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Shaffer BR, Zaino M, Prajapati S, Chandy RJ, Feldman SR. The Effect of Anchoring on Atopic Dermatitis Patients' Likeliness to Take an Injection Treatment. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:196-197. [PMID: 38303651 DOI: 10.1177/12034754241229369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Shaffer
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mallory Zaino
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stuti Prajapati
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rithi J Chandy
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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2
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Aleva TK, Tabone W, Dodou D, de Winter JCF. Augmented reality for supporting the interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles: an experimental outdoor study. Front Robot AI 2024; 11:1324060. [PMID: 38352957 PMCID: PMC10861735 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1324060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Communication from automated vehicles (AVs) to pedestrians using augmented reality (AR) could positively contribute to traffic safety. However, previous AR research for pedestrians was mainly conducted through online questionnaires or experiments in virtual environments instead of real ones. Methods: In this study, 28 participants conducted trials outdoors with an approaching AV and were supported by four different AR interfaces. The AR experience was created by having participants wear a Varjo XR-3 headset with see-through functionality, with the AV and AR elements virtually overlaid onto the real environment. The AR interfaces were vehicle-locked (Planes on vehicle), world-locked (Fixed pedestrian lights, Virtual fence), or head-locked (Pedestrian lights HUD). Participants had to hold down a button when they felt it was safe to cross, and their opinions were obtained through rating scales, interviews, and a questionnaire. Results: The results showed that participants had a subjective preference for AR interfaces over no AR interface. Furthermore, the Pedestrian lights HUD was more effective than no AR interface in a statistically significant manner, as it led to participants more frequently keeping the button pressed. The Fixed pedestrian lights scored lower than the other interfaces, presumably due to low saliency and the fact that participants had to visually identify both this AR interface and the AV. Discussion: In conclusion, while users favour AR in AV-pedestrian interactions over no AR, its effectiveness depends on design factors like location, visibility, and visual attention demands. In conclusion, this work provides important insights into the use of AR outdoors. The findings illustrate that, in these circumstances, a clear and easily interpretable AR interface is of key importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joost C. F. de Winter
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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Li J, Wong L, Hulme RC, Joseph H, Kyle FE, Taylor J, Rodrigues C. EXPRESS: Contextual diversity and anchoring: Null effects on learning word forms and opposing effects on learning word meanings. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023:17470218231218990. [PMID: 38012815 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231218990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Words that appear in many contexts/topics are recognised faster than those occurring in fewer contexts (Nation, 2017). However, contextual diversity benefits are less clear in word learning studies. Mak et al. (2021) proposed that diversity benefits might be enhanced if new word meanings are anchored before introducing diversity. In our study, adults (N = 288) learned meanings for eight pseudowords, four experienced in six topics (high diversity) and four in one topic (low diversity). All items were first experienced five times in one topic (anchoring phase), and results were compared to Norman et al. (2022) which used a similar paradigm without an anchoring phase. An old-new decision post-test (did you learn this word?) showed null effects of contextual diversity on written form recognition accuracy and response time, mirroring Norman et al.. A cloze task involved choosing which pseudoword completed a sentence. For sentences situated in a previously experienced context, accuracy was significantly higher for pseudowords learned in the low diversity condition, whereas for sentences situated in a new context, accuracy was non-significantly higher for pseudowords learned in the high diversity condition. Anchoring modulated these effects. Low diversity item accuracy was unaffected by anchoring. However, for high diversity items, accuracy in familiar contexts was better in the current experiment (anchoring) than in Norman et al. (non-anchoring), but accuracy in new contexts did not differ between the two experiments. These results suggest that anchoring facilitates meaning use in familiar contexts, but not generalisation to new contexts, nor word recognition in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Li
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London
| | - Louise Wong
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London
| | - Rachael Catherine Hulme
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, Heriot-Watt University
| | | | - Fiona E Kyle
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London
| | - Jo Taylor
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London
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4
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Wang M, Zheng S, Fu Y, Guo W. MoSe 2 @rGO as Highly Efficient Host and Catalyst for Li-Organosulfide Battery. Small 2023; 19:e2304175. [PMID: 37491789 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfides are promising high-capacity cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. However, sluggish kinetics and inferior utilization impede its practical application in batteries. Rationally designing redox mediators and identifying their active moieties remain formidable challenges. Currently, as a rising star of transition metal dichalcogenides, few-layered MoSe2 decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (MoSe2 @rGO) with high electronic conductivity and narrow energy band is used to manipulate electrocatalytic redox kinetics of organosulfides, thereby enhancing the battery performance. Here, an exotic MoSe2 @rGO is reported with Se defects material obtained from 2D MoSe2 growing on rGO for Li-dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulfide (Li-PMTT) batteries. MoSe2 @rGO with Se defects has a large specific surface area, and sufficient pores, as well as exce llent catalytic ability for organosulfides conversion reactions. Therefore, the PMTT@MoSe2 @rGO cathode delivers a high reversible capacity of 405 mAh g-1 in the first cycle at 0.5 C and can maintain 238.3 mAh g-1 specific capacity after 300 cycles. This work offers an understanding of organosulfides electrochemistry toward fast and durable performance, holding great promise for developing practically feasible lithium-organosulfides battery material designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Sichen Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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5
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Stecher C, Pagni BA, Cloonan S, Vink S, Hill E, Ogbeama D, Delaney S, Braden BB. App-based meditation habits maintain reductions in depression symptoms among autistic adults. Autism 2023:13623613231200679. [PMID: 37837362 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231200679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Existing research has identified an increased risk of depression among autistic adults, which can negatively impact their adaptive functioning abilities and socioeconomic outcomes. Mobile app-based meditation is a feasible, accessible, and effective self-care solution for depression among neurotypical adults, but there is limited evidence for the long-term benefits of app-based meditation among autistic adults. Habits are a key behavioral strategy for maintaining behavior change, and anchoring is one effective habit formation intervention that has yet to be tested among autistic adults. This study demonstrates that it is both feasible and effective to integrate the anchoring habit formation strategy into an app-based meditation intervention for establishing meditation habits among autistic adults. In addition, the study shows that app-based meditation habits were successful at maintaining reductions in depressive symptoms over 6 months. These results demonstrate the power of anchoring-based habit formation interventions for establishing healthy habits among autistic adults, which offers a promising behavioral intervention technique for establishing other healthy habits among autistic adults. The study also shows that app-based meditation habits are an effective long-term self-care solution for managing depressive symptoms among autistic adults that should be used by mental health providers and policymakers. Future research should test this combined anchoring and app-based meditation intervention technique among larger samples of autistic adults and over longer durations to better understand the mechanisms underlying the success of this intervention.
