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Roy MM, Redlich D, Lamison E, Memmert D. The naturalness bias in sport. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 70:102537. [PMID: 37703938 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined the naturalness bias - the tendency to prefer people who seem to come by their talent naturally and not through work or effort - on ratings of athletic ability. Football (soccer) coaches, athletes, fans, and non-fans (n = 430) read about an athlete described as either being a natural or a striver. After watching a video of the athlete going through drills, participants rated the athlete on likelihood of success, athletic skill, mental strength, and physiological ability. Participants of all expertise levels tended to rate the athlete described as a natural as being higher in mental toughness than did the participants rating the athlete described as being a striver. There were no significant differences in ratings for the natural and the striver for measures of skill and explosiveness. It appears that the naturalness bias was most likely to influence ratings not easily judged by viewing a single performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Elizabethtown College, USA; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | - Emily Lamison
- Elizabethtown College, USA; University of Maryland, USA
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Dennin A, Furman K, Pretz JE, Roy MM. The relationship of types of intuition to thinking styles, beliefs, and cognitions. Behavioral Decision Making 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Dennin
- Department of Psychology Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown Pennsylvania USA
- Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology Widener University Chester Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kayla Furman
- Department of Psychology Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jean E. Pretz
- Department of Psychology Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown Pennsylvania USA
| | - Michael M. Roy
- Department of Psychology Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown Pennsylvania USA
- Potchefstroom is School of Music North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
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Roy MM, Norton EM, Rendahl AK, Schultz NE, McFarlane D, Geor RJ, Mickelson JR, McCue ME. Assessment of the FAM174A 11G allele as a risk allele for equine metabolic syndrome. Anim Genet 2020; 51:607-610. [PMID: 32412131 DOI: 10.1111/age.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An 11G nucleotide repeat in the 3' UTR of FAM174A was recently postulated as a risk allele with a dominant mode of inheritance for equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and laminitis status in Arabian horses. The objective of this project was to evaluate this hypothesis in a large and diverse across-breed population. A total of 301 ponies, 292 Morgans, 64 Arabians, 49 Tennessee Walking Horses and 59 Quarter Horses were genotyped for six observed G repeat alleles in the FAM174A 3' UTR. Phenotype data included laminitis status, baseline insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, adiponectin, leptin, ACTH, insulin and glucose post oral sugar test, and two proxies for insulin resistance. The 11G allele frequencies were 18.8, 6.9, 1.8, 0.2 and 0.0% in the Arabians, Tennessee Walkers, ponies, Morgans and Quarter Horses respectively. Association analyses between FAM174A genotype and EMS phenotypes, and between allele count and EMS phenotypes, identified no statistically significant associations. When a dominant effect for the 11G allele was evaluated, a statistically significant association with adiponectin levels was identified in the ponies, and pairwise comparisons revealed that the estimated marginal means were higher in ponies with the 11G allele vs. alternative alleles (i.e. the allele had a protective effect). In conclusion, our data do not support the FAM174A 11G allele as a risk allele for EMS in our studied breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Roy
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - E M Norton
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - A K Rendahl
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 295 An Sci Vet Med, 1988 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - N E Schultz
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - D McFarlane
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - R J Geor
- College of Sciences, Massey University, B2.13, Science Tower B, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J R Mickelson
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 295 An Sci Vet Med, 1988 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - M E McCue
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
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Gasper HL, Roy MM, Flowe HD. Improving Time Estimation in Witness Memory. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1452. [PMID: 31333529 PMCID: PMC6621925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether witness memory for duration could be improved. In three studies, we examined the effects of unpacking (breaking an event into its component parts), anchoring (supplying participants with a reference duration), and summation (summing component estimates). Participants watched a video-recorded mock crime and provided duration estimates for components of the crime (e.g., casing the car, unlocking the door, etc.) and for the total crime. Results indicate that bias in estimated duration was less for the sum of the parts than it was for the overall duration estimate. Further, the sum of the individual parts did not equal the total estimate, even though all estimates were given in sequence. Summing the component parts could be a more successful intervention than anchoring or unpacking and is easy to employ with witnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael M. Roy
- Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA, United States
- School of Music, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Heather D. Flowe
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Roy MM, Burns T, Radzevick JR. Unpacking, summing and anchoring in retrospective time estimation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 192:153-162. [PMID: 30529827 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether or not interventions that have been used to try to influence predictions of future task duration - unpacking, summing and anchoring - had a similar effect on retrospective estimations of duration. In three studies, participants experienced a number of short stimuli, such as watching videos, before estimating the duration for each of the stimuli and the overall duration. The first estimation given served as an anchor for all following estimates. If the first estimation was highly biased in one direction, then subsequent estimates were more likely to also be biased in the same direction. Additionally, separate estimates for a number of individual tasks differed from the estimates for all of the tasks combined. This incongruity happened even though all estimates were given in sequence. Overall, results indicated that memories of past task duration could be influenced by the manner in which they were elicited.
