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Nador J, Reeves A. Crowding expands and is less sensitive to target-flanker differences during a shift of visual attention. Vision Res 2023; 212:108305. [PMID: 37515890 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Target-flanker similarity and critical spacing control visual crowding when attention is pre-allocated, but these have not been studied when attention shifts. Flanked target Gabors appeared 8° left and right of central fixation throughout each 1.5 s trial. Subjects reported target Gabor tilt. In Expt. 1, target blinks increased accuracy, and flanker blinks decreased it, but only when attention shifted left or right from a central RSVP cue, hardly before it, indicating an exogenous/endogenous synergy. Whether parallel or orthogonal, flankers of the same wavelength as the target crowded substantially. Parallel half-wavelength flankers also crowded, but orthogonal half-wavelength ones did not. In Expt. 2, crowding when attention shifts was the same for targets and flankers within Bouma's bound (2.5° apart) as outside it (5.0° apart.) In Expt. 3, Bouma's bound was restored when attention was focused continuously on the target. We conclude that crowding temporarily expands and becomes less discriminative when attention shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Nador
- Dept. of Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntingdon Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dept. of Psychology, Université de Fribourg, Faucigny 2, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Adam Reeves
- Dept. of Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntingdon Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Kürten J, Raettig T, Gutzeit J, Huestegge L. Dual-action benefits: global (action-inherent) and local (transient) sources of action prepotency underlying inhibition failures in multiple action control. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:410-424. [PMID: 35394557 PMCID: PMC9928916 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that the simultaneous execution of two actions (instead of only one) is not necessarily more difficult but can actually be easier (less error-prone), in particular when executing one action requires the simultaneous inhibition of another action. Corresponding inhibitory demands are particularly challenging when the to-be-inhibited action is highly prepotent (i.e., characterized by a strong urge to be executed). Here, we study a range of important potential sources of such prepotency. Building on a previously established paradigm to elicit dual-action benefits, participants responded to stimuli with single actions (either manual button press or saccade) or dual actions (button press and saccade). Crucially, we compared blocks in which these response demands were randomly intermixed (mixed blocks) with pure blocks involving only one type of response demand. The results highlight the impact of global (action-inherent) sources of action prepotency, as reflected in more pronounced inhibitory failures in saccade vs. manual control, but also more local (transient) sources of influence, as reflected in a greater probability of inhibition failures following trials that required the to-be-inhibited type of action. In addition, sequential analyses revealed that inhibitory control (including its failure) is exerted at the level of response modality representations, not at the level of fully specified response representations. In sum, the study highlights important preconditions and mechanisms underlying the observation of dual-action benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kürten
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Tim Raettig
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Gutzeit
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lynn Huestegge
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Munoz MJ, Reilly JL, Pal GD, Verhagen Metman L, Rivera YM, Drane QH, Corcos DM, David FJ, Goelz LC. Medication adversely impacts visually-guided eye movements in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 143:145-153. [PMID: 35995722 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether previous inconsistent findings about the effect of anti-Parkinsonian medication on visually-guided saccades (VGS) were due to the use of different paradigms, which change the timing of fixation offset and target onset, or different target eccentricities. METHODS Thirty-three participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) completed the VGS tasks OFF and ON medication, along with 13 healthy controls. Performance on 3 paradigms (gap, step, and overlap) and 2 target eccentricities was recorded. We used mixed models to determine the effect of medication, paradigm, and target eccentricity on saccade latency, gain, and peak velocity. RESULTS First, we confirmed known paradigm effects on latency, and target eccentricity effects on gain and peak velocity in participants with PD. Second, latency was positively associated with OFF medication Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) motor score in PD. Third, medication prolonged latency for the larger target eccentricity across the 3 paradigms, while decreasing gain and peak velocity in the step paradigm across target eccentricities. CONCLUSIONS Medication adversely affected and was not therapeutically beneficial for VGS. Previous inconsistencies may have resulted from chosen target eccentricity. SIGNIFICANCE The negative medication effect on VGS may be clinically significant, as many activities in daily life require oculomotor control, inhibitory control, and visually-guided shifts of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Munoz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gian D Pal
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yessenia M Rivera
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quentin H Drane
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabian J David
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa C Goelz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Eye Movement Alterations in Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041481. [PMID: 35214383 PMCID: PMC8875414 DOI: 10.3390/s22041481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is much evidence pointing out eye movement alterations in several neurological diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first video-oculography study describing potential alterations of eye movements in the post-COVID-19 condition. Visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades, and antisaccades in horizontal axis were measured. In all visual tests, the stimulus was deployed with a gap condition. The duration of the test was between 5 and 7 min per participant. A group of n=9 patients with the post-COVID-19 condition was included in this study. Values were compared with a group (n=9) of healthy volunteers whom the SARS-CoV-2 virus had not infected. Features such as centripetal and centrifugal latencies, success rates in memory saccades, antisaccades, and blinks were computed. We found that patients with the post-COVID-19 condition had eye movement alterations mainly in centripetal latency in visually guided saccades, the success rate in memory-guided saccade test, latency in antisaccades, and its standard deviation, which suggests the involvement of frontoparietal networks. Further work is required to understand these eye movements' alterations and their functional consequences.