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Schweinsberg M, Petrowsky HM, Funk B, Loschelder DD. Understanding the first-offer conundrum: How buyer offers impact sale price and impasse risk in 26 million eBay negotiations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218582120. [PMID: 37527338 PMCID: PMC10410759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218582120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
How low is the ideal first offer? Prior to any negotiation, decision-makers must balance a crucial tradeoff between two opposing effects. While lower first offers benefit buyers by anchoring the price in their favor, an overly ambitious offer increases the impasse risk, thus potentially precluding an agreement altogether. Past research with simulated laboratory or classroom exercises has demonstrated either a first offer's anchoring benefits or its impasse risk detriments, while largely ignoring the other effect. In short, there is no empirical answer to the conundrum of how low an ideal first offer should be. Our results from over 26 million incentivized real-world negotiations on eBay document (a) a linear anchoring effect of buyer offers on sales price, (b) a nonlinear, quartic effect on impasse risk, and (c) specific offer values with particularly low impasse risks but high anchoring benefits. Integrating these findings suggests that the ideal buyer offer lies at 80% of the seller's list price across all products-although this value ranges from 33% to 95% depending on the type of product, demand, and buyers' weighting of price versus impasse risk. We empirically amend the well-known midpoint bias, the assumption that buyer and seller eventually meet in the middle of their opening offers, and find evidence for a "buyer bias." Product demand moderates the (non)linear effects, the ideal buyer offer, and the buyer bias. Finally, we apply machine learning analyses to predict impasses and present a website with customizable first-offer advice configured to different products, prices, and buyers' risk preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes M. Petrowsky
- Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University Lueneburg, 21335Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Burkhardt Funk
- Institute of Information Systems, Leuphana University Lueneburg, 21335Lueneburg, Germany
| | - David D. Loschelder
- Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University Lueneburg, 21335Lueneburg, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Positive sequential dependencies are phenomena in which actions, perception, decisions, and memory of features or objects are systematically biased toward visual experiences from the recent past. Among many labels, serial dependencies have been referred to as priming, sequential dependencies, sequential effects, or serial effects. Despite extensive research on the topic, the field still lacks an operational definition of what counts as serial dependence. In this meta-analysis, we review the vast literature on serial dependence and quantitatively assess its key diagnostic characteristics across several different domains of visual perception. The meta-analyses fully characterize serial dependence in orientation, face, and numerosity perception. They show that serial dependence is defined by four main kinds of tuning: serial dependence decays with time (temporal-tuning), it depends on relative spatial location (spatial-tuning), it occurs only between similar features and objects (feature-tuning), and it is modulated by attention (attentional-tuning). We also review studies of serial dependence that report single observer data, highlighting the importance of individual differences in serial dependence. Finally, we discuss a range of outstanding questions and novel research avenues that are prompted by the meta-analyses. Together, the meta-analyses provide a full characterization of serial dependence as an operationally defined family of visual phenomena, and they outline several of the key diagnostic criteria for serial dependence that should serve as guideposts for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yuki Murai
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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8
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Zhang P, Fu Y, Guo W. Anchoring and Catalytic Effects of rGO Supported VS 2 Nanosheets Enable High-Performance Li-Organosulfur Battery. Small 2023; 19:e2207047. [PMID: 36599622 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a high-energy-density cathode material, organosulfur has great potential for lithium batteries. However, their practical application is plagued by electronic/ionic insulation and sluggish redox kinetics. Hence, our strategy is to design a self-weaving, freestanding host material by introducing reduced graphene oxide-supported VS2 nanosheets (VS2 -rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for lithium-phenyl tetrasulfide (Li-PTS) batteries. Unique host materials not only provide physicochemical confinement of active materials to boost the utilization but also catalyze the conversion of active materials to accelerate redox kinetics. Therefore, Li-PTS cell based on the 3D VS2 -rGO-CNTs (VSGC) host material shows excellent cyclability, with a slow capacity decay rate of 0.08% per cycle over 500 cycles at 0.5 C, and a high areal capacity of 3.1 mAh cm-2 with the PTS loading of 7.2 mg cm-2 . More importantly, the potential for practical applications is highlighted by the flexible pouch cell with a high areal capacity (4.1 mAh cm-2 ) and a low electrolyte/PTS ratio (3.5 µL mg-1 ). This work sheds light on elevating the electrochemical performance of Li-organosulfur batteries through the effective catalytic and adsorbed host material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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9
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Pérez-Romero C, Barrio G, Hoyos J, Belza MJ, Regidor E, Donat M, Politi J, Guerras JM, Pulido J. Abrupt peaks in perceived risk of occasional drug use after changing the question order in a repeated self-administered survey. Front Public Health 2023; 11:971239. [PMID: 37124773 PMCID: PMC10140628 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.971239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Question-order changes in repeated surveys can distort comparisons. We want to describe the evolution of drug risk perceptions among Spanish adolescents and assessing whether the 2006 peaks in perceived risk of occasional drug use can be explained by question-order changes. Methods The subjects were secondary students from a biennial national survey during 2000-2012. A one-off intervention was applied in 2006, replacing the two-adjacent items on perceived risk of occasional and regular use of each drug by non-adjacent items. Annual prevalence of high-risk perception were obtained for occasional and regular use of cannabis, heroin, cocaine and ecstasy. Subsequently, the 2006 percent level change (PC) in such were estimated prevalence using segmented Poisson regression, adjusting for various student and parent covariates. Results The 2006 PC in prevalence of high-risk perception of occasional drug use ranged from +63% (heroin) to +83% (ecstasy). These PCs were very high in all considered subgroups. However, the 2006 PC in prevalence of high-risk perception of regular drug use ranged from 1% (heroin) to 12% (cannabis). The evolution of preventive interventions does not suggest alternative causal hypotheses for 2006 peaks other than question-order changes. Conclusion Within the cognitive heuristics framework, the 2006 spikes in perceived risk of occasional drug use were most likely due to a release of the anchor exerted by perceived risk of regular drug use over that of occasional use triggered by 2006 question-order changes. In repeated surveys it is inexcusable to pre-test the effect of any change in questionnaire format.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Pérez-Romero
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Barrio
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- The Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Gregorio Barrio,
| | - Juan Hoyos
- The Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Belza
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- The Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Regidor
- The Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Donat
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- The Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julieta Politi
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Guerras
- The Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pulido
- The Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Rinn R, Krishna A, Deutsch R. The psychology of income wealth threshold estimations: A registered report. Br J Soc Psychol 2023; 62:630-650. [PMID: 36221804 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
How do people estimate the income that is needed to be rich? Two correlative survey studies (Study 1 and 2, N = 568) and one registered experimental study (Study 3, N = 500) examined the cognitive mechanisms that are used to derive an answer to this question. We tested whether individuals use their personal income (PI) as a self-generated anchor to derive an estimate of the income needed to be rich (= income wealth threshold estimation, IWTE). On a bivariate level, we found the expected positive relationship between one's PI and IWTE and, in line with previous findings, we found that people do not consider themselves rich. Furthermore, we predicted that individuals additionally use information about their social status within their social circles to make an IWTE. The findings from study 2 support this notion and show that only self-reported high-income individuals show different IWTEs depending on relative social status: Individuals in this group who self-reported a high status produced higher IWTEs than individuals who self-reported low status. The registered experimental study could not replicate this pattern robustly, although the results trended non-significantly in the same direction. Together, the findings revealed that the income of individuals as well as the social environment are used as sources of information to make IWTE judgements, although they are likely not the only important predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rinn
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anand Krishna
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Deutsch
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Kunitomo K, Shimizu T, Tsuji T. A Common Diagnosis Delayed by Three "Wrong Footing" Anchoring Errors - it is Difficult to Remember What You Have Forgotten. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2022; 9:003615. [PMID: 36506744 PMCID: PMC9728214 DOI: 10.12890/2022_003615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Very often in clinical practice, an inflamed pelvic appendix shows left lower quadrant abdominal pain as the primary painful area. The clinicians are anchored to the most prominent symptom, thereby taking an unnecessary detour in reaching an accurate diagnosis. A 40-year-old man presented to our emergency department with persistent lower left abdominal pain with a fever of 38 oC from a day earlier. He had a good appetite and repeatedly complained of severe constipation at the time of his visit. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the lower left abdomen without a peritoneal sign. Abdominal ultrasound and non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a left hydroureter. The next day, a radiologist pointed out the possibility of appendicitis. An urgent laparoscopic appendectomy was performed. The intriguing point of this case is the diagnostic delay because of three anchoring biases. First, the typical right lower abdominal pain of appendicitis was shielded by the intense left lower abdominal pain. Moreover, the presence of a left hydroureter distracted the physicians from the actual location of the pain. Furthermore, the presence of constipation anchored the physicians to constipation as the cause of abdominal pain. In overcoming these biases, specific diagnostic strategies to avoid biases should be implemented. LEARNING POINTS If a patient has unexplained lower left abdominal pain, it is advisable to deploy a "searchlight" strategy.When a hydroureter was found to have no apparent source obstruction, a vertical tracing strategy should have been undertaken to detect its root cause.To avoid the wrong diagnosis through anchoring bias, pivot and cluster strategy - deploying differential diagnosis specific to the initial diagnosis (constipation in this case) - should be adopted at the start, considering the important differential diagnosis and thus preventing a missed diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Kunitomo
- Department of General Medicine, Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of General Medicine, Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
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12
