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Yunker M, Fall A, Norton JM, Abdullah O, Villafuerte DA, Pekosz A, Klein E, Mostafa HH. Genomic Evolution and Surveillance of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during the 2023-2024 Season. Viruses 2024; 16:1122. [PMID: 39066284 PMCID: PMC11281595 DOI: 10.3390/v16071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of morbidity, particularly in infants. This study describes RSV genomic diversity and disease outcomes during the 2023-2024 season in the Johns Hopkins Hospital System (JHHS). Between August and December 2023, 406 patient samples were sequenced, showing that RSV-B GB5.0.5a was the dominant genotype detected. RSV-A genotype GA2.3.5 was detected less frequently. Metadata analysis of patient data revealed that, although RSV-B was more commonly detected, patients with RSV-A infections were more frequently hospitalized. Analysis of both the G- and F-genes revealed multiple amino acid substitutions in both RSV-A and RSV-B, with some positions within the F-protein that could be associated with evasion of antibody responses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the genetic diversity of circulating GB5.0.5a and GA2.3.5 genotypes. This study serves as an important baseline for genomic surveillance of RSV within the JHHS and will assist in characterizing the impact of the newly approved RSV vaccines on RSV genomic evolution and the emergence of escape mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Yunker
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Meyer B-121F, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.Y.); (A.F.); (J.M.N.); (O.A.); (D.A.V.)
| | - Amary Fall
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Meyer B-121F, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.Y.); (A.F.); (J.M.N.); (O.A.); (D.A.V.)
| | - Julie M. Norton
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Meyer B-121F, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.Y.); (A.F.); (J.M.N.); (O.A.); (D.A.V.)
| | - Omar Abdullah
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Meyer B-121F, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.Y.); (A.F.); (J.M.N.); (O.A.); (D.A.V.)
| | - David A. Villafuerte
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Meyer B-121F, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.Y.); (A.F.); (J.M.N.); (O.A.); (D.A.V.)
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.P.); (E.K.)
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eili Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.P.); (E.K.)
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Heba H. Mostafa
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Meyer B-121F, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.Y.); (A.F.); (J.M.N.); (O.A.); (D.A.V.)
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Ramzali M, Salimi V, Cheraghali F, Hosseini SD, Yasaghi M, Samadizadeh S, Rastegar M, Nakstad B, Tahamtan A. Epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1787. [PMID: 38186938 PMCID: PMC10764657 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children. Given the altered circulation patterns of respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease pandemic-2019 (COVID-19), the study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and clinical features of RSV infections in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gorgan, northeastern Iran. Molecular epidemiology studies on respiratory viral infections are necessary to monitor circulating viruses, disease severity, and clinical symptoms, in addition to early warning of new outbreaks. Methods Overall, 411 respiratory swab samples from hospitalized children from October 2021 to March 2022 were collected at Taleghani Children's Hospital, Gorgan, Iran. The incidence of RSV, as well as the circulating subgroups and genotypes, were investigated and confirmed using PCR methods. Additionally, all samples tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza, and demographic and clinical data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results The share of RSV, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) were 27%, 16.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. The RSV subgroup A (genotype ON1) was dominant over subgroup B (genotype BA9), with more severe clinical symptoms. Compared with the prepandemic era there were high numbers of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive children and low numbers of other respiratory viruses. Despite this, the prevalence of ALRI-related RSV-disease among hospitalized children in our specialized pediatric center was higher than COVID-19 disease in the same cohort. Conclusions Studying the epidemiology of respiratory viruses and determining the circulating strains can contribute to effective infection control and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Ramzali
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Cheraghali
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Taleghani Children's HospitalGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Seyedeh Delafruz Hosseini
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Mohammad Yasaghi
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Saeed Samadizadeh
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Britt Nakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent HealthUniversity of BotswanaGaboroneBotswana
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
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Yavarian J, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Faraji-Zonouz M, Kalantari S, Zadheidar S, Saghafi S, Tarpour F, Letafati A, Ahmadi AS, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Mokhtari-Azad T. Impact of COVID-19 on the changing pattern of human orthopneumovirus (respiratory syncytial virus) infection in Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:591. [PMID: 37697227 PMCID: PMC10494416 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human orthopneumovirus (HOPV) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the important causes of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during the cold months of the year worldwide. Many countries have reported an absence of ARIs due to HOPV during the winter of 2020-2021 associated with preventive measures to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV2. However, with the reduction of COVID-19 public health restrictions and the absence of immunity in the community due to the lack of exposure in the previous season, many countries had a delayed HOPV outbreak. Here we reported the impact of COVID-19 on the changing pattern of HOPV infection in