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Marino RA, Levy R, Munoz DP. Distinct Sensory and Goal Related Signals Underlie the Gap Effect in the Superior Colliculus. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:205-226. [PMID: 34791728 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The removal of a fixation point (FP) prior to the appearance of a saccade target (gap effect) influences pre-motor circuits and reduces saccadic reaction time (SRT). Saccade preparation signals underlying the gap effect have been observed within the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCi). Neurons in the caudal SCi, coding a target location, increase their activity during the gap, while neurons in the rostral SCi, with tonic activity related to visual fixation, decrease activity. However, the gap effect confounds two factors: 1) a goal-driven temporal warning component (upcoming saccade target appearance); and 2) a stimulus-driven sensory component (FP disappearance). These factors combine to reduce SRT and elicit pre-target responses in the SCi. To dissociate warning and sensory effects, we altered the luminance of the FP during the gap period (renamed warning period) such that it could increase, decrease, or stay the same. Faster SRTs resulted with larger decrements in FP luminance. Different categories of SCi warning period activity were evaluated: 1) always increasing or decreasing; or 2) sensory-linked responses to changes in FP luminance. In the caudal SCi (at the location coding the target), all activity correlated negatively with SRT (i.e. saccade facilitation) and two categories of activity were observed (always increasing or opposing FP luminance changes). In the rostral SCi, four categories of activity were observed: Activity that increased or followed the change in FP luminance correlated positively with SRT (i.e. saccade inhibition), while activity that decreased or opposed FP luminance changes correlated negatively with SRT. Such SCi activity reflected both goal-driven saccade preparation signals and FP sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Marino
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies.,Department of Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ron Levy
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies.,Department of Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Blue-light effects on saccadic eye movements and attentional disengagement. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:1713-1728. [PMID: 33751450 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
People are constantly exposed to high-energy blue light as they spend considerable amounts of time reading and browsing materials on electronic products like computers and cellphones. Recent studies suggest that the stimulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)-a newly discovered type of photoreceptor shown to be particularly sensitive to blue light-activates brain regions related to eye movements and attentional orienting (e.g., frontal eye fields). It remains unclear, however, whether and how blue light affects eye movements and attention behaviorally. We examined this by adopting the gap paradigm in which participants made saccades to a peripheral target as quickly and accurately as possible while the fixation sign vanished (i.e., the gap condition) or remained visible. Participants were exposed to blue and orange light on two separate days. Faster saccade latency under blue light was found across two experiments, and the results indicate that blue light shortened saccade latency when attention and eye movements operate simultaneously. Our findings provide evidence for the blue-light facilitatory effect on eye movements and attentional disengagement, and suggest that blue light can enhance the speed of saccadic eye movements.