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Spicer J, Zhu JQ, Chater N, Sanborn AN. Perceptual and Cognitive Judgments Show Both Anchoring and Repulsion. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1395-1407. [PMID: 35876741 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221089599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most robust effects in cognitive psychology is anchoring, in which judgments show a bias toward previously viewed values. However, in what is essentially the same task as used in anchoring research, a perceptual illusion demonstrates the opposite effect of repulsion. Here, we united these two literatures, testing in two experiments with adults (total N = 200) whether prior comparative decisions bias cognitive and perceptual judgments in opposing directions or whether anchoring and repulsion are two domain-general biases whose co-occurrence has so far gone undetected. We found that in both perceptual and cognitive tasks, anchoring and repulsion co-occur. Further, the direction of the bias depends on the comparison value: Distant values attract judgments, whereas nearby values repulse judgments. Because none of the leading theories for either effect account for both biases, theoretical integration is needed. As a starting point, we describe one such joint theory based on sampling models of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Spicer
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick
| | | | - Nick Chater
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick
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13
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Omar MH, Byrne DP, Jones KN, Lakey TM, Collins KB, Lee KS, Daly LA, Forbush KA, Lau HT, Golkowski M, McKnight GS, Breault DT, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Martinez A, Eyers CE, Baird GS, Ong SE, Smith FD, Eyers PA, Scott JD. Mislocalization of protein kinase A drives pathology in Cushing's syndrome. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111073. [PMID: 35830806 PMCID: PMC9311266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAc) drive the stress hormone disorder adrenal Cushing's syndrome. We define mechanisms of action for the PKAc-L205R and W196R variants. Proximity proteomic techniques demonstrate that both Cushing's mutants are excluded from A kinase-anchoring protein (AKAP)-signaling islands, whereas live-cell photoactivation microscopy reveals that these kinase mutants indiscriminately diffuse throughout the cell. Only cAMP analog drugs that displace native PKAc from AKAPs enhance cortisol release. Rescue experiments that incorporate PKAc mutants into AKAP complexes abolish cortisol overproduction, indicating that kinase anchoring restores normal endocrine function. Analyses of adrenal-specific PKAc-W196R knockin mice and Cushing's syndrome patient tissue reveal defective signaling mechanisms of the disease. Surprisingly each Cushing's mutant engages a different mitogenic-signaling pathway, with upregulation of YAP/TAZ by PKAc-L205R and ERK kinase activation by PKAc-W196R. Thus, aberrant spatiotemporal regulation of each Cushing's variant promotes the transmission of distinct downstream pathogenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Omar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Kiana N Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler M Lakey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kerrie B Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kyung-Soon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Leonard A Daly
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Katherine A Forbush
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ho-Tak Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - G Stanley McKnight
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement (GReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement (GReD), CNRS, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Geoffrey S Baird
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - F Donelson Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION On-target, off-tumor toxicity severely limits systemic dosing of cytokines and agonist antibodies for cancer. Intratumoral administration is increasingly being explored to mitigate this problem. Full exploitation of this mode of administration must include a mechanism for sustained retention of the drug; otherwise, rapid diffusion out of the tumor eliminates any advantage. AREAS COVERED We focus here on strategies for anchoring immune agonists in accessible formats. Such anchoring may utilize extracellular matrix components, cell surface receptor targets, or exogenously administered particulate materials. Promising alternative strategies not reviewed here include slow release from the interior of a material depot, expression following local transfection, and conditional proteolytic activation of masked molecules. EXPERT OPINION An effective mechanism for tissue retention is a critical component of intratumorally anchored cytokine therapy, as leakage leads to decreased tumor drug exposure and increased systemic toxicity. Matching variable drug release kinetics with receptor-mediated cellular uptake is an intrinsic requirement for the alternative strategies mentioned above. Bioavailability of an anchored form of the administered drug is key to obviating this balancing act.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MD, USA
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15
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Pu X, Tong L, Wang X, Liu Q, Chen M, Li X, Lu G, Lan W, Li Q, Liang J, Sun Y, Fan Y, Zhang X. Bioinspired Hydrogel Anchoring 3DP GelMA/HAp Scaffolds Accelerates Bone Reconstruction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:20591-20602. [PMID: 35500105 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeking high biological activity and osteoinductive ability has always been an urgent problem for three-dimensional-printed (3DP) bony implants. Here, a 3DP methacrylic anhydride-modified gelatin (GelMA)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold with a high solid content of 82.5% was prepared and anchored by a functionalized polyphenol hydrogel. The scaffold and hydrogel were organically integrated into a bioinspired bony implant (HGH) by phenolic hydroxyl of hyaluronan derivatives conjugating amino groups of collagen I and GelMA and further chelating calcium ions of HAp. Compared with a simplex 3DP scaffold, this freeze-dried HGH presented better water retention, delayed degradation, and mechanical stability. It could promote migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells in vitro. One week of implantation showed that it promoted directional migration of endogenous stem cells and early osteogenesis and angiogenesis. After 15 week surgery of rabbit skull defects, the BV/TV value of HGH returned to 73% of the normal group level. This strategy provided a new research idea for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, 4# Xinye Road, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lei Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Quanying Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Manyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gonggong Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wanling Lan
- Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, 4# Xinye Road, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
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16
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Polak M, McEvey SF. Refutation of traumatic insemination in the Drosophila bipectinata species complex. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210625. [PMID: 35135315 PMCID: PMC8826136 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic insemination (TI) is a rare reproductive behaviour characterized by the transfer of sperm to the female via puncture wounds inflicted across her body wall. Here, we challenge the claim made by Kamimura (Kamimura 2007 Biol. Lett. 3, 401-404. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0192)) that males of species of the Drosophila bipectinata complex use a pair of claw-like processes (claws) to traumatically inseminate females: the claws are purported to puncture the female body wall and genital tract, and to inject sperm through the wounds into the lumen of her genital tract, bypassing the vaginal opening. This supposed case of TI is widely cited and featured in prominent subject reviews. We examined high-resolution scanning electron micrographs of the claws and failed to discover any obvious 'groove' for sperm transport. We demonstrated that sperm occurred in the female reproductive tract as a single-integrated unit, inconsistent with the claim that sperm are injected via paired processes. Laser ablation of the sharp terminal ends of the claws failed to inhibit insemination. We showed that the aedeagus in the complex delivers sperm through the vaginal opening, as in other Drosophila. The results refute the claim of TI in the Drosophila bipectinata species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Polak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA
| | - Shane F McEvey
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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17
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Lyu W, Bolt DM. A psychometric model for respondent-level anchoring on self-report rating scale instruments. Br J Math Stat Psychol 2022; 75:116-135. [PMID: 34350978 DOI: 10.1111/bmsp.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the various forms of response bias that can emerge with self-report rating scale assessments are those related to anchoring, the tendency for respondents to select categories in close proximity to the rating category used for the immediately preceding item. In this study we propose a psychometric model based on a multidimensional nominal model for response style that also simultaneously accommodates a respondent-level anchoring tendency. The model is estimated using a fully Bayesian estimation procedure. By applying this model to a real test data set measuring extraversion, we explore a theory that both response styles and anchoring might be viewed as evidence of a lack of effortful responding. Empirical results show that there is a positive correlation between the strength of midpoint response style and the anchoring effect; further, responses indicative of either anchoring or response style both negatively correlate with response time, consistent with a theory that both phenomena reflect reduced respondent effort. The results support attending to both anchoring and midpoint response style as ways of assessing respondent engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Lyu
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel M Bolt
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Kutlucan H, Karabacak RO, De Buyser S, Erdem A, Bozkurt N, Demirdağ E, Wildemeersch D. Assessment of a Novel Fixation Method of a Frameless Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Inserted during Cesarean Delivery as a Means of Preventing Displacements and Expulsions: A Prospective Observational Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010083. [PMID: 35054475 PMCID: PMC8779012 DOI: 10.3390/life12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to assess the novel fixation method of a frameless copper-releasing intrauterine device inserted following placental delivery during cesarean section and analyze its impact in reducing device displacement and expulsion during and after uterine involution. We hypothesized that the dual-anchoring technique could reduce the risk of intrauterine device displacement and expulsion during and after the uterine involution. The study was conducted at the Gazi University Medicine Faculty Hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Twenty-one pregnant women were enrolled. Insertion was performed following placental removal. To confirm the proper placement and good retention of the device, the distance between the fundal serosa (S) and device anchor knot (A) was measured (S–A) during follow-ups, by ultrasound. There were significant differences in the S–A, as observed by ultrasound at discharge and at 6 weeks post-delivery, which is consistent with the tissue contractions associated with uterine involution. Notwithstanding the uterine involution, no device displacements or expulsions occurred, which indicated a good retention of the frameless device. This innovative retention method of the frameless intrauterine device ensures a well-tolerated, long-term contraception, allowing for immediate contraception and proper pregnancy spacing for cesarean scar healing, and overcomes the issue of expulsion encountered with conventional intrauterine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Kutlucan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey; (R.O.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Recep Onur Karabacak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey; (R.O.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Stefanie De Buyser
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Ahmet Erdem
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey; (R.O.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Nuray Bozkurt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey; (R.O.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Erhan Demirdağ
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey; (R.O.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (E.D.)
