1
|
Zheng Y, Tian X, Wang R, Yao X, Zhang W, Yin Q, Li F, Nie K, Cui Q, Xu S, Fu S, Li H, Cheng J, Wang H. Genetic Characteristics of Wuxiang Virus in Shanxi Province, China. Viruses 2024; 16:103. [PMID: 38257803 PMCID: PMC10818450 DOI: 10.3390/v16010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Wuxiang virus (WUXV) is the first sandfly-borne Phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus chinensis collected in China and has been established as a consistent viral presence in the local sandfly populations of both Wuxiang County and Yangquan City. However, its distribution in the Shanxi Province remains unclear. In this study, three novel WUXV strains were isolated from sandflies collected from Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province, China, in 2022. Subsequently, whole-genome sequences of these novel strains were generated using next-generation sequencing. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of the WUXV strains from the three locations were subjected to gene analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that WUXV belongs to two distinct clades with geographical differences. Strains from Wuxiang County and Yangquan City belonged to clade 1, whereas strains from Jiexiu City belonged to clade 2. Reassortment and recombination analyses indicated no gene reassortment or recombination between the two clades. However, four reassortments or recombination events could be detected in clade 1 strains. By aligning the amino acid sequences, eighty-seven mutation sites were identified between the two clades, with seventeen, sixty, nine, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Additionally, selection pressure analysis identified 17 positively selected sites across the entire genome of WUXV, with two, thirteen, one, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Notably, sites M-312 and M-340 in the M segment not only represented mutation sites but also showed positive selective pressure effects. These findings highlight the need for continuous nationwide surveillance of WUXV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030012, China;
| | - Ruichen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Qikai Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Fan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Kai Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Qianqian Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Songtao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Shihong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| | - Hao Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Jingxia Cheng
- Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030012, China;
| | - Huanyu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.); (F.L.); (K.N.); (Q.C.); (S.X.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao X, Yin Q, Tian X, Zheng Y, Li H, Fu S, Lian Z, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhang W, He Y, Wang R, Wu B, Nie K, Xu S, Cheng J, Li X, Wang H, Liang G. Human and animal exposure to newly discovered sand fly viruses, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1291937. [PMID: 38235489 PMCID: PMC10791927 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1291937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Hedi virus (HEDV) and Wuxiang virus (WUXV) are newly discovered Bunyaviruses transmitted by sandflies. The geographical distribution of isolation of these two viruses continues to expand and it has been reported that WUXV causes neurological symptoms and even death in suckling mice. However, little is known about the prevalence of the two viruses in mammalian infections. Methods In order to understand the infection status of HEDV and WUXV in humans and animals from regions where the viruses have been isolated, this study used Western blotting to detect the positive rates of HEDV and WUXV IgG antibodies in serum samples from febrile patients, dogs, and chickens in the forementioned regions. Results The results showed that of the 29 human serum samples, 17.24% (5/29) tested positive for HEDV, while 68.96% (20/29) were positive for WUXV. In the 31 dog serum samples, 87.10% (27/31) were positive for HEDV and 70.97% (22/31) were positive for WUXV, while in the 36 chicken serum samples, 47.22% (17/36) were positive for HEDV, and 52.78% (19/36) were positive for WUXV. Discussion These findings suggest there are widespread infections of HEDV and WUXV in mammals (dogs, chickens) and humans from the regions where these viruses have been isolated. Moreover, the positive rate of HEDV infections was higher in local animals compared to that measured in human specimens. This is the first seroepidemiological study of these two sandfly-transmitted viruses. The findings of the study have practical implications for vector-borne viral infections and related zoonotic infections in China, as well as providing an important reference for studies on the relationship between sandfly-transmitted viruses and zoonotic infections outside of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yao
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qikai Yin
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Department of Vector Biology, Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuke Zheng
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Yangquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangquan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yijia Zhang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichen Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Yangquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangquan, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai Nie
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Cheng
- Department of Vector Biology, Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Yin Q, Fu S, Cheng J, Xu X, Wang J, Wu B, Tian X, Li Y, Lu J, He Y, Li F, Nie K, Xu S, Lu X, Wang H, Wang B, Liang G. Isolation and Identification of Sandfly-Borne Viruses from Sandflies Collected from June to August, 2019, in Yangquan County, China. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36560697 DOI: 10.3390/v14122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In Yangquan County, the sandfly-transmitted virus (Wuxiang virus) was first isolated from sandflies in 2018. However, relationships between the abundance and seasonal fluctuations of local sandflies and sandfly-transmitted viruses are unknown. Herein, we report that sandfly specimens were collected in three villages in Yangquan County, from June to August, 2019. A total of 8363 sandflies were collected (June, 7927; July, 428; August, 8). Eighteen virus strains (June, 18; July, 0; August, 0) were isolated in pools of Phlebotomus chinensis. The genome sequence of the newly isolated virus strain was highly similar to that of the Wuxiang virus (WUXV), isolated from sandflies in Yangquan County in 2018. Our results suggested that the sandfly-transmitted viruses, and the local sandfly population, are stable in Yangquan County, and that June is the peak period for the virus carried by sandflies in this area.