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7
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Nam U, Lee K, Ko H, Lee JY, Lee EC. Analyzing Facial and Eye Movements to Screen for Alzheimer's Disease. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185349. [PMID: 32961984 PMCID: PMC7570590 DOI: 10.3390/s20185349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain disease can be screened using eye movements. Degenerative brain disorders change eye movement because they affect not only memory and cognition but also the cranial nervous system involved in eye movement. We compared the facial and eye movement patterns of patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively normal people to analyze the neurological signs of dementia. After detecting the facial landmarks, the coordinate values for the movements were extracted. We used Spearman’s correlation coefficient to examine associations between horizontal and vertical facial and eye movements. We analyzed the correlation between facial and eye movements without using special eye-tracking equipment or complex conditions in order to measure the behavioral aspect of the natural human gaze. As a result, we found differences between patients with Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively normal people. Patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease tended to move their face and eyes simultaneously in the vertical direction, whereas the cognitively normal people did not, as confirmed by a Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Our findings suggest that objective and accurate measurement of facial and eye movements can be used to screen such patients quickly. The use of camera-based testing for the early detection of patients showing signs of neurodegeneration can have a significant impact on the public care of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uiseo Nam
- Department of Computer Science, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea; (U.N.); (K.L.)
| | - Kunyoung Lee
- Department of Computer Science, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea; (U.N.); (K.L.)
| | - Hyunwoong Ko
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine & SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (E.C.L.); Tel.: +82-2-781-7553
| | - Eui Chul Lee
- Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (E.C.L.); Tel.: +82-2-781-7553
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Reeves A, McLellan JS. The 'anti-shift': Shifting attention opposite to a saccade. Vision Res 2020; 167:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Can auditory warning signals normalize eye movements in children with ADHD? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1635-1644. [PMID: 32008169 PMCID: PMC7641930 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated baseline arousal has been hypothesized to underlie symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A behavioral signature of reduced baseline arousal is an increased beneficiary effect of warning signals in reaction tasks. This paradoxical effect is believed to be caused by a temporary increase in arousal induced by warning signals. In a preregistered study, we tested the hypothesis that children with high levels of ADHD symptoms would be hyperresponsive to warning signals in a well-established visual attention task (the gap/overlap paradigm). Previous studies using this task have found slower and more variable saccadic reaction times in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children, suggesting that these eye movement metrics are candidate biomarkers. We examined 71 children, of which 1/3 had a diagnosis of ADHD, using both dimensional analyses and group comparisons. Previously reported findings of reduced saccadic latency and increased latency variability were replicated. Importantly, saccadic latency was normalized by auditory warning signals. Analyses of pupil dilation, a physiological index of arousal and locus coeruleus-noradrenergic activity, confirmed that warning signals led to enhanced arousal. Our findings are novel and contribute to our understanding of arousal and attention in ADHD and have implications for treatment and interventions.
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10
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Aumont É, Arguin M, Bohbot V, West GL. Increased flanker task and forward digit span performance in caudate-nucleus-dependent response strategies. Brain Cogn 2019; 135:103576. [PMID: 31203022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of two memory systems can be used to navigate in a new environment. Hippocampus-dependent spatial strategy consists of creating a cognitive map of an environment and caudate nucleus-dependent response strategy consists of memorizing a rigid sequence of turns. Spontaneous use of the response strategy is associated with greater activity and grey matter within the caudate nucleus while the spatial strategy is associated with greater activity and grey matter in the hippocampus. The caudate nucleus is involved in executive functions such as working memory, cognitive control and certain aspects of attention such as attentional disengaging. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether response learners would display better performance on tests of executive and attention functioning compared to spatial learners. Fifty participants completed the 4/8 virtual maze to assess navigational strategy, the forward and backward visual digit span and the Attention Network Test - Revised to assess both attention disengagement and cognitive control. Results revealed that response learners showed significantly higher working memory capacity, more efficient attention disengagement and better cognitive control. Results suggest that response learners, who putatively display more grey matter and activity in the caudate nucleus, are associated with better working memory span, cognitive control and attentional disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Aumont
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Martin Arguin
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Bohbot
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg L West
