, non-structural protein, and nucleoprotein) and potential host-pathogen interactions. Specifically, efforts have focused on understanding mechanisms of viral immune evasion, viral assembly and egress, and host immune networks involving immune cells, programmed cell death, inflammation, nucleic acid receptors, etc. Furthermore, a plethora of technological advancements, including metagenomics, metabolomics, single-cell transcriptomics, proteomics, gene editing, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, have been utilized to further our understanding of phenuivirus pathogenesis and host immune responses. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms of host recognition, viral immune evasion, and potential therapeutic approaches during human pathogenic phenuivirus infections focusing particularly on RVFV and SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Min Zhou
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ze-Zheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Quality and Operations Management, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Zheng Y, Tian X, Wang R, Yao X, Zhang W, Yin Q, Li F, Nie K, Cui Q, Xu S, Fu S, Li H, Cheng J, Wang H. Genetic Characteristics of Wuxiang Virus in Shanxi Province, China. Viruses 2024; 16:103. [PMID: 38257803 PMCID: PMC10818450 DOI: 10.3390/v16010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Wuxiang virus (WUXV) is the first sandfly-borne Phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus chinensis collected in China and has been established as a consistent viral presence in the local sandfly populations of both Wuxiang County and Yangquan City. However, its distribution in the Shanxi Province remains unclear. In this study, three novel WUXV strains were isolated from sandflies collected from Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province, China, in 2022. Subsequently, whole-genome sequences of these novel strains were generated using next-generation sequencing. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of the WUXV strains from the three locations were subjected to gene analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that WUXV belongs to two distinct clades with geographical differences. Strains from Wuxiang County and Yangquan City belonged to clade 1, whereas strains from Jiexiu City belonged to clade 2. Reassortment and recombination analyses indicated no gene reassortment or recombination between the two clades. However, four reassortments or recombination events could be detected in clade 1 strains. By aligning the amino acid sequences, eighty-seven mutation sites were identified between the two clades, with seventeen, sixty, nine, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Additionally, selection pressure analysis identified 17 positively selected sites across the entire genome of WUXV, with two, thirteen, one, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Notably, sites M-312 and M-340 in the M segment not only represented mutation sites but also showed positive selective pressure effects. These findings highlight the need for continuous nationwide surveillance of WUXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030012, China;
| | - Ruichen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Qikai Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Fan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Kai Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Qianqian Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Songtao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Shihong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Hao Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Jingxia Cheng
- Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030012, China;
| | - Huanyu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
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Gondelaud F, Lozach PY, Longhi S. Viral amyloids: New opportunities for antiviral therapeutic strategies. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 83:102706. [PMID: 37783197 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are an array of diseases associated with the aggregation of proteins into fibrils. While it was previously thought that amyloid fibril-forming proteins are exclusively host-cell encoded, recent studies have revealed that pathogenic viruses can form amyloid-like fibrils too. Intriguingly, viral amyloids are often composed of virulence factors, known for their contribution to cell death and disease progression. In this review, we survey the literature about viral proteins capable of forming amyloid-like fibrils. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the formation of viral amyloid-like aggregates are explored. In addition, we discuss the functional implications for viral amplification and the complex interplay between viral amyloids, biological functions, virulence, and virus-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gondelaud
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC UMR754, Team iWays, 69007, Lyon, France. https://twitter.com/pylozach
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France.
