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Panagiotopoulou EK, Boboridis K, Seimenis I, Labiris G. Impact of Light Conditions on Visual Performance following Premium Pseudophakic Presbyopia Corrections. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4324. [PMID: 37445358 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to objectively compare the visual performance of patients following premium pseudophakic presbyopia corrections in different light combinations for near- and intermediate-vision activities of daily living (ADLs). This is a prospective, comparative study. A total of 75 patients populated three study groups: G1-patients with bilateral trifocal implantation, G2-patients with bilateral bifocal implantation, and G3-patients with bilateral monofocal implantation. All participants addressed 10 ADLs in nine combinations of light temperature (3000 K, 4000 K, and 6000 K) and light intensity (25 fc, 50 fc, and 75 fc) and declared their subjectively optimal light combination while reading. G2 and G3 had the best total ADL scores in 6000 K/75 fc, while G1 had the best total ADL score in 4000 K/75 fc. Total ADL, easy ADL, and moderate difficulty ADL scores were significantly better in G2, while difficult ADL score was significantly better in G1. The majority of all groups selected 6000 K/75 fc as the most comfortable light combination, and no group selected 3000 K and 25 fc. In conclusion, trifocal patients benefit from intense daylight, while bifocal and monofocal patients benefit from intense, cold lighting. Trifocal patients present superior near-vision capacity in difficult near-vision daily tasks, while bifocal patients present superiority in easy and moderate-difficulty ADLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostas Boboridis
- Ophthalmology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Seimenis
- Medical Physics Laboratory, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Labiris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Souchet AD, Lourdeaux D, Burkhardt JM, Hancock PA. Design guidelines for limiting and eliminating virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects at work: a comprehensive, factor-oriented review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1161932. [PMID: 37359863 PMCID: PMC10288216 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) can induce side effects known as virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects (VRISE). To address this concern, we identify a literature-based listing of these factors thought to influence VRISE with a focus on office work use. Using those, we recommend guidelines for VRISE amelioration intended for virtual environment creators and users. We identify five VRISE risks, focusing on short-term symptoms with their short-term effects. Three overall factor categories are considered: individual, hardware, and software. Over 90 factors may influence VRISE frequency and severity. We identify guidelines for each factor to help reduce VR side effects. To better reflect our confidence in those guidelines, we graded each with a level of evidence rating. Common factors occasionally influence different forms of VRISE. This can lead to confusion in the literature. General guidelines for using VR at work involve worker adaptation, such as limiting immersion times to between 20 and 30 min. These regimens involve taking regular breaks. Extra care is required for workers with special needs, neurodiversity, and gerontechnological concerns. In addition to following our guidelines, stakeholders should be aware that current head-mounted displays and virtual environments can continue to induce VRISE. While no single existing method fully alleviates VRISE, workers' health and safety must be monitored and safeguarded when VR is used at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D. Souchet
- Heudiasyc UMR 7253, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Compiègne, France
- Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Domitile Lourdeaux
- Heudiasyc UMR 7253, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Compiègne, France
| | | | - Peter A. Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Laeng B, Nabil S, Kitaoka A. The Eye Pupil Adjusts to Illusorily Expanding Holes. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:877249. [PMID: 35706480 PMCID: PMC9190027 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.877249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some static patterns evoke the perception of an illusory expanding central region or “hole.” We asked observers to rate the magnitudes of illusory motion or expansion of black holes, and these predicted the degree of dilation of the pupil, measured with an eye tracker. In contrast, when the “holes” were colored (including white), i.e., emitted light, these patterns constricted the pupils, but the subjective expansions were also weaker compared with the black holes. The change rates of pupil diameters were significantly related to the illusory motion phenomenology only with the black holes. These findings can be accounted for within a perceiving-the-present account of visual illusions, where both the illusory motion and the pupillary adjustments represent compensatory mechanisms to the perception of the next moment, based on shared experiences with the ecological regularities of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Bruno Laeng,
| | - Shoaib Nabil
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Wardhani IK, Boehler CN, Mathôt S. The influence of pupil responses on subjective brightness perception. Perception 2022; 51:370-387. [PMID: 35491711 PMCID: PMC9121535 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221094757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When the pupil dilates, the amount of light that falls onto the retina increases.