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Keehn B, Kadlaskar G, McNally Keehn R, Francis AL. Auditory Attentional Disengagement in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:3999-4008. [PMID: 31201579 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite early differences in orienting to sounds, no study to date has investigated whether children with ASD demonstrate impairments in attentional disengagement in the auditory modality. Twenty-one 9-15-year-old children with ASD and 20 age- and IQ-matched TD children were presented with an auditory gap-overlap paradigm. Evidence of impaired disengagement in ASD was mixed. Differences in saccadic reaction time for overlap and gap conditions did not differ between groups. However, children with ASD did show increased no-shift trials in the overlap condition, as well as reduced disengagement efficiency compared to their TD peers. These results provide further support for disengagement impairments in ASD, and suggest that these deficits include disengaging from and shifting to unimodal auditory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Keehn
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, Lyles-Porter Hall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Girija Kadlaskar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, Lyles-Porter Hall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Rebecca McNally Keehn
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander L Francis
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, Lyles-Porter Hall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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12
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Aumont É, Bohbot VD, West GL. Spatial learners display enhanced oculomotor performance. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2018.1526178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Aumont
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Gregory L. West
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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13
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Gambacorta C, Ding J, McKee SP, Levi DM. Both saccadic and manual responses in the amblyopic eye of strabismics are irreducibly delayed. J Vis 2018; 18:20. [PMID: 29677336 PMCID: PMC6097642 DOI: 10.1167/18.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal early visual development can result in a constellation of neural and visual deficits collectively known as amblyopia. Among the many deficits, a common finding is that both saccadic and manual reaction times to targets presented to the amblyopic eye are substantially delayed when compared to the fellow eye or to normal eyes. Given the well-known deficits in contrast sensitivity in the amblyopic eye, a natural question is whether the prolonged reaction times are simply a consequence of reduced stimulus visibility. To address this question, in Experiment 1 we measure saccadic reaction times (RT) to perifoveal stimuli as a function of effective stimulus contrast (i.e., contrast scaled by the amblyopic eye's contrast threshold). We find that when sensory differences between the eyes are minimized, the asymptotic RTs of our anisometropic amblyopes were similar in the two eyes. However, our results suggest that some strabismic amblyopes have an irreducible delay at the asymptote. That is, even when the sensory differences of the stimulus were accounted for, these observers still had large interocular differences (on average, 77 ms) in saccadic reaction time. In Experiment 2, to assess the role of fixation on saccadic reaction time we compared reaction time with and without a foveal target (the "gap effect"). Our results suggest that, while removing the fixation target does indeed speed up reaction time in the amblyopic eye, the gap effect is similar in the two eyes. Therefore, the gap effect does not eliminate the irreducible delay in the amblyopic eye. Finally, in Experiment 3 we compared the interocular differences in saccadic and manual reaction times in the same observers. This allowed us to determine the relationship between the latencies in the two modalities. We found a strong correlation between the differences in saccadic and manual reaction times; however, the manual RT difference is about half that of saccadic RT, suggesting that there may be two separable effects on saccadic reaction time: (a) a central problem with directing actions to a target, related to disengagement of attention at the fovea, which results in delays in both saccadic and manual reaction times, and (b) a further delay in saccadic reaction times because of the motor refractory period from a previous saccade or microsaccade, made in an attempt to stabilize the amblyopic eye of strabismics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Ding
- School of Optometry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne P McKee
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis M Levi
- School of Optometry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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15
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Nakashima R, Yokosawa K. To see dynamic change: continuous focused attention facilitates change detection, but the effect persists briefly. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1380736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Kim K, Lee C. Activity of primate V1 neurons during the gap saccade task. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1361-1375. [PMID: 28615338 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00758.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When a saccadic eye movement is made toward a visual stimulus, the variability in accompanying primary visual cortex (V1) activity is related to saccade latency in both humans and simians. To understand the nature of this relationship, we examined the functional link between V1 activity and the initiation of visually guided saccades during the gap saccade task, in which a brief temporal gap is inserted between the turning off of a fixation stimulus and the appearance of a saccadic target. The insertion of such a gap robustly reduces saccade latency and facilitates the occurrence of extremely short-latency (express) saccades. Here we recorded single-cell activity from macaque V1 while monkeys performed the gap saccade task. In parallel with the gap effect on saccade latency the neural latency (time of first spike) of V1 response elicited by the saccade target became shorter, and the firing rate increased as the gap duration increased. Similarly, neural latency was shorter and firing rate was higher before express saccades relative to regular-latency saccades. In addition to these posttarget changes, the level of spontaneous spike activity during the pretarget period was negatively correlated with both neural and saccade latencies. These results demonstrate that V1 activity correlates with the gap effect and indicate that trial-to-trial variability in the state of V1 accompanies the variability of neural and behavioral latencies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The link between neural activity in monkey primary visual cortex (V1) and visually guided behavioral response is confirmed with the gap saccade paradigm. Results indicated that the variability in neural latency of V1 spike activity correlates with the gap effect on saccade latency and that the trial-to-trial variability in the state of V1 before the onset of saccade target correlates with the variability in neural and behavioral latencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Kwanak, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongkil Lee