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19
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Johnson RJ. Use of Tactile Contact Accompanying Health Prmotion Messages During Routine Health & Physical Examinations: A Technique for Improving Compliance. J Public Health Int 2022; 4:18-27. [PMID: 35291713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A daunting challenge for health providers and medical practitioners is communicating the vital importance of health promotion and medical treatment adherence and compliance. This article is an evidence-based, best-practices commentary advocating the use of touch-accompanied verbal suggestions during the touching portions of routine, near-universal Health & Physical examinations. Notional case examples are presented; based on the professional literature, underlying Behavioral Mechanics are discussed. Touch-accompanied verbal health promotion messages skillfully deployed in routine Health & Physical examinations offer a non-harmful and efficient technique to synergistically and substantially enhance the probability of patient compliance with health improvement and medical treatment regimens. Though it is not a magic panacea, the public health applications, extensions and benefits are incalculable in terms of healthy behavior adoption. Additionally, if deftly conducted in accordance with best practices, it has the potential to greatly improve practitioner-patient relations and increase patient satisfaction. Further avenues of research inquiry are considered.
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20
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Chan WH, Lewis DJ, Duvic M, Feldman SR. Strategies to Optimize Adherence in Patients with Mycosis Fungoides. Cells 2021; 11:113. [PMID: 35011675 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient adherence to medications for common skin conditions has been extensively studied over the past two decades, and suboptimal adherence is a primary contributor to treatment failure. The impact of sub-par adherence in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients has been largely unexplored, and promoting adherence in this patient population may represent a promising area of consideration for improving treatment outcomes. We apply patient adherence strategies that have been studied in dermatology to CTCL and provide concrete examples of how these strategies can be used to improve adherence in the CTCL setting. Through the implementation of small changes in how we present and counsel about therapeutic options to our patients, we can maximize patient adherence, which has the potential to optimize therapy regimens and reduce treatment failure.
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21
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Chen VHH, Ibasco GC, Leow VJX, Lew JYY. The Effect of VR Avatar Embodiment on Improving Attitudes and Closeness Toward Immigrants. Front Psychol 2021; 12:705574. [PMID: 34721153 PMCID: PMC8554103 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research has discussed how the embodiment of an outgroup avatar in virtual reality (VR) can reduce intergroup bias. However, little is known about the mechanisms and boundary conditions that shape this effect. This study examines how the embodiment of both outgroup and ingroup VR avatars in different orders influences attitudes and perceived closeness toward a co-ethnic immigrant outgroup in Singapore. It also investigates the role of empathy and social identity orientation (SIO) in this relationship. An experiment with four avatar embodiment conditions (ingroup-then-outgroup, outgroup-then-ingroup, ingroup-only, and outgroup-only) was carried out with 171 participants from a public university in Singapore. Results showed that embodying an outgroup avatar alone, compared to embodying an ingroup avatar alone, significantly improves both attitudes and closeness toward an immigrant outgroup. The order of embodiment matters to an extent, suggesting the greater effectiveness of outgroup-first over ingroup-first embodiment in reducing bias. Empathy mediates the effect of all three outgroup embodiment conditions on improved attitudes and closeness toward immigrants. It was also found that the stronger one’s SIO is, the more effective embodiment is in improving perceived closeness with the outgroup via empathy. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hsueh Hua Chen
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gabrielle C Ibasco
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vetra Jing Xuan Leow
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juline Yun Yee Lew
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Elibol K, Mangler C, O’Regan DD, Mustonen K, Eder D, Meyer JC, Kotakoski J, Hobbs RG, Susi T, Bayer BC. Single Indium Atoms and Few-Atom Indium Clusters Anchored onto Graphene via Silicon Heteroatoms. ACS Nano 2021; 15:14373-14383. [PMID: 34410707 PMCID: PMC8482752 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single atoms and few-atom nanoclusters are of high interest in catalysis and plasmonics, but pathways for their fabrication and placement remain scarce. We report here the self-assembly of room-temperature-stable single indium (In) atoms and few-atom In clusters (2-6 atoms) that are anchored to substitutional silicon (Si) impurity atoms in suspended monolayer graphene membranes. Using atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we find that the symmetry of the In structures is critically determined by the three- or fourfold coordination of the Si "anchors". All structures are produced without electron-beam induced materials modification. In turn, when activated by electron beam irradiation in the STEM, we observe in situ the formation, restructuring, and translation of the Si-anchored In structures. Our results on In-Si-graphene provide a materials system for controlled self-assembly and heteroatomic anchoring of single atoms and few-atom nanoclusters on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Elibol
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Centre
for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and
the SFI Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Clemens Mangler
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David D. O’Regan
- Centre
for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and
the SFI Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kimmo Mustonen
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Eder
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/165, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute
for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard G. Hobbs
- Centre
for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and
the SFI Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Toma Susi
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard C. Bayer
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/165, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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23
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García MC, Naitlho N, Calderón-Montaño JM, Drago E, Rueda M, Longhi M, Rabasco AM, López-Lázaro M, Prieto-Dapena F, González-Rodríguez ML. Cholesterol Levels Affect the Performance of AuNPs-Decorated Thermo-Sensitive Liposomes as Nanocarriers for Controlled Doxorubicin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070973. [PMID: 34199018 PMCID: PMC8309145 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive liposomes (L) for triggering drug release to the target site are particularly useful in cancer therapy. This research was focused on the evaluation of the effects of cholesterol levels in the performance of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-functionalized L for controlled doxorubicin (D) delivery. Their interfacial and morphological properties, drug release behavior against temperature changes and cytotoxic activity against breast and ovarian cancer cells were studied. Langmuir isotherms were performed to identify the most stable combination of lipid components. Two mole fractions of cholesterol (3.35 mol% and 40 mol%, L1 and L2 series, respectively) were evaluated. Thin-film hydration and transmembrane pH-gradient methods were used for preparing the L and for D loading, respectively. The cationic surface of L allowed the anchoring of negatively charged AuNPs by electrostatic interactions, even inducing a shift in the zeta potential of the L2 series. L exhibited nanometric sizes and spherical shape. The higher the proportion of cholesterol, the higher the drug loading. D was released in a controlled manner by diffusion-controlled mechanisms, and the proportions of cholesterol and temperature of release media influenced its release profiles. D-encapsulated L preserved its antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. The developed liposomal formulations exhibit promising properties for cancer treatment and potential for hyperthermia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica C. García
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la Torre and Medina Allende, Science Building 2, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina;
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, UNITEFA, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (N.N.); (A.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.G.); (M.L.G.-R.); Tel./Fax: +54-351-5353865 (M.C.G.); +34-954556397 (M.L.G.-R.)
| | - Nabila Naitlho
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (N.N.); (A.M.R.)
| | - José Manuel Calderón-Montaño
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.M.C.-M.); (M.L.-L.)
| | - Estrella Drago
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain; (E.D.); (M.R.); (F.P.-D.)
| | - Manuela Rueda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain; (E.D.); (M.R.); (F.P.-D.)
| | - Marcela Longhi
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la Torre and Medina Allende, Science Building 2, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina;
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, UNITEFA, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Antonio M. Rabasco
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (N.N.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Miguel López-Lázaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.M.C.-M.); (M.L.-L.)
| | - Francisco Prieto-Dapena
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain; (E.D.); (M.R.); (F.P.-D.)
| | - María Luisa González-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (N.N.); (A.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.G.); (M.L.G.-R.); Tel./Fax: +54-351-5353865 (M.C.G.); +34-954556397 (M.L.G.-R.)