However, in daily life, this does not make the world look brighter. Here we asked whether
pupil size (resulting from active pupil movement) influences subjective brightness in the
absence of indirect cues that, in daily life, support brightness constancy. We measured
the subjective brightness of a tester stimulus relative to a referent as a function of
pupil size during tester presentation. In Experiment 1, we manipulated pupil size through
a secondary working-memory task (larger pupils with higher load and after errors). We
found some evidence that the tester was perceived as darker, rather than brighter, when
pupils were larger. In Experiment 2, we presented a red or blue display (larger pupils
following red displays). We again found that the tester was perceived as darker when
pupils were larger. We speculate that the visual system takes pupil size into account when
making brightness judgments. Finally, we highlight the challenges associated with
manipulating pupil size. In summary, the current study (as well as a recent
pharmacological study on the same topic by another team) is intriguing first steps towards
understanding the role of pupil size in brightness perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. K. Wardhani
- Ghent University, Belgium; University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - S. Mathôt
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Thurman SM, Cohen Hoffing RA, Madison A, Ries AJ, Gordon SM, Touryan J. "Blue Sky Effect": Contextual Influences on Pupil Size During Naturalistic Visual Search. Front Psychol 2022; 12:748539. [PMID: 34992563 PMCID: PMC8725886 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pupil size is influenced by cognitive and non-cognitive factors. One of the strongest modulators of pupil size is scene luminance, which complicates studies of cognitive pupillometry in environments with complex patterns of visual stimulation. To help understand how dynamic visual scene statistics influence pupil size during an active visual search task in a visually rich 3D virtual environment (VE), we analyzed the correlation between pupil size and intensity changes of image pixels in the red, green, and blue (RGB) channels within a large window (~14 degrees) surrounding the gaze position over time. Overall, blue and green channels had a stronger influence on pupil size than the red channel. The correlation maps were not consistent with the hypothesis of a foveal bias for luminance, instead revealing a significant contextual effect, whereby pixels above the gaze point in the green/blue channels had a disproportionate impact on pupil size. We hypothesized this differential sensitivity of pupil responsiveness to blue light from above as a “blue sky effect,” and confirmed this finding with a follow-on experiment with a controlled laboratory task. Pupillary constrictions were significantly stronger when blue was presented above fixation (paired with luminance-matched gray on bottom) compared to below fixation. This effect was specific for the blue color channel and this stimulus orientation. These results highlight the differential sensitivity of pupillary responses to scene statistics in studies or applications that involve complex visual environments and suggest blue light as a predominant factor influencing pupil size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Thurman
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Russell A Cohen Hoffing
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Anna Madison
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Anthony J Ries
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Touryan
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
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Kinzuka Y, Sato F, Minami T, Nakauchi S. Effect of glare illusion-induced perceptual brightness on temporal perception. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13851. [PMID: 34036604 PMCID: PMC8459261 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Temporal perception and the ability to precisely ascertain time duration are central to essentially all behaviors. Since stimulus magnitude is assumed to be positively related to the perceived duration from the early days of experimental psychology, most studies so far have assessed this effect by presenting stimuli with relatively different intensities in physical quantity. However, it remains unclear how perceptual magnitude itself directly affects temporal perception. In this study (n = 21, n = 20), we conducted a two‐interval duration‐discrimination task adapting a glare illusion (a visual illusion that enhances perceived brightness without changing physical luminance) to investigate whether the temporal perception is also influenced by perceptual magnitude. Based on the mean difference in the point of subjective equality derived from a psychometric function and pupil diameter, we found that temporal perception is influenced by the illusory brightness of glare stimuli. Interestingly, the perceived duration of the apparently brighter stimuli (glare stimuli; larger pupillary light reflex) was shorter than that of control stimuli (halo stimuli; smaller pupillary light reflex) despite the stimuli remaining physically equiluminant, in contrast with the well‐known "magnitude effect." Furthermore, this temporal modulation did not occur when the physical luminance of the stimuli was manipulated to match the illusory‐induced magnitude. These results indicate that temporal processing depends on the confluence of both external and perceived subjective magnitude and even illusory brightness is sufficient to affect the sense of duration; which may be explained by the internal magnitude decrease of the glare stimuli due to pupillary constriction decreasing the light entering the eye. Our findings suggest a new viewpoint on the positive relationship between temporal perception and stimulus magnitude, in demonstrating that temporal processing depends on the confluence of both external and perceived internal magnitude. We provide evidence that illusory brightness induced by the glare‐illusion also influences the perceived duration which may be explained by the size of the pupil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kinzuka
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuto Minami
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan.,Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakauchi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
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Riege A, Gourdon-Kanhukamwe A, Vallée-Tourangeau G. Covert eye-tracking: an innovative method to investigate compliance with instructions. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:3084-3093. [PMID: 33368023 PMCID: PMC8476457 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study introduces a covert eye-tracking procedure as an innovative approach to investigate the adequacy of research paradigms used in psychology. In light of the ongoing debate regarding ego depletion, the frequently used "attention-control video task" was chosen to illustrate the method. Most participants did not guess that their eyes had been monitored, but some participants had to be excluded due to poor tracking ratio. The eye-tracking data revealed that the attention-control instructions had a significant impact on the number of fixations, revisits, fixation durations, and proportion of long fixation durations on the AOIs (all BF10 > 18.2). However, number of fixations and proportions of long fixation durations did not mediate cognitive performance. The results illustrate the promise of covert eye-tracking methodology to assess task compliance, as well as adding to the current discussion regarding whether the difficulties of replicating "ego depletion" may be in part due to poor task compliance in the video task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Riege
- Department of Management, Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston Hill Campus, Kingston Hill, Kingston upon Thames, KT2 7LB, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe
- Department of Management, Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston Hill Campus, Kingston Hill, Kingston upon Thames, KT2 7LB, UK.,Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), London, UK
| | - Gaëlle Vallée-Tourangeau
- Department of Management, Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston Hill Campus, Kingston Hill, Kingston upon Thames, KT2 7LB, UK
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