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Kwanak, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Caffeine increases the velocity of rapid eye movements in unfatigued humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2311-2323. [PMID: 28536868 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine is a widely used dietary stimulant that can reverse the effects of fatigue on cognitive, motor and oculomotor function. However, few studies have examined the effect of caffeine on the oculomotor system when homeostasis has not been disrupted by physical fatigue. This study examined the influence of a moderate dose of caffeine on oculomotor control and visual perception in participants who were not fatigued. METHODS Within a placebo-controlled crossover design, 13 healthy adults ingested caffeine (5 mg·kg-1 body mass) and were tested over 3 h. Eye movements, including saccades, smooth pursuit and optokinetic nystagmus, were measured using infrared oculography. RESULTS Caffeine was associated with higher peak saccade velocities (472 ± 60° s-1) compared to placebo (455 ± 62° s-1). Quick phases of optokinetic nystagmus were also significantly faster with caffeine, whereas pursuit eye movements were unchanged. Non-oculomotor perceptual tasks (global motion and global orientation processing) were unaffected by caffeine. CONCLUSIONS These results show that oculomotor control is modulated by a moderate dose of caffeine in unfatigued humans. These effects are detectable in the kinematics of rapid eye movements, whereas pursuit eye movements and visual perception are unaffected. Oculomotor functions may be sensitive to changes in central catecholamines mediated via caffeine's action as an adenosine antagonist, even when participants are not fatigued.
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Paladini RE, Diana L, Nyffeler T, Mosimann UP, Nef T, Müri RM, Cazzoli D. The asymmetrical influence of increasing time-on-task on attentional disengagement. Neuropsychologia 2016; 92:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Kleberg JL, Thorup E, Falck-Ytter T. Reduced visual disengagement but intact phasic alerting in young children with autism. Autism Res 2016; 10:539-545. [PMID: 27696688 PMCID: PMC5396274 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism may have difficulties with visual disengagement-that is, inhibiting current fixations and orienting to new stimuli in the periphery. These difficulties may limit these children's ability to flexibly monitor the environment, regulate their internal states, and interact with others. In typical development, visual disengagement is influenced by a phasic alerting network that increases the processing speed of the visual system after salient events. The role of the phasic alerting effect in the putative atypical disengagement performance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not known. Here, we compared visual disengagement in six-year-old children with autism (N = 18) and typically developing children (N = 17) matched for age and nonverbal IQ. We manipulated phasic alerting during a visual disengagement task by adding spatially nonpredictive sounds shortly before the onset of the visual peripheral targets. Children with ASD showed evidence of delayed disengagement compared to the control group. Sounds facilitated visual disengagement similarly in both groups, suggesting typical modulation by phasic alerting in ASD in the context of this task. These results support the view that atypical visual disengagement in ASD is related to other factors than atypicalities in the alerting network. Autism Res 2017, 10: 539-545. © 2016 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Thorup
- From the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Terje Falck-Ytter
- From the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Measuring the emotion-specificity of rapid stimulus-driven attraction of attention to fearful faces: evidence from emotion categorization and a comparison with disgusted faces. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:508-523. [PMID: 26795345 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we tested whether a fear advantage-rapid attraction of attention to fearful faces that is more stimulus-driven than to neutral faces-is emotion specific. We used a cueing task with face cues preceding targets. Cues were non-predictive of the target locations. In two experiments, we found enhanced cueing of saccades towards the targets with fearful face cues than with neutral face cues: Saccades towards targets were more efficient with cues and targets at the same position (under valid conditions) than at opposite positions (under invalid conditions), and this cueing effect was stronger with fearful than with neutral face cues. In addition, this cueing effect difference between fearful and neutral faces was absent with inverted faces as cues, indicating that the fear advantage is face-specific. We also show that emotion categorization of the face cues mirrored these effects: Participants were better at categorizing face cues as fearful or neutral with upright than with inverted faces (Experiment 1). Finally, in alternative blocks including disgusted faces instead of fearful faces, we found more similar cueing effects with disgusted faces and neutral faces, and with upright and inverted faces (Experiment 2). Jointly, these results demonstrate that the fear advantage is emotion-specific. Results are discussed in light of evolutionary explanations of the fear advantage.