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24
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Chapman KB, Mogilner AY, Yang AH, Yadav A, Patel KV, Lubenow T, van Helmond N, Deer T, Kallewaard JW. Lead migration and fracture rate in dorsal root ganglion stimulation using anchoring and non-anchoring techniques: A multicenter pooled data analysis. Pain Pract 2021; 21:859-870. [PMID: 34145740 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRG-S) is a neuromodulation technique introduced in the last decade with evolving implant methods. Initial prospective research found low incidences of lead migration and lead fracture with DRG-S. However, several recent studies have highlighted high lead migration and lead fracture rates with DRG-S. We investigated the influence of lead anchoring on migrations and fractures. METHODS We performed a retrospective review between 2016 and 2020 of individuals implanted with DRG-S leads by 4 experienced implanters. The implanters independently changed their standard practice regarding lead anchoring over time, with opposing trends (no anchoring > anchoring, anchoring > no anchoring). We compared lead migration and lead fracture rates between anchored and unanchored DRG-S leads in the entire study cohort. Cox regression was performed on lead migration and fracture distributions. RESULTS We included 756 leads (n = 565 anchored and n = 191 unanchored) from 249 patients. In unanchored leads, migration occurred in 16 leads (8.4%) from 13 patients (21.0%). In anchored leads, migration occurred in 8 leads (1.4%) from 5 patients (2.7%). Fracture in unanchored leads occurred in 6 leads (3.1%) from 6 patients (9.7%). Fractures in anchored leads occurred in 11 leads (1.9%) from 9 patients (4.8%). The migration survival distributions for the anchored and unanchored leads were statistically significantly different (p < 0.01) with decreased survival for unanchored leads (hazard ratio = 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2-15.5). DISCUSSION We found that anchoring DRG-S leads significantly reduces lead migration when compared to leads placed without an anchor. There was no significant difference in fracture rate between anchored and unanchored leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Chapman
- The Spine & Pain Institute of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Alon Y Mogilner
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ajax H Yang
- The Spine & Pain Institute of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abhishek Yadav
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kiran V Patel
- The Spine & Pain Institute of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Lubenow
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Noud van Helmond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Timothy Deer
- The Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, Charleston, West Virginia, USA
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Woodbury MJ, Cohen JM, Merola JF, Perez-Chada LM. Leveraging behavioral economics to promote treatment adherence: A primer for the practicing dermatologist. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:1075-1080. [PMID: 34098000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The problem of suboptimal treatment adherence among patients with dermatologic or other diseases has not been adequately addressed in health care. Despite a wide range of efficacious therapies, nonadherence remains a primary driver of suboptimal clinical outcomes. Novel solutions to address this unmet need can be found in behavioral economics. By leveraging our understanding of human decision-making, we may better promote treatment adherence, thereby improving quality of life and decreasing economic burdens. Behavioral economics has been studied extensively in relation to topics such as health policy and health behaviors; however, there is a dearth of research applying this approach to chronic diseases and only a handful within dermatology. We conducted a scoping review in PubMed to identify articles that discuss behavioral economics and its application to treatment adherence in dermatologic patients, with a particular focus on psoriasis, followed by a summary of key ethical considerations. We found that such principles can be employed in cost-effective, scalable interventions that improve patient adherence to a range of medical therapies and lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey M Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph F Merola
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Lourdes M Perez-Chada
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Jiang L, Zhu Y, Luan P, Xu J, Ru G, Fu JG, Sang N, Xiong Y, He Y, Lin GQ, Wang J, Zhang J, Li R. Bacteria -Anchoring Hybrid Liposome Capable of Absorbing Multiple Toxins for Antivirulence Therapy of Escherichia coli Infection. ACS Nano 2021; 15:4173-4185. [PMID: 33606516 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antivirulence therapy by cell membrane coated nanoparticles has shown promise against bacterial infections. However, current approaches remain unsatisfactory when facing Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections, since the E. coli secretes multiple bacterial toxins including endotoxins and exotoxins that are challenging to eliminate simultaneously. What is worse, the absorptive scavengers normally rely on random contact of the diffuse toxins, which is not efficient. For the current cell membrane coated platform, the single type of cell membrane cannot fully meet the detoxing requirement facing multiple toxins. To address these problems, a polymyxin B (PMB)-modified, red blood cell (RBC)-mimetic hybrid liposome (P-RL) was developed. The P-RL was fabricated succinctly through fusion of PMB-modified lipids and the RBC membranes. By the strong interaction between PMB and the E. coli membrane, P-RL could attach and anchor to the E. coli; attributed to the fused RBC membrane and modified PMB, the P-RL could then efficiently neutralize both endotoxins and exotoxins from the toxin fountainhead. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the P-RL had a significant anchoring effect to E. coli. Moreover, compared with the existing RBC vesicles or PMB-modified liposomes, P-RL exhibited a superior therapeutic effect against RBC hemolysis, macrophage activation, and a mixed-toxin infection in mice. Potently, P-RL could inhibit E. coli O157:H7-induced skin damage, intestinal infection, and mouse death. Overall, the P-RL could potentially improve the detoxing efficiency and markedly expand the detoxification spectrum of current antivirulence systems, which provides different insights into drug-resistant E. coli treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Jiang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuying Zhu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pengwei Luan
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ge Ru
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-Guo Fu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nina Sang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Yuwei He
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiange Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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Kathpal S, Akhtar A, Zaheer A, Khan MN. Covid-19 and heuristic biases: evidence from India. J Financ Serv Mark 2021. [PMCID: PMC8548860 DOI: 10.1057/s41264-021-00116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stock markets worldwide have witnessed high volatility during the year 2020 owing to the eruption of Covid-19. Due to the world’s unprecedented economic challenges, this study could potentially guide financial advisors and individual investors in dealing with pandemics. An association between investors’ perception toward the intensity of Covid-19 and heuristic biases is analyzed using the responses of 290 stock investors of National Capital Region (NCR), India. The data are validated through Cronbach’s alpha, and the model fit is analyzed using EFA. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is employed to investigate the relationship between Covid-19 and heuristic biases. Covid-19 does not have any influence on the overconfidence of investors. A significant positive relationship is found between Covid-19 and the remaining three heuristics, i.e., availability, anchoring, and representativeness. The present study analyzes the association between Covid-19 and specific investors’ bias only and should not be interpreted for causality. The study has the potential to guide investors in understanding the errors they are making while investing during the pandemic and the ways to deal with them. The study could provide insights to the financial advisors in understanding their customers. The implications of the study may include inputs of the errors committed by them during the pandemic. Despite the fact that an enormous amount of literature exists in the field of investors’ sentiment, a scarcity of literature is available that measures the relationship between heuristic biases and the perceived impact of the pandemic. The current study attempts to fill this gap in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kathpal
- Institute of Business Management, GLA University, Mathura, India
- Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406 India
| | - Asif Akhtar
- Department of Business Administration, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Asma Zaheer
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Naved Khan
- College of Administration and Finance, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5, encoded by SCN5A, is crucial for the upstroke of action potential and excitation of cardiomyocytes. NaV1.5 undergoes complex processes before it reaches the target membrane microdomains and performs normal functions. A variety of protein partners are needed to achieve the balance between SCN5A transcription and mRNA decay, endoplasmic reticulum retention and export, Golgi apparatus retention and export, selective anchoring and degradation, activation, and inactivation of sodium currents. Subtle alterations can impair NaV1.5 in terms of expression or function, eventually leading to NaV1.5-associated diseases such as lethal arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aiqun Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingzhong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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29
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Kelley MR, Strejc M, Walts ZL, Uribe Y, Gonzales L, Tcaturian E, Keller AE, Bronswick JK, Stephany SE. The influence of the number of part-set cues on order retention. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 74:928-943. [PMID: 33176603 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820977047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Across seven experiments, the present article examined the influence of the number of part-set cues on order retention, as assessed by both reconstruction of order and serial recall tests. Historically, part-set cueing facilitation occurs when half of the items are provided as valid part-set cues on tests of order memory. Using a variety of list lengths (10 or 16), numbers of cues (0-14), and types of cues (full or partial), the present experiments showed disparate effects of the number of part-set cues on reconstruction and serial recall tasks. On reconstruction tests, a minimum number of full cues was required before part-set cueing facilitation was produced and the magnitude of facilitation increased as the number of cues increased. Generally, partial cues did not influence order retention until almost the entire list was provided as partial cues. On serial recall tests, part-set cueing facilitation was only evident with a few full cues. In contrast, part-set cueing impairment was the norm when many partial cues were provided. These results were largely consistent with predictions of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis, as well as with an anchoring account of part-set cueing for order.