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao X, Yin Q, Hu D, Fu S, Zhang W, Nie K, Li F, Xu S, He Y, Liang G, Li X, Wang H. In Vitro Infection Dynamics of Wuxiang Virus in Different Cell Lines. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36366481 DOI: 10.3390/v14112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Wuxiang virus (WUXV) is a newly discovered Bunyavirales transmitted by sandflies. It is found to infect humans and chickens and can cause neurological symptoms and even death in mice. However, the susceptibility of different hosts and tissue-derived cells to this virus is unclear. In this study, we examined cells derived from murine (BHK-21, N2A), human (HEK-293T, SH-SY5Y), dog (MDCK), pig (PK-15), monkey (Vero), and chicken (DF1), which were inoculated with WUXV at 0.05 MOI, and monitored for monolayer cytopathic effect (CPE). Culture supernatants and cells were collected from 0 to 96 h post-infection, cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining, numbers of infectious virus particles were quantified using plaque tests, and viral nucleic acid contents were determined by RT-qPCR. The presence of WUXV N antigen in infected cells was detected by Western blotting (WB). In response to virus infection, BHK-21, MDCK, and PK-15 cells were characterized by a clear CPE, and we observed reductions in the proportion of viable cells after 96 h. By contrast, no significant CPEs were observed in the other cell lines. We detected increases in viral titers, viral nucleic acid content, and N antigen expression in BHK-21, MDCK, PK-15, HEK-293T, N2A, SH-SY5Y, and DF1 cells post-infection. Vero cells showed no CPE, and the findings for other tests were negative. In conclusion, we tested the susceptibility of different cell lines to WUXV, enhanced our current understanding of WUXV biology at the cellular level, and laid the foundations for further investigation of the underlying virus infection mechanisms.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Fu S, Xu Z, Cheng J, Shi M, Fan N, Song J, Tian X, Cheng J, Ni S, He Y, Lei W, Li F, Peng H, Wang B, Wang H, Lu X, Ma Y, Liang G. Emerging Sand Fly-Borne Phlebovirus in China. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:2435-2438. [PMID: 32946723 PMCID: PMC7510709 DOI: 10.3201/eid2610.191374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated 17 viral strains capable of causing cytopathic effects in mammalian cells and death in neonatal mice from sand flies in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains belonged to the genus Phlebovirus. These findings highlight the need to control this potentially emerging virus to help safeguard public health.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Fan N, Fu S, Cheng J, Wu B, Xu Z, Song J, Tian X, Li Y, He Y, Li F, Xu S, Lu X, Wang H, Wang B, Liang G. Isolation and Characterization of Wuxiang Virus from Sandflies Collected in Yangquan County, Shanxi Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:446-457. [PMID: 33891486 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated a group of viruses that can cause a cytopathic effect in BHK-21 cells from sandfly specimens collected in Yangquan County, Shanxi Province, central China. The representative virus strain is SXYQ1860 and, with increased viral injection, the suckling mice became ill and died, with viral titers continually increasing. The results of molecular genetic evolution analysis of the three gene segments of the virus, L, M, and S, indicate that the newly isolated viruses from Yangquan County are the same as the Wuxiang virus (WUXV) previously isolated from sandflies collected in Wuxiang county, China. This is the first time that the WUXV was also isolated outside Wuxiang County. Therefore, strengthening the surveillance of neglected sandflies and the viruses they transmit to help prevent and control arboviruses and the associated diseases is essential for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Cheng
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Yangquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangquan, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yangquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangquan, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu X, Cheng J, Fu S, Wang Q, Wang J, Lu X, Tian X, Cheng J, Ni S, He Y, Li F, Xu S, Wang H, Wang B, Liang G. Wuxiang Virus Is a Virus Circulated Naturally in Wuxiang County, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:289-300. [PMID: 33600240 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wuxiang virus was isolated from sandfly specimens collected in Wuxiang County, Shanxi Province, China in 2018, representing the first reported isolation of sandfly-borne virus from sandflies collected in a natural environment in China. The local sandfly density, seasonal fluctuations, and temporal and spatial distributions of the virus in Wuxiang County remain unclear. Materials and Methods: Four fixed sandfly collection sites were set up in Wuxiang County and sandfly specimens were collected continuously from June to August 2019. All sandfly specimens were subjected to viral isolation and molecular biological analysis. Results: The data on sandfly specimens collected in Wuxiang County from June to August 2019 showed a significant difference in the density of sandflies between June 26 and August 16 (p < 0.05). No statistical difference was found in sandfly density among collection sites (p > 0.05). A total of 33 virus isolates causing cytopathic effects in mammalian (BHK-21) cells were obtained from 7466 sandflies (91 pools) collected from June to August 2019. The results of molecular genetic evolution analysis of the nucleotide sequence of these isolates showed that the L and S genes (encoding NS and N proteins) of the 33 viruses isolated in 2019 are in the same evolutionary branch as the previously isolated Wuxiang virus. No significant difference was found in the virus isolation rate (the pool isolation rate of virus) among sandflies collected at different times from June to August (p > 0.05). The virus isolation rate of sandflies collected at different collection sites showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the Wuxiang virus is a stable viral population in local sandflies. Strengthened research into Wuxiang virus infection of humans and animals and clarification of the public health hazards posed by Wuxiang virus to both humans and animals are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Cheng
- Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyan Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Shanxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianshu Cheng
- Wuxiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxiang, China
| | - Shuqing Ni
- Wuxiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxiang, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|