Iran. METHODS Throat and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from patients (children and adults) with ARIs and sent to the Iran National Influenza Center. After RNA extraction, Real time RT-PCR was performed for HOPV detection. RESULTS In 260 samples collected from patients with ARIs in three different groups, which included children in March 2021, pilgrims in July 2022, and outpatients during November and December 2022, no HOPV was detected in any group. CONCLUSIONS The lack of HOPV activity in Iran during the winter of 2020-2021 and then the resurgence in spring 2022 and again the absence of activity in summer and autumn 2022 was extraordinary in the HOPV epidemiology, and probably due to the implementation of public health non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV2. Although it is not possible to keep such restrictions, similar methods can be taken to control outbreaks caused by respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship & Antimicrobial Resistance, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marziyeh Faraji-Zonouz
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Kalantari
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Saghafi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Tarpour
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Letafati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Sadat Ahmadi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mohebi L, Karami H, Mirsalehi N, Ardestani NH, Yavarian J, Mard‐Soltani M, Mokhatri‐Azad T, Salimi V. A delayed resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during the COVID-19 pandemic: An unpredictable outbreak in a small proportion of children in the Southwest of Iran, April 2022. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5802-5807. [PMID: 35961780 PMCID: PMC9538802 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and strict restrictions implemented to control the infection have impacted the circulation and transmission of common seasonal viruses worldwide and subsequently the rate of hospitalizations in children at young ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) surprisingly disappeared in 2020-2021 in many countries due to lockdown and precautions were taken because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we showed a notable change in the rate of hospitalization and reported an unpredictable outbreak of RSV in a small proportion of children admitted to a children's hospital in Dezful (a city in Southwest Iran) in the early spring of 2022. We performed a descriptive study of hospitalized young children (aged ≤ 5 years) with acute respiratory infections. Together with clinical information, 30 nasopharyngeal swabs were prospectively collected and 3 important respiratory viruses (RSV, influenza viruses, and SARS-CoV-2) were tested through the real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method. The age distribution of 30 hospital-admitted children was 1 month to 5 years old and males were the most included subjects 18/30 (60%) in this study. Although the viral genome of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses was not detected, the presence of RSV was confirmed in 16/30 (53.33%) patients. Results showed that the majority of RSV-infected cases were males 10/16 (62.5%), within 12 months of life, and had changes in parameters of the complete blood count. Almost all patients with RSV infection had a cough as the most common clinical manifestation and had no history of past medical conditions as a risk factor. The presented study is the first investigation that documented an outbreak of RSV infection in young children reported since the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Our cases highlight the potential threats of important but neglected pathogens during the ongoing pandemic as described here for RSV, which would be challenging by easing the preimposed restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mohebi
- Department of HealthDezful University of Medical SciencesDezfulIran
| | - Hassan Karami
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Negar Mirsalehi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nima Hoveidi Ardestani
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maysam Mard‐Soltani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterDezful University of Medical SciencesDezfulIran
| | - Talat Mokhatri‐Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Kume Y, Hashimoto K, Shirato K, Norito S, Suwa R, Chishiki M, Ono T, Mashiyama F, Mochizuki I, Sato M, Ishibashi N, Suzuki S, Sakuma H, Takahashi H, Takeda M, Hosoya M. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of infections with seasonal human coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children immediately before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:859-865. [PMID: 35307263 PMCID: PMC8920880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 are seasonal coronaviruses that cause colds in humans. However, the clinical characteristics of pediatric inpatients infected with HCoVs are unclear. This study aimed to compare and clarify the epidemiological and clinical features of HCoVs and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which commonly causes severe respiratory infections in children. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all pediatric inpatients with respiratory symptoms at two secondary medical institutions in Fukushima, Japan. Eighteen respiratory viruses, including RSV and four HCoVs, were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results Of the 1757 specimens tested, viruses were detected in 1272 specimens (72.4%), with 789 single (44.9%) and 483 multiple virus detections (27.5%). RSV was detected in 639 patients (36.4%) with no difference in clinical characteristics between RSV-A and RSV-B. HCoV was detected in 84 patients (4.7%): OC43, NL63, HKU1, and 229E in 25 (1.4%), 26 (1.5%), 23 (1.3%), and 16 patients (0.9%), respectively. Patients with HCoV monoinfection (n = 35) had a significantly shorter period from onset to hospitalization (median [interquartile range] days, 2 [1–4.5] vs. 4 [2–5]), significantly shorter hospitalization stays (4 [3–5] vs. 5 [4–6]), and more cases of upper respiratory infections (37.1% vs. 3.9%) and croup (17.1% vs. 0.3%) but less cases of lower respiratory infection (54.3% vs. 94.8%) than patients with RSV monoinfection (n = 362). Conclusion Seasonal HCoV-infected patients account for approximately 5% of children hospitalized for respiratory tract infections and have fewer lower respiratory infections and shorter hospital stays than RSV-infected patients.
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