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30
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Banai K, Nir B, Moav-Scheff R, Bar-Ziv N. A role for incidental auditory learning in auditory-visual word learning among kindergarten children. J Vis 2020. [PMID: 32181860 PMCID: PMC7405814 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the potential role of incidental, auditory perceptual learning in among children learning new words. To this end, we examined how irrelevant auditory similarities across words, that provide no cues regarding their visual or conceptual attributes, influence pseudo-word learning in a name/picture matching paradigm. Two types of irrelevant auditory similarities were used: shared sequences of vowels or consonants. Learning word-to-picture associations in these two conditions was compared to a baseline condition in which items did not share either sequence. Kindergarten children readily learned items in all conditions, but auditory similarity interfered with learning (odds ratio, 1.12). Individual differences in reasoning and vocabulary did not account for the interference effect. These findings suggest that the sensory properties of words continue to influence language learning during the preschool years through rapid incidental learning, even if the effect is relatively small. Consistent with previous studies in the visual modality, we now suggest that incidental perceptual learning occurs in the auditory modality. Furthermore, the current findings suggest that this learning can interfere with word learning, highlighting the importance of the perceptual structure of words in real-world-like learning environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Banai
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bracha Nir
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronny Moav-Scheff
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noga Bar-Ziv
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Kusumastuti SA, Blythe J, Rosoff H, John RS. Behavioral Determinants of Target Shifting and Deterrence in an Analog Cyber-Attack Game. Risk Anal 2020; 40:476-493. [PMID: 31529801 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examines how exploiting biases in probability judgment can enhance deterrence using a fixed allocation of defensive resources. We investigate attacker anchoring heuristics for conjunctive events with missing information to distort attacker estimates of success for targets with equal defensive resources. We designed and conducted a behavioral experiment functioning as an analog cyber attack with multiple targets requiring three stages of attack to successfully acquire a target. Each stage is associated with a probability of successfully attacking a layer of defense, reflecting the allocation of resources for each layer. There are four types of targets that have nearly equal likelihood of being successfully attacked, including one type with equally distributed success probabilities over every layer and three types with success probabilities that are concentrated to be lowest in the first, second, or third layer. Players are incentivized by a payoff system that offers a reward for successfully attacked targets and a penalty for failed attacks. We collected data from a total of 1,600 separate target selections from 80 players and discovered that the target type with the lowest probability of success on the first layer was least preferred among attackers, providing the greatest deterrent. Targets with equally distributed success probabilities across layers were the next least preferred among attackers, indicating greater deterrence for uniform-layered defenses compared to defenses that are concentrated at the inner (second or third) levels. This finding is consistent with both attacker anchoring and ambiguity biases and an interpretation of failed attacks as near misses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kusumastuti
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jim Blythe
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California (USC), Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Heather Rosoff
- National Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard S John
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Gold MG. Swimming regulations for protein kinase A catalytic subunit. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1355-66. [PMID: 31671183 DOI: 10.1042/BST20190230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays a central role in important biological processes including synaptic plasticity and sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Elevations of cAMP trigger release of PKA catalytic (C) subunits from PKA holoenzymes, thereby coupling cAMP to protein phosphorylation. Uncontrolled C subunit activity, such as occurs in genetic disorders in which regulatory subunits are depleted, is pathological. Anchoring proteins that associate with PKA regulatory subunits are important for localising PKA activity in cells. However, anchoring does not directly explain how unrestrained 'free swimming' of C subunits is avoided following C subunit release. In this review, I discuss new mechanisms that have been posited to account for this old problem. One straightforward explanation is that cAMP does not trigger C subunit dissociation but instead activates intact PKA holoenzymes whose activity is restrained through anchoring. A comprehensive comparison of observations for and against cAMP-activation of intact PKA holoenzymes does not lend credence to this mechanism. Recent measurements have revealed that PKA regulatory subunits are expressed at very high concentrations, and in large molar excess relative to C subunits. I discuss the implications of these skewed PKA subunit concentrations, before considering how phosphorylation of type II regulatory subunits and myristylation of C subunits are likely to contribute to controlling C subunit diffusion and recapture in cells. Finally, I speculate on future research directions that may be pursued on the basis of these emerging mechanisms.
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Xiong S, Xu Y, Wang Y, Kumar A, Peters DM, Du Y. α5β1 Integrin Promotes Anchoring and Integration of Transplanted Stem Cells to the Trabecular Meshwork in the Eye for Regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:290-300. [PMID: 31854234 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy to restore the function of abnormal trabecular meshwork (TM) and decrease intraocular pressure (IOP) provides a novel approach to treat open-angle glaucoma. However, molecular mechanism for stem cells homing and anchoring to the TM remains unclear. This study aimed to discover the function of integrins in homing and integration of exogenous TM stem cells (TMSCs) to the TM. Integrin expression in TMSCs and fibroblasts was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining, and western blotting. Expression of integrin ligand fibronectin was detected in cultured TM cells and murine TM tissue by immunostaining. Cell affinity to TM cells or fibronectin matrix was examined to compare TMSCs with TMSCs functionally blocked with an α5β1 integrin antibody. TMSCs and TMSCs with α5β1 integrin-blocking were intracamerally injected into wild-type mice. Wholemounts and cryosections were analyzed to discover cell distribution and integration at 3 days and 1 month. IOP was measured to detect possible changes. We discovered that human TMSCs expressed a higher level of α5β1 integrin than fibroblasts, but similar levels of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin. Upregulation of fibronectin was found in both TM cells treated with dexamethasone for 14 days and murine TM tissues damaged by laser photocoagulation. TMSCs were able to attach to the TM cells and fibronectin matrix in vitro. When the surface α5β1 integrin was blocked, the attached cell numbers were significantly reduced. Both TMSCs and TMSCs incubated with an α5β1 integrin-blocking antibody could home to the mouse TM after injection. TMSCs blocked with the α5β1 integrin-blocking antibody were not retained in the TM tissue at 1 month. The injected cells did not affect mouse IOP. In conclusion, highly expressed α5β1 integrin participates in maintaining TMSCs anchored and integrated to the TM, which would be crucial for stem cell-based therapy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Johnson RJ. Tactile Contact as a Marketing Tool for Improving an HIV/STD Education Program's Compliance / Retention with Crack Cocaine Users. Psychol Ment Health Care 2020; 4:067. [PMID: 32149278 PMCID: PMC7059775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research brief reports results from an exploratory pilot study on the use of socially acceptable touch in a public setting that accompanies a request to improve program compliance with "street level" crack cocaine users. METHODS Study participants consisted of 120 crack cocaine-using participants in a larger community-based HIV/STD prevention and research program targeting at-risk African-Americans. They were required to return for a series of four booster health education sessions over 2-5 days and 6 month and 1 year follow-up assessments. The most difficult aspect of this program was no-shows for the second booster session; study participants who attended at least two sessions were much more likely to attend all sessions and complete the entire lengthy program. The program director randomly approached some participants after the first visit in a public setting and briefly touched them as part of a handshake; then, the director asked them to return for their follow-up sessions. Whether they were approached or not was random. Analysis comprised descriptive and non-parametric statistics. RESULTS Ninety-three percent of participants who were asked to return and were touched returned for the second session; only 75% returned who had been asked to do so but were not touched. A statistically significant difference favored being touched and complying, as measured by second-session returning participants (p < .01), though it appeared the touch / request had more of a preventive than a promotional effect. Extraneous demographic and background factors were ruled out with the exception of age (older participants), which contributed slightly. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a request "anchored" to a socially acceptable public touch is promising in terms of improving program participation and engagement. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