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Abstract
A growing body of literature has investigated changes in eye movements as a result of Alzheimer's disease (AD). When compared to healthy, age-matched controls, patients display a number of remarkable alterations to oculomotor function and viewing behavior. In this article, we review AD-related changes to fundamental eye movements, such as saccades and smooth pursuit motion, in addition to changes to eye movement patterns during more complex tasks like visual search and scene exploration. We discuss the cognitive mechanisms that underlie these changes and consider the clinical significance of eye movement behavior, with a focus on eye movements in mild cognitive impairment. We conclude with directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Molitor
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Philip C Ko
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brandon A Ally
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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22
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A mathematical model of saccadic reaction time as a function of the fixation point brightness gain. Atten Percept Psychophys 2015; 77:2153-65. [PMID: 25962456 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-015-0902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The gap effect refers to a reduction in saccadic reaction time (SRT) to an eccentric target, when the fixation point is removed before the target onset. Though it is known that the gap effect peaks when the fixation point is offset about 200 ms before the onset of the eccentric target, it is unknown how this effect is modulated by stimulus variations. In this paper, we propose and investigate a model of saccadic reaction time as a function of the fixation point brightness gain. The brightness gain is defined as the ratio of the final and initial intensities of the stimulus. We have conducted a typical gap effect experiment with 15 participants, where the brightness of the fixation point was manipulated under four conditions and two gap intervals, at the same time and 200 ms before the onset of the eccentric target. The conditions included removing the fixation point (offset), leaving it with constant brightness (overlap), reducing, and increasing its brightness (lower and higher brightness conditions). Experimental data showed a significant gap effect in the offset and lower brightness conditions when compared to the overlap condition. On the other hand, the SRT was significantly longer for the higher brightness condition than the SRT for the overlap condition. Linear regression analysis using ten values of brightness gain shows that our model fits the data well for the 0- and 200-ms gap, with a coefficient of determination of .89 and .94, respectively.
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Valuch C, Pflüger LS, Wallner B, Laeng B, Ansorge U. Using eye tracking to test for individual differences in attention to attractive faces. Front Psychol 2015; 6:42. [PMID: 25698993 PMCID: PMC4313586 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed individual differences in visual attention toward faces in relation to their attractiveness via saccadic reaction times. Motivated by the aim to understand individual differences in attention to faces, we tested three hypotheses: (a) Attractive faces hold or capture attention more effectively than less attractive faces; (b) men show a stronger bias toward attractive opposite-sex faces than women; and (c) blue-eyed men show a stronger bias toward blue-eyed than brown-eyed feminine faces. The latter test was included because prior research suggested a high effect size. Our data supported hypotheses (a) and (b) but not (c). By conducting separate tests for disengagement of attention and attention capture, we found that individual differences exist at distinct stages of attentional processing but these differences are of varying robustness and importance. In our conclusion, we also advocate the use of linear mixed effects models as the most appropriate statistical approach for studying inter-individual differences in visual attention with naturalistic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Valuch
- Cognitive Science Research Platform, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena S Pflüger
- Cognitive Science Research Platform, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Department of Behavioural Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrich Ansorge
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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The influence of attention and target identification on saccadic eye movements depends on prior target location. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:850606. [PMID: 24719754 PMCID: PMC3955594 DOI: 10.1155/2014/850606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic latency is reduced by a temporal gap between fixation point and target, by identification of a target feature, and by movement in a new direction (inhibition of saccadic return, ISR). A simple additive model was compared with a shared resources model that predicts a three-way interaction. Twenty naïve participants made horizontal saccades to targets left and right of fixation in a randomised block design. There was a significant three-way interaction among the factors on saccade latency. This was revealed in a two-way interaction between feature identification and the gap versus no gap factor which was only apparent when the saccade was in the same direction as the previous saccade. No interaction was apparent when the saccade was in the opposite direction. This result supports an attentional inhibitory effect that is present during ISR to a previous location which is only partly released by the facilitative effect of feature identification and gap. Together, anticipatory error data and saccade latency interactions suggest a source of ISR at a higher level of attention, possibly localised in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and involving tonic activation.
