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Van der Burg E. Opposing serial dependencies revealed for sequences of auditory emotional stimuli. Perception 2024; 53:317-334. [PMID: 38483923 PMCID: PMC11088209 DOI: 10.1177/03010066241235562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Our percept of the world is not solely determined by what we perceive and process at a given moment in time, but also depends on what we processed recently. In the present study, we investigate whether the perceived emotion of a spoken sentence is contingent upon the emotion of an auditory stimulus on the preceding trial (i.e., serial dependence). Thereto, participants were exposed to spoken sentences that varied in emotional affect by changing the prosody that ranged from 'happy' to 'fearful'. Participants were instructed to rate the emotion. We found a positive serial dependence for emotion processing whereby the perceived emotion was biased towards the emotion on the preceding trial. When we introduced 'no-go' trials (i.e., no rating was required), we found a negative serial dependence when participants knew in advance to withhold their response on a given trial (Experiment 2) and a positive serial dependence when participants received the information to withhold their response after the stimulus presentation (Experiment 3). We therefore established a robust serial dependence for emotion processing in speech and introduce a methodology to disentangle perceptual from post-perceptual processes. This approach can be applied to the vast majority of studies investigating sequential dependencies to separate positive from negative serial dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van der Burg
- University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Abstract
Much evidence has shown that perception is biased towards previously presented similar stimuli, an effect recently termed serial dependence. Serial dependence affects nearly every aspect of perception, often causing gross perceptual distortions, especially for weak and ambiguous stimuli. Despite unwanted side-effects, empirical evidence and Bayesian modeling show that serial dependence acts to improve efficiency and is generally beneficial to the system. Consistent with models of predictive coding, the Bayesian priors of serial dependence are generated at high levels of cortical analysis, incorporating much perceptual experience, but feed back to lower sensory areas. These feedback loops may drive oscillations in the alpha range, linked strongly with serial dependence. The discovery of top-down predictive perceptual processes is not new, but the new, more quantitative approach characterizing serial dependence promises to lead to a deeper understanding of predictive perceptual processes and their underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyriaki Mikellidou
- Department of Management, University of Limassol, Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - David Charles Burr
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Sun Q, Gong XM, Zhan LZ, Wang SY, Dong LL. Serial dependence bias can predict the overall estimation error in visual perception. J Vis 2023; 23:2. [PMID: 37917052 PMCID: PMC10627302 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although visual feature estimations are accurate and precise, overall estimation errors (i.e., the difference between estimates and actual values) tend to show systematic patterns. For example, estimates of orientations are systematically biased away from horizontal and vertical orientations, showing an oblique illusion. Additionally, many recent studies have demonstrated that estimations of current visual features are systematically biased toward previously seen features, showing a serial dependence. However, no study examined whether the overall estimation errors were correlated with the serial dependence bias. To address this question, we enrolled three groups of participants to estimate orientation, motion speed, and point-light-walker direction. The results showed that the serial dependence bias explained over 20% of overall estimation errors in the three tasks, indicating that we could use the serial dependence bias to predict the overall estimation errors. The current study first demonstrated that the serial dependence bias was not independent from the overall estimation errors. This finding could inspire researchers to investigate the neural bases underlying the visual feature estimation and serial dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, PRC
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China, PRC
| | - Xiu-Mei Gong
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, PRC
| | - Lin-Zhe Zhan
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, PRC
| | - Si-Yu Wang
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, PRC
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4
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Manassi M, Murai Y, Whitney D. Serial dependence in visual perception: A meta-analysis and review. J Vis 2023; 23:18. [PMID: 37642639 PMCID: PMC10476445 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.8.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive sequential dependencies are phenomena in which actions, perception, decisions, and memory of features or objects are systematically biased toward visual experiences from the recent past. Among many labels, serial dependencies have been referred to as priming, sequential dependencies, sequential effects, or serial effects. Despite extensive research on the topic, the field still lacks an operational definition of what counts as serial dependence. In this meta-analysis, we review the vast literature on serial dependence and quantitatively assess its key diagnostic characteristics across several different domains of visual perception. The meta-analyses fully characterize serial dependence in orientation, face, and numerosity perception. They show that serial dependence is defined by four main kinds of tuning: serial dependence decays with time (temporal-tuning), it depends on relative spatial location (spatial-tuning), it occurs only between similar features and objects (feature-tuning), and it is modulated by attention (attentional-tuning). We also review studies of serial dependence that report single observer data, highlighting the importance of individual differences in serial dependence. Finally, we discuss a range of outstanding questions and novel research avenues that are prompted by the meta-analyses. Together, the meta-analyses provide a full characterization of serial dependence as an operationally defined family of visual phenomena, and they outline several of the key diagnostic criteria for serial dependence that should serve as guideposts for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yuki Murai
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Bosten JM, Coen-Cagli R, Franklin A, Solomon SG, Webster MA. Special issue: Calibrating the visual system. Vision Res 2022; 201:108132. [PMID: 36279610 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Bosten
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Coen-Cagli
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anna Franklin
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Webster
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV, USA.