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Jang SJ, Doshi T, Nerayo J, Caprio A, Alaie S, Auge J, Min JK, Mosadegh B, Dunham S. Microneedle Patterning of 3D Nonplanar Surfaces on Implantable Medical Devices Using Soft Lithography. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:mi10100705. [PMID: 31623246 PMCID: PMC6843263 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterning is often used to engineer the surface properties of objects because it allows the enhancement or modification of specific functionalities without modification of the bulk material properties. Microneedle arrays have been explored in the past for drug delivery and enhancement of tissue anchoring; however, conventional methods are primarily limited to thick, planar substrates. Here, we demonstrate a method for the fabrication of microneedle arrays on thin flexible polyurethane substrates. These thin-film microneedle arrays can be used to fabricate balloons and other inflatable objects. In addition, these thin-filmed microneedles can be transferred, using thermal forming processes, to more complex 3D objects on which it would otherwise be difficult to directly pattern microneedles. This function is especially useful for medical devices, which require effective tissue anchorage but are a challenging target for micropatterning due to their 3D nonplanar shape, large size, and the complexity of the required micropatterns. Ultrathin flexible thermoplastic polyurethane microneedle arrays were fabricated from a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold. The technique was applied onto the nonplanar surface of rapidly prototyped soft robotic implantable polyurethane devices. We found that a microneedle-patterned surface can increase the anchorage of the device to a tissue by more than twofold. In summary, our soft lithographic patterning method can rapidly and inexpensively generate thin-film microneedle surfaces that can be used to produce balloons or enhance the properties of other 3D objects and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Joo Jang
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Tejas Doshi
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Jerusalem Nerayo
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Alexandre Caprio
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Seyedhamidreza Alaie
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Jordyn Auge
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - James K Min
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Simon Dunham
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Sahoo RK, Singh S, Yun JM, Kwon SH, Kim KH. Sb 2S 3 Nanoparticles Anchored or Encapsulated by the Sulfur-Doped Carbon Sheet for High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:33966-33977. [PMID: 31433158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The specific capacitance and energy density of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3)@carbon supercapacitors (SCs) have been limited and are in need of significant improvement. In this work, Sb2S3 nanoparticles were selectively encapsulated or anchored in a sulfur-doped carbon (S-carbon) sheet depending on the use of microwave-assisted synthesis. The microwave-triggered Sb2S3 nanoparticle growth resulted in core-shell hierarchical spherical particles of uniform diameter assembled with Sb2S3 as the core and an encapsulated S-carbon layer as the shell (Sb2S3-M@S-C). Without the microwave mediation, the other nanostructure was found to comprise fine Sb2S3 nanoparticles widely anchored in the S-carbon sheet (Sb2S3-P@S-C). Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the presence of encapsulated and anchored Sb2S3 nanoparticles in the carbon. These two materials exhibited higher specific capacitance values of 1179 (0 to +1.0 V) and 1380 F·g-1 (-0.8 to 0 V) at a current density of 1 A·g-1, respectively, than those previously reported for Sb2S3 nanomaterials in considerable SCs. Furthermore, both materials exhibited outstanding reversible capacitance and cycle stability when used as SC electrodes while retaining over 98% of the capacitance after 10 000 cycles, which indicates their long-term stability. Furthermore, a hybrid Sb2S3-M@S-C/Sb2S3-P@S-C device was designed, which delivers a remarkable energy density of 49 W·h·kg-1 at a power density of 2.5 kW·kg-1 with long-term cycle stability (94% over 10 000 cycles) and is comparable to SCs in the recent literature. Finally, a light-emitting diode (LED) panel comprising 32 LEDs was powered using three pencil-type hybrid SCs in series.
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Gasper HL, Roy MM, Flowe HD. Improving Time Estimation in Witness Memory. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1452. [PMID: 31333529 PMCID: PMC6621925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether witness memory for duration could be improved. In three studies, we examined the effects of unpacking (breaking an event into its component parts), anchoring (supplying participants with a reference duration), and summation (summing component estimates). Participants watched a video-recorded mock crime and provided duration estimates for components of the crime (e.g., casing the car, unlocking the door, etc.) and for the total crime. Results indicate that bias in estimated duration was less for the sum of the parts than it was for the overall duration estimate. Further, the sum of the individual parts did not equal the total estimate, even though all estimates were given in sequence. Summing the component parts could be a more successful intervention than anchoring or unpacking and is easy to employ with witnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael M. Roy
- Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA, United States
- School of Music, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Heather D. Flowe
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Stephens TA, Hughes BB, Kroeker KJ, Hessing-Lewis M, Monteith Z, Morris M, Raymond WW. Between a rock and a soft place: surfgrass colonizes sediments without attachment to rock. Ecology 2019; 100:e02791. [PMID: 31228865 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Stephens
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska, 99801, USA
| | - Brent B Hughes
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, California, 94928, USA
| | - Kristy J Kroeker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 113 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | | | - Zachary Monteith
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 30, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
| | - Mary Morris
- Archipelago Marine Research Ltd., 525 Head Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V9A 5S1, Canada
| | - Wendel W Raymond
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska, 99801, USA
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39
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Abstract
Increasing price precision leads to linearly stronger anchoring effects for amateurs, but highly precise anchors can backfire for experts. Previous research focused on experts bargaining about an object within their expertise domain (e.g., real-estate agents negotiated about a house listed at €978,781.63). This leaves unknown whether too much precision backfires for experts because of their (a) general negotiation expertise, (b) domain-specific pricing knowledge, or (c) the combination of general expertise and price-knowledge. Our pre-registered report seeks to replicate the too-much-precision effect and to experimentally separate general negotiation expertise from domain-specific price-knowledge. Seasoned experts (real-estate agents) negotiate about an object either within (house) or outside (motor yacht) their domain of expertise. We measure experts' willingness to pay (WTP), counteroffer, self-ascribed versus other-ascribed competence, and their self-ascribed versus other-ascribed price-knowledge. Based on responses of 400 professional real-estate agents, we replicate the advantageous anchor precision effect and illustrate that too much precision backfires regardless of whether agents negotiate within (house) or outside (yacht) their domain of expertise. Mediation analysis suggests that, consistent with previous research, the impact of precise anchors is due to the competence attributed to the negotiation opponent. Our results offer insights into the psychological mechanisms and theoretical understanding of anchor precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lena Frech
- 1 Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany
| | - David D Loschelder
- 1 Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Malte Friese
- 2 Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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40
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Rao SB, Katoozi S, Skauli N, Froehner SC, Ottersen OP, Adams ME, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Targeted deletion of β1-syntrophin causes a loss of K ir 4.1 from Müller cell endfeet in mouse retina. Glia 2019; 67:1138-1149. [PMID: 30803043 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proper function of the retina depends heavily on a specialized form of retinal glia called Müller cells. These cells carry out important homeostatic functions that are contingent on their polarized nature. Specifically, the Müller cell endfeet that contact retinal microvessels and the corpus vitreum show a tenfold higher concentration of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir 4.1 than other Müller cell plasma membrane domains. This highly selective enrichment of Kir 4.1 allows K+ to be siphoned through endfoot membranes in a special form of spatial buffering. Here, we show that Kir 4.1 is enriched in endfoot membranes through an interaction with β1-syntrophin. Targeted disruption of this syntrophin caused a loss of Kir 4.1 from Müller cell endfeet without affecting the total level of Kir 4.1 expression in the retina. Targeted disruption of α1-syntrophin had no effect on Kir 4.1 localization. Our findings show that the Kir 4.1 aggregation that forms the basis for K+ siphoning depends on a specific syntrophin isoform that colocalizes with Kir 4.1 in Müller endfoot membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas B Rao
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shirin Katoozi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Skauli
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stanley C Froehner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Western Australia
| | - Ole Petter Ottersen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marvin E Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Western Australia
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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41
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Abstract
This paper compares the Selective Accessibility and Scale Distortion theories of anchoring as explanations for anchoring tasks involving (1) perceived dissimilarity between comparison and estimation objects and (2) successive estimation tasks. We begin by describing the two theories of anchoring and what each would predict for these conditions. Two studies are presented in which multiple estimates are made following a single comparison task and the effect sizes of these estimates are correlated to operationalizations of similarity. In the first study, the stimuli varied with respect to how well they fit within an existing category reasonably familiar to the participant population: aircraft. In the second study, the stimuli varied with respect to external features that did not define the category: the brand and location of hotels. In both studies, we find that the anchoring effect size has a positive correlation with the semantic similarity between the comparison and estimation objects, a finding consistent with Selective Accessibility.