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25
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Effects of direct and averted gaze on the subsequent saccadic response. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:1085-92. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-014-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Machado-Pinheiro W, Faria A, Braga F, Guerra P, Perakakis P, Caldas AL, Mocaiber I, Oliveira L, Pereira MG, Volchan E, Vila J. Attentional disengagement is modulated by the offset of unpleasant pictures: a saccadic reaction time study. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:347-53. [PMID: 24177247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of passively viewing a picture on saccade latencies to peripheral targets. Thirty-two volunteers were instructed to look at a central picture, wait for the onset of a peripheral target, and execute a saccade toward it as quickly as possible - saccadic reaction time (SRT). The central picture (neutral or unpleasant) could be turned off simultaneously with target onset (the no-gap condition) or 200ms prior to target onset (the gap-200 condition). We found that saccade latencies were influenced by emotional valence and condition. In the no-gap condition, SRTs were longer after viewing unpleasant pictures. In the gap-200 condition, the pattern was reversed, and unpleasant pictures induced shorter SRTs in relation to neutral pictures. Furthermore, the influence of unpleasant pictures gradually decreased when images were re-exposed to the participants - affective habituation. The results are discussed in terms of attentional avoidance and disengagement from unpleasant emotional pictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Machado-Pinheiro
- Instituto de Humanidade e Saúde (Campus Rio das Ostras), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.
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Ueda H, Takahashi K, Watanabe K. Influence of removal of invisible fixation on the saccadic and manual gap effect. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:329-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Ueda H, Takahashi K, Watanabe K. Contributions of retinal input and phenomenal representation of a fixation object to the saccadic gap effect. Vision Res 2013; 82:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Jin Z, Reeves A, Watamaniuk SNJ, Heinen SJ. Shared attention for smooth pursuit and saccades. J Vis 2013; 13:7. [PMID: 23487159 PMCID: PMC3598381 DOI: 10.1167/13.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of brief luminance decrements on parafoveal stimuli presented during smooth pursuit improves when a spot pursuit target is surrounded by a larger random dot cinematogram (RDC) that moves with it (Heinen, Jin, & Watamaniuk, 2011). This was hypothesized to occur because the RDC provided an alternative, less attention-demanding pursuit drive, and therefore released attentional resources for visual perception tasks that are shared with those used to pursue the spot. Here, we used the RDC as a tool to probe whether spot pursuit also shares attentional resources with the saccadic system. To this end, we set out to determine if the RDC could release attention from pursuit of the spot to perform a saccade task. Observers made a saccade to one of four parafoveal targets that moved with the spot pursuit stimulus. The targets either moved alone or were surrounded by an RDC (100% coherence). Saccade latency decreased with the RDC, suggesting that the RDC released attention needed to pursue the spot, which was then used for the saccade task. Additional evidence that attention was released by the RDC was obtained in an experiment in which attention was anchored to the fovea by requiring observers to detect a brief color change applied 130 ms before the saccade target appeared. This manipulation eliminated the RDC advantage. The results imply that attentional resources used by the pursuit and saccadic eye movement control systems are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Jin
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
- Present Address: School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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30
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Ghahghaei S, Linnell KJ, Fischer MH, Dubey A, Davis R. Effects of load on the time course of attentional engagement, disengagement, and orienting in reading. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 66:453-70. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2011.635795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined how the frequency of the fixated word influences the spatiotemporal distribution of covert attention during reading. Participants discriminated gaze-contingent probes that occurred with different spatial and temporal offsets from randomly chosen fixation points during reading. We found that attention was initially focused at fixation and that subsequent defocusing was slower when the fixated word was lower in frequency. Later in a fixation, attention oriented more towards the next saccadic target for high- than for low-frequency words. These results constitute the first report of the time course of the effect of load on attentional engagement and orienting in reading. They are discussed in the context of serial and parallel models of reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Ghahghaei
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karina J. Linnell
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin H. Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Division of Cognitive Science, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Amit Dubey
- Department of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Davis
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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31