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Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Chatterjee A, Das D, Das B, Nayak B, Pal A, Chowdhury UK, Ahmed S, Biswas BK, Sengupta MK, Lodh D, Samanta G, Chakraborty S, Roy MM, Dutta RN, Saha KC, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB. Fate of over 480 million inhabitants living in arsenic and fluoride endemic Indian districts: Magnitude, health, socio-economic effects and mitigation approaches. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:33-45. [PMID: 27238728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During our last 27 years of field survey in India, we have studied the magnitude of groundwater arsenic and fluoride contamination and its resulting health effects from numerous states. India is the worst groundwater fluoride and arsenic affected country in the world. Fluoride results the most prevalent groundwater related diseases in India. Out of a total 29 states in India, groundwater of 20 states is fluoride affected. Total population of fluoride endemic 201 districts of India is 411 million (40% of Indian population) and more than 66 million people are estimated to be suffering from fluorosis including 6 million children below 14 years of age. Fluoride may cause a crippling disease. In 6 states of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain (GB-Plain), 70.4 million people are potentially at risk from groundwater arsenic toxicity. Three additional states in the non GB-Plain are mildly arsenic affected. For arsenic with substantial cumulative exposure can aggravate the risk of cancers along with various other diseases. Clinical effects of fluoride includes abnormal tooth enamel in children; adults had joint pain and deformity of the limbs, spine etc. The affected population chronically exposed to arsenic and fluoride from groundwater is in danger and there is no available medicine for those suffering from the toxicity. Arsenic and fluoride safe water and nutritious food are suggested to prevent further aggravation of toxicity. The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that social problems arising from arsenic and fluoride toxicity eventually create pressure on the economy of the affected areas. In arsenic and fluoride affected areas in India, crisis is not always having too little safe water to satisfy our need, it is the crisis of managing the water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Amit Chatterjee
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipankar Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Chemical Engineering (SCALE), VIT-University, Vellore, India
| | - Biswajit Nayak
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Arup Pal
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Sad Ahmed
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Dilip Lodh
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Gautam Samanta
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - M M Roy
- Retired Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Rathindra Nath Dutta
- Retired Professor Department of Dermatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Shyamapada Pati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Probir Bijoy Kar
- Surgical Oncologist, Barasat Cancer Research and Welfare Centre, Kolkata, India
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Abstract
People high in rumination are good at tasks that require persistence whereas people low in rumination is good at tasks that require flexibility. Here we examine real world implications of these differences in dynamic, team sport. In two studies, we found that professional male football (soccer) players from Germany and female field hockey players on the US national team were lower in rumination than were non-athletes. Further, low levels of rumination were associated with a longer career at a higher level in football players. Results indicate that athletes in dynamic, team sport might benefit from the flexibility associated with being low in rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Department of Psychology, Elizabethtown CollegeElizabethtown, PA, USA; North-West UniversityPotchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Anastasia Frees
- Department of Psychology, Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown, PA, USA
| | | | - Jean Pretz
- Department of Psychology, Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown, PA, USA
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Rathore VS, Singh JP, Bhardwaj S, Nathawat NS, Kumar M, Roy MM. Potential of native shrubs Haloxylon salicornicum and Calligonum Polygonoides for restoration of degraded lands in Arid Western Rajasthan, India. Environ Manage 2015; 55:205-216. [PMID: 25239772 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-014-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shrub-induced soil property spatial heterogeneity is common in arid and semi-arid ecosystems and aids desertified land restoration. However, the effectiveness of this technique may rely on the plant species used and the habitat conditions present. To assess the degree to which planting two native species, Haloxylon salicornicum and Calligonum polygonoides, facilitates degraded land restoration, soil and herbaceous plant community properties were measured 7 years after planting. Soil samples were extracted at two depths (0-5 and 5-20 cm) from three sub-habitats, i.e., under the shrub canopy, from alleys between shrubs and from the open area. Shrub planting increased the quantity of silt + clay content (30-39 %); enhanced water holding capacities (24-30 %); increased the levels of organic carbon (48-69 %), available nitrogen (31-47 %), available phosphorus (32-41 %), and electrical conductivity (21-33 %); and decreased the pH (7-12 %) and bulk density levels (5-6 %) in the surface layer of soils beneath the canopy. Soil property changes were more significant at the surface (0-5 cm) than in the deeper layer (5-20 cm), and were more pronounced under H. salicornicum than under C. polygonoides. Furthermore, the density and biomass levels of herbaceous plants were 1.1 to 1.2 and 1.4 to 1.6 times greater, respectively, in the shrub alleys than in open area. H. salicornicum induced more robust soil amelioration and herbaceous plant facilitative properties than did C. polygonoides. Artificially planting these shrubs may thus be employed to restore degraded areas of arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Rathore