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42
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Abstract
When estimating unknown quantities, people insufficiently adjust from values they have previously considered, a phenomenon known as anchoring. We suggest that anchoring is at least partially caused by a desire to avoid making extreme adjustments. In seven studies ( N = 5,279), we found that transparently irrelevant cues of extremeness influenced people's adjustments from anchors. In Studies 1-6, participants were less likely to adjust beyond a particular amount when that amount was closer to the maximum allowable adjustment. For example, in Study 5, participants were less likely to adjust by at least 6 units when they were allowed to adjust by a maximum of 6 units than by a maximum of 15 units. In Study 7, participants adjusted less after considering whether an outcome would be within a smaller distance of the anchor. These results suggest that anchoring effects may reflect a desire to avoid adjustments that feel too extreme.
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Abstract
Localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) at the vegetal cortex plays an important role in the early development of Xenopus laevis oocytes. While it is known that molecular motors are responsible for the transport of mRNA cargo along microtubules to the cortex, the mechanisms of localization remain unclear. We model cargo transport along microtubules using partial differential equations with spatially-dependent rates. A theoretical analysis of reduced versions of our model predicts effective velocity and diffusion rates for the cargo and shows that randomness of microtubule networks enhances effective transport. A more complex model using parameters estimated from fluorescence microscopy data reproduces the spatial and timescales of mRNA localization observed in Xenopus oocytes, corroborates experimental hypotheses that anchoring may be necessary to achieve complete localization, and shows that anchoring of mRNA complexes actively transported to the cortex is most effective in achieving robust accumulation at the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Björn Sandstede
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Samantha P Jeschonek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Kimberly L Mowry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Wundrack R, Prager J, Asselmann E, O'Connell G, Specht J. Does Intraindividual Variability of Personality States Improve Perspective Taking? An Ecological Approach Integrating Personality and Social Cognition. J Intell 2018; 6:E50. [PMID: 31162477 PMCID: PMC6480758 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Research integrating cognitive abilities and personality has focused on the role of personality traits. We propose a theory on the role of intraindividual variability of personality states (hereafter state variability) on perspective taking, in particular, the ability to infer other peoples' mental states. First, we review the relevant research on personality psychology and social cognition. Second, we propose two complementary routes by which state variability relates to anchoring and adjustment in perspective taking. The first route, termed ego-dispersion, suggests that an increased state variability decreases egocentric bias, which reduces anchoring. The second route, termed perspective-pooling, suggests that an increased state variability facilitates efficient adjustment. We also discuss how our theory can be investigated empirically. The theory is rooted in an ecological interpretation of personality and social cognition, and flags new ways for integrating these fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wundrack
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julia Prager
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Garret O'Connell
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
First impressions from faces emerge quickly and shape subsequent behaviour. Given that different pictures of the same face evoke different impressions, we asked whether presentation order affects the overall impression of the person. In three experiments, we presented naturally varying photos of a person's face in ascending (low-to-high) or descending (high-to-low) order of attractiveness. We found that attractiveness ratings for a subsequent test item were higher for the descending condition than for the ascending condition (Experiment 1), consistent with anchoring effects. In Experiment 2, we ruled out contrast between the final item and the test item as the cause of the effect by demonstrating anchoring within the sequence itself. In Experiment 3, we found that order of image presentation also affected dating decisions. Our findings demonstrate that first impressions from faces depend not only on visual information but also on the order in which that information is received. We suggest that models of impression formation and learning of individual faces could be improved by considering temporal order of encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Goller
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Leder
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Rob Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK
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46
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Leusch YM, Loschelder DD, Basso F. Precious Property or Magnificent Money? How Money Salience but Not Temperature Priming Affects First-Offer Anchors in Economic Transactions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1099. [PMID: 30022962 PMCID: PMC6039788 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims for a better understanding of how individuals' behavior in monetary price negotiations differs from their behavior in bartering situations. Two contrasting hypotheses were derived from endowment theory and current negotiation research to examine whether negotiators are more susceptible to anchoring in price negotiations versus in bartering transactions. In addition, past research found that cues of coldness enhance cognitive control and reduce anchoring effects. We attempted to replicate these coldness findings for price anchors in a distributive negotiations scenario and to illuminate the potential interplay of coldness priming with a price versus bartering manipulation. Participants (N = 219) were recruited for a 2 × 2 between-subjects negotiation experiment manipulating (1) monetary focus and (2) temperature priming. Our data show a higher anchoring susceptibility in price negotiations than in bartering transactions. Despite a successful priming manipulation check, coldness priming did not affect participants' anchoring susceptibility (nor interact with the price/bartering manipulation). Our findings improve our theoretical understanding of how the focus on negotiation resources frames economic transactions as either unidirectional or bidirectional, and how this focus shapes parties' susceptibility to the anchoring bias and negotiation behavior. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik M. Leusch
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - David D. Loschelder
- Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Frédéric Basso
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Cao L, Liang T, Zhang X, Liu W, Li J, Zhan X, Wang L. In-Situ pH-Sensitive Fibers via the Anchoring of Bromothymol Blue on Cellulose Grafted with Hydroxypropyltriethylamine Groups via Adsorption. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070709. [PMID: 30960634 PMCID: PMC6403565 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In-situ pH-sensitive cellulose fibers (IS-pH-SCF) were prepared by anchoring bromothymol blue (BTB) onto cellulose fibers (CF) modified with hydroxypropyltriethylamine (HPTTL) groups. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectrum analyses demonstrated that the HPTTL groups were grafted onto the CF. X-ray diffraction proved that cellulose I in the CF transformed into cellulose II after quaternization. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that the quaternized CF (QCF) surface was clean and uniformly ridged. The adsorption of BTB onto QCF was carried out via batch adsorption experiments. A kinetic study illustrated that the adsorption was a spontaneous process and described well by pseudo-second-order, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The activation energy for the BTB adsorption onto QCF was 52.89 kJ/mol, which proved that the BTB adsorption onto QCFs was chemically controlled. The pH response demonstrated that the IS-pH-SCF was highly sensitive to pH, with an obvious color change for pH 4 to 8. The release tests showed that BTB was anchored on QCFs and that no BTB was released. IS-pH-SCF has a potential use for indicating pH changes in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Tieqiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xipeng Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xianxu Zhan
- Dehua TB New Decoration Material CO., LTD, Deqing 313200, China.
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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48
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Abstract
As a research field expands, scientists have to update their knowledge and integrate the outcomes of a sequence of studies. However, such integrative judgments are generally known to fall victim to a primacy bias where people anchor their judgments on the initial information. In this preregistered study we tested the hypothesis that people anchor on the outcome of a small initial study, reducing the impact of a larger subsequent study that contradicts the initial result. Contrary to our expectation, undergraduates and academics displayed a recency bias, anchoring their judgment on the research outcome presented last. This recency bias is due to the fact that unsuccessful replications decreased trust in an effect more than did unsuccessful initial experiments. We recommend the time-reversal heuristic to account for temporal order effects during integration of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Franziska Ernst
- 1 Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rink Hoekstra
- 2 Department Educational Science, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew Gelman
- 4 Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Don van Ravenzwaaij
- 1 Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Agrawal A, Stein C, Hunt D, Rodriguez M, Willett LL, Estrada C. Exercises in Clinical Reasoning: Take a Time-Out and Reflect. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:388-392. [PMID: 29302886 PMCID: PMC5834975 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-017-4261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Agrawal
- Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 Faculty Office Tower, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3407, USA
| | - Carlie Stein
- Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 Faculty Office Tower, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3407, USA. .,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Dan Hunt
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lisa L Willett
- Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 Faculty Office Tower, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3407, USA.,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carlos Estrada
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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50
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Abstract
Research in the judge-advisor-paradigm suggests that advice is generally utilized less than it should be according to its quality. In a series of four experiments, we challenge this widely held assumption. We hypothesize that when advice quality is low, the opposite phenomenon, namely overutilization of advice, occurs. We further assume that this overutilization effect is the result of anchoring: advice serves as an anchor, thus causing an adjustment toward even useless advice. The data of our four experiments support these hypotheses. Judges systematically adjusted their estimates toward advice that we introduced to them as being useless, and this effect was stable after controlling for intentional utilization of this advice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that anchoring-based adjustment toward advice is independent of advice quality. Our findings enhance our understanding of the processes involved in advice taking and identify a potential threat to judgment accuracy arising from an inability to discount useless advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schultze
- 1 Institute of Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.,2 Leibniz Science Campus "Primate Cognition," Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz-Hardt
- 1 Institute of Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.,2 Leibniz Science Campus "Primate Cognition," Göttingen, Germany
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