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Peng K, Lozach PY. Rift Valley fever virus: a new avenue of research on the biological functions of amyloids? Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that was first discovered in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya, in 1930. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) primarily infects domestic animals and humans, with clinical outcomes ranging from self-limiting febrile illness to acute hepatitis and encephalitis. The virus left Africa a few decades ago, and there is a risk of introduction into southern Europe and Asia. From this perspective, we introduce RVFV and focus on the capacity of its virulence factor, the nonstructural protein NSs, to form amyloid-like fibrils. Here, we discuss the implications for the NSs biological function, the ability of RVFV to evade innate immunity, and RVFV virulence and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- Cell Networks, CIID (Cluster of Excellence & Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC (Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée), 69007, Lyon, France
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Léger P, Lozach PY. [Rift Valley fever virus and the amazing NSs protein]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:601-608. [PMID: 34180819 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans and livestock through mosquito bites, which was first isolated in Kenya in 1930. The virus is classified by the WHO among the pathogens for which there is an urgent need to develop research, diagnostics, and therapies. However, the efforts developed to control the virus remain limited, and the virus is not well characterized. In this article, we will introduce RVFV and then focus on its virulence factor, the nonstructural protein NSs. We will mainly discuss the ability of this viral protein to form amyloid-like fibrils and its implication in the neurotoxicity associated with RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Psylvia Léger
- CellNetworks, CIID (Cluster of Excellence and Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research), Virology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Allemagne
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks, CIID (Cluster of Excellence and Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research), Virology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Allemagne - Univ. Lyon, INRAe, EPHE, IVPC (Infections virales et pathologie comparée), 50 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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The Change P82L in the Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Confers Attenuation in Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040542. [PMID: 33805122 PMCID: PMC8064099 DOI: 10.3390/v13040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus that causes an important disease in ruminants, with great economic losses. The infection can be also transmitted to humans; therefore, it is considered a major threat to both human and animal health. In a previous work, we described a novel RVFV variant selected in cell culture in the presence of the antiviral agent favipiravir that was highly attenuated in vivo. This variant displayed 24 amino acid substitutions in different viral proteins when compared to its parental viral strain, two of them located in the NSs protein that is known to be the major virulence factor of RVFV. By means of a reverse genetics system, in this work we have analyzed the effect that one of these substitutions, P82L, has in viral attenuation in vivo. Rescued viruses carrying this single amino acid change were clearly attenuated in BALB/c mice while their growth in an interferon (IFN)-competent cell line as well as the production of interferon beta (IFN-β) did not seem to be affected. However, the pattern of nuclear NSs accumulation was modified in cells infected with the mutant viruses. These results highlight the key role of the NSs protein in the modulation of viral infectivity.
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A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020314. [PMID: 33670641 PMCID: PMC7922539 DOI: 10.3390/v13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the Bunyavirales order was established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) to incorporate the increasing number of related viruses across 13 viral families. While diverse, four of the families (Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Phenuiviridae) contain known human pathogens and share a similar tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomic organization. In addition to the nucleoprotein and envelope glycoproteins encoded by the small and medium segments, respectively, many of the viruses in these families also encode for non-structural (NS) NSs and NSm proteins. The NSs of Phenuiviridae is the most extensively studied as a host interferon antagonist, functioning through a variety of mechanisms seen throughout the other three families. In addition, functions impacting cellular apoptosis, chromatin organization, and transcriptional activities, to name a few, are possessed by NSs across the families. Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Phenuiviridae also encode an NSm, although less extensively studied than NSs, that has roles in antagonizing immune responses, promoting viral assembly and infectivity, and even maintenance of infection in host mosquito vectors. Overall, the similar and divergent roles of NS proteins of these human pathogenic Bunyavirales are of particular interest in understanding disease progression, viral pathogenesis, and developing strategies for interventions and treatments.
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Léger P, Nachman E, Richter K, Tamietti C, Koch J, Burk R, Kummer S, Xin Q, Stanifer M, Bouloy M, Boulant S, Kräusslich HG, Montagutelli X, Flamand M, Nussbaum-Krammer C, Lozach PY. NSs amyloid formation is associated with the virulence of Rift Valley fever virus in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3281. [PMID: 32612175 PMCID: PMC7329897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils result from the aggregation of host cell-encoded proteins, many giving rise to specific human illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. Here we show that the major virulence factor of Rift Valley fever virus, the protein NSs, forms filamentous structures in the brain of mice and affects mortality. NSs assembles into nuclear and cytosolic disulfide bond-dependent fibrillary aggregates in infected cells. NSs structural arrangements exhibit characteristics typical for amyloids, such as an ultrastructure of 12 nm-width fibrils, a strong detergent resistance, and interactions with the amyloid-binding dye Thioflavin-S. The assembly dynamics of viral amyloid-like fibrils can be visualized in real-time. They form spontaneously and grow in an amyloid fashion within 5 hours. Together, our results demonstrate that viruses can encode amyloid-like fibril-forming proteins and have strong implications for future research on amyloid aggregation and toxicity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Psylvia Léger
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliana Nachman
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jana Koch
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin Burk
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Kummer
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qilin Xin
- University Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Megan Stanifer
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michèle Bouloy
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marie Flamand
- Structural Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- University Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, 69007, Lyon, France.
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