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6
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Turnbull G, Alexi J, Mann G, Li Y, Engel M, Bayliss DM, Farrell S, Bell J. EXPRESS: The Influence of Three-Dimensional Cues on Body Size Judgements. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 75:2318-2331. [PMID: 35034530 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221076850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that body size judgements are frequently biased, or inaccurate. Critically, judgement biases are further exaggerated for individuals with eating disorders, a finding that has been attributed to difficulties integrating body features into a perceptual whole. However, current understanding of which body features are integrated when judging body size is lacking. In this study, we examine whether individuals integrate three-dimensional (3D) cues to body volume when making body size judgements. Computer-generated body stimuli were presented in a 3D Virtual Reality (VR) environment. Participants (N = 412) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: in one condition the to-be-judged body was displayed binocularly (containing 3D cues to body volume), in the other, bodies were presented monocularly (2D cues only). Across 150 trials, participants were required to make a body size judgement of a target female body from a third-person point of view using an unmarked visual analogue scale (VAS). It was found that 3D cues significantly influenced body size judgements. Namely, thin 3D bodies were judged smaller, and overweight 3D bodies were judged larger, than their 2D counterpart. Furthermore, to reconcile these effects, we present evidence that the two perceptual biases, regression to the mean and serial dependence, were reduced by the additional 3D feature information. Our findings increase our understanding of how body size is perceptually encoded and creates testable predictions for clinical populations exhibiting integration difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Turnbull
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Joanna Alexi
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Georgina Mann
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Yanqi Li
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Manja Engel
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Experimental Psychology/Helmholtz Institute. Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands 8125
| | - Donna M Bayliss
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Simon Farrell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Jason Bell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia 2720
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Manassi M, Whitney D. Illusion of visual stability through active perceptual serial dependence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2480. [PMID: 35020432 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite a noisy and ever-changing visual world, our perceptual experience seems remarkably stable over time. How does our visual system achieve this apparent stability? Here, we introduce a previously unknown visual illusion that shows direct evidence for an online mechanism continuously smoothing our percepts over time. As a result, a continuously seen physically changing object can be misperceived as unchanging. We find that online object appearance is captured by past visual experience up to 15 seconds ago. We propose that, because of an underlying active mechanism of serial dependence, the representation of the object is continuously merged over time, and the consequence is an illusory stability in which object appearance is biased toward the past. Our results provide a direct demonstration of the link between serial dependence in visual representations and perceived visual stability in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manassi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Turbett K, Jeffery L, Bell J, Digges A, Zheng Y, Hsiao J, Palermo R. Serial dependence of facial identity for own- and other-race faces. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1711-1726. [PMID: 34714182 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211059430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that individuals are better at recognising faces of their own-race compared with other-races; however, there is ongoing debate regarding the perceptual mechanisms that may be involved and therefore sensitive to face-race. Here, we ask whether serial dependence of facial identity, a bias where the perception of a face's identity is biased towards a previously presented face, shows an other-race effect. Serial dependence is associated with face recognition ability and appears to operate on high-level, face-selective representations, like other candidate mechanisms (e.g., holistic processing). We therefore expected to find an other-race effect for serial dependence for our Caucasian and Asian participants. While participants showed robust effects of serial dependence for all faces, only Caucasian participants showed stronger serial dependence for own-race faces. Intriguingly, we found that individual variation in own-race, but not other-race, serial dependence was significantly associated with face recognition abilities. Preliminary evidence also suggested that other-race contact is associated with other-race serial dependence. In conclusion, though we did not find an overall difference in serial dependence for own- versus other-race faces in both participant groups, our results highlight that this bias may be functionally different for own- versus other-race faces and sensitive to racial experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Turbett
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Linda Jeffery
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Bell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Digges
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Yueyuan Zheng
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Janet Hsiao
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Romina Palermo
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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9
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Kramer RSS, Pustelnik LR. Sequential effects in facial attractiveness judgments: Separating perceptual and response biases. VISUAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1995558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Alais D, Xu Y, Wardle SG, Taubert J. A shared mechanism for facial expression in human faces and face pareidolia. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210966. [PMID: 34229489 PMCID: PMC8261219 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions are vital for social communication, yet the underlying mechanisms are still being discovered. Illusory faces perceived in objects (face pareidolia) are errors of face detection that share some neural mechanisms with human face processing. However, it is unknown whether expression in illusory faces engages the same mechanisms as human faces. Here, using a serial dependence paradigm, we investigated whether illusory and human faces share a common expression mechanism. First, we found that images of face pareidolia are reliably rated for expression, within and between observers, despite varying greatly in visual features. Second, they exhibit positive serial dependence for perceived facial expression, meaning an illusory face (happy or angry) is perceived as more similar in expression to the preceding one, just as seen for human faces. This suggests illusory and human faces engage similar mechanisms of temporal continuity. Third, we found robust cross-domain serial dependence of perceived expression between illusory and human faces when they were interleaved, with serial effects larger when illusory faces preceded human faces than the reverse. Together, the results support a shared mechanism for facial expression between human faces and illusory faces and suggest that expression processing is not tightly bound to human facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alais
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiben Xu
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan G Wardle
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Taubert
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Autistic Traits are Associated with Less Precise Perceptual Integration of Face Identity. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:2168-2179. [PMID: 34085152 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Face recognition difficulties are common in autism and could be a consequence of perceptual atypicalities that disrupt the ability to integrate current and prior information. We tested this theory by measuring the strength of serial dependence for faces (i.e. how likely is it that current perception of a face is biased towards a previously seen face) across the broader autism phenotype. Though serial dependence was not weaker in individuals with more autistic traits, more autistic traits were associated with greater integration of less similar faces. These results suggest that serial dependence is less specialised, and may not operate optimally, in individuals with more autistic traits and could therefore be a contributing factor to autism-linked face recognition difficulties.
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