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Eye-Hand Coordination in Children with High Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder Using a Gap-Overlap Paradigm. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; 43:841-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Silver MR, Grossberg S, Bullock D, Histed MH, Miller EK. A neural model of sequential movement planning and control of eye movements: Item-Order-Rank working memory and saccade selection by the supplementary eye fields. Neural Netw 2011; 26:29-58. [PMID: 22079270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
How does working memory store multiple spatial positions to control sequences of eye movements, particularly when the same items repeat at multiple list positions, or ranks, during the sequence? An Item-Order-Rank model of working memory shows how rank-selective representations enable storage and recall of items that repeat at arbitrary list positions. Rank-related activity has been observed in many areas including the posterior parietal cortices (PPC), prefrontal cortices (PFC) and supplementary eye fields (SEF). The model shows how rank information, originating in PPC, may support rank-sensitive PFC working memory representations and how SEF may select saccades stored in working memory. It also proposes how SEF may interact with downstream regions such as the frontal eye fields (FEF) during memory-guided sequential saccade tasks, and how the basal ganglia (BG) may control the flow of information. Model simulations reproduce behavioral, anatomical and electrophysiological data under multiple experimental paradigms, including visually- and memory-guided single and sequential saccade tasks. Simulations reproduce behavioral data during two SEF microstimulation paradigms, showing that their seemingly inconsistent findings about saccade latency can be reconciled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Silver
- Center for Adaptive Systems, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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33
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Cambron M, Anseeuw S, Paemeleire K, Crevits L. Saccade behaviour in migraine patients. Cephalalgia 2011; 31:1005-14. [PMID: 21628442 DOI: 10.1177/0333102411410085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voxel-based morphometry studies in migraine patients showed significant grey matter volume reduction in regions involved in the control of saccadic eye movements. We hypothesized that these changes would be reflected in dysfunctional saccadic behaviour. METHODS Saccades were recorded by infrared oculography using three different paradigms (pro-saccade with gap, pro-saccade overlap and anti-saccade with gap). We compared the results for migraine patients (n = 80) with those for controls (n = 87). RESULTS No significant differences were found between migraine patients with (n = 46) and without (n = 34) aura. Migraine patients showed a saccadic behaviour that differed from controls in three respects. In migraine patients, the latencies in the pro-saccade with gap paradigm were borderline significantly longer. Moreover, in both the pro-saccade with gap and the pro-saccade overlap paradigm we observed a larger intra-individual variation of the latency in migraine patients. However, the biggest difference was that the patients who received migraine prophylactic therapy made significantly more anti-saccade errors in the anti-saccade with gap paradigm, suggesting that inhibitory saccade control is impaired in migraine patients depending on the severity of the migraine. CONCLUSION We suggest a deficient inhibitory control, reflecting an executive dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or a dysfunction in the cingulate cortex, is present in migraine patients.
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West GL, Al-Aidroos N, Susskind J, Pratt J. Emotion and action: the effect of fear on saccadic performance. Exp Brain Res 2010; 209:153-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Wu CC, Kwon OS, Kowler E. Fitts's Law and speed/accuracy trade-offs during sequences of saccades: Implications for strategies of saccadic planning. Vision Res 2010; 50:2142-57. [PMID: 20709093 PMCID: PMC2949070 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Strategies of saccadic planning must take into account both the required level of accuracy of the saccades, and the time and resources needed to plan and execute the movements. To determine relationships between accuracy and time, we studied sequences of saccades made to scan a set of stationary targets located at the corners of an imaginary square. Target separation and size varied. The time taken to complete saccadic sequences increased with the required level of precision, in agreement with the classical Fitts's Law (1954) relationship. This was mainly due to the use of error-correcting secondary saccades, whose frequency increased with target separation and decreased with target size. Increases in the time spent fixating near each target did not increase the accuracy of the next primary saccade in the sequence. Instead, secondary saccades were the principal means of correcting landing errors of primary saccades. The results are consistent with a scanning strategy that discourages careful planning of individual saccades in favor of increasing the rate of saccadic production (i.e., exploration), using secondary saccades as needed to correct saccadic landing errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Wu
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway NJ 08854.
| | - Oh-Sang Kwon
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627-0270.
| | - Eileen Kowler
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway NJ 08854.
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