- Regional Research Station, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, P.O. Bangla Nagar, Bikaner, 334004, Rajasthan, India,
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Roy
- Department of Psychology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA, USA
- Department of Music, North-West UniversityPotchefstroom, South Africa
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Abstract
People have been shown to view their beliefs as being prototypical (modal) but their abilities as (falsely) unique (above or below average). It is possible that these two viewpoints - self as prototypical and self as unique - can be reconciled. If the distribution of ability for a given skill is skewed such that many others have high (low) ability and few others have low (high) ability, it is possible that a majority of peoples' self-assessments can be above (below) average. Participants in 5 studies demonstrated an understanding that various skills have skewed ability distributions and their self-assessments were related to distribution shape: high when negatively skewed and low when positively skewed. Further, participants tended to place themselves near the mode of their perceived skill distribution. Participants were most likely to think that they were good at skills for which they thought that most others were also good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Elizabethtown College ; North-West University, Potchefstroom
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Abstract
We examined whether people recognized that others might disagree with their high self-assessments of driving ability, and, if so, why. Participants in four experiments expressed a belief that others would assess them as worse drivers than they assessed themselves. This difference appears to be caused by participants' use of their own, idiosyncratic definition of driving ability. In Experiments 2 and 3 participants reported that others would supply similar assessments of their ability when the skill was less ambiguous. Results of Experiment 4 indicate that participants recognize that there may be more than one way to view driving performance. Participants appear aware that others likely disagree with their self-assessment of driving ability due to differences in how others define driving ability.
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Abstract
People are often wrong in estimating both how long tasks have taken in the past and how long they will take in the future. Bias could be due to factors such as task involvement, an individual's engagement or motivation in completing the task, or aspects of the task such as its relative duration or memory storage size associated with it. We examined time estimation bias in actors (likely to experience high levels of task involvement) and observers (likely to experience low levels of task involvement) for both predictions of and memory of task duration. Results suggest that bias appears to be due to memory storage size rather than to involvement with the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Department of Psychology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA 17601, USA.
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Abstract
People are often inaccurate in predicting task duration. The memory bias explanation holds that this error is due to people having incorrect memories of how long previous tasks have taken, and these biased memories cause biased predictions. Therefore, the authors examined the effect on increasing predictive accuracy of correcting memory through supplying feedback for actual task duration. For Experiments 1 (paper-counting task) and 2 (essay-writing task), college students were supplied with duration information about their previous performance on a similar task before predicting task duration. For Experiment 3, participants were recruited at various locations, such as fast food restaurants and video arcades, and supplied with average task duration for others before predicting how long the task would take. In all 3 experiments, supplying feedback increased predictive accuracy. Overall, results indicate that, when predicting duration, people do well when they rely not on memory of past task duration but instead on measures of actual duration, whether their own or that of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Department of Psychology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA 17022, USA.
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Abstract
Both anecdotal accounts and experimental evidence suggest that people underestimate how long it will take them to complete future tasks. A possible reason for this tendency is that people remember tasks as taking less time than they actually did, with these biased memories causing a corresponding bias in prediction. Two experiments were performed to determine whether or not a systematic bias in memory could explain a similar systematic bias in prediction. In support, it was found that (1) the tendency to underestimate future duration disappears when the task is novel, (2) there is similar bias in estimation of both past and future durations, and (3) variables that affect memory of duration, such as level of experience with the task and duration of delay before estimation, affect prediction of duration in the same way. It appears that, at least in part, people underestimate future event duration because they underestimate past event duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Department of Psychology, University of llinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA
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Abstract
People frequently underestimate how long it will take them to complete a task. The prevailing view is that during the prediction process, people incorrectly use their memories of how long similar tasks have taken in the past because they take an overly optimistic outlook. A variety of evidence is reviewed in this article that points to a different, although not mutually exclusive, explanation: People base predictions of future duration on their memories of how long past events have taken, but these memories are systematic underestimates of past duration. People appear to underestimate future event duration because they underestimate past event duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Roy MM, Christenfeld NJS, McKenzie CRM. The broad applicability of memory bias and its coexistence with the planning fallacy: Reply to Griffin and Buehler (2005). Psychol Bull 2005; 131:761-2. [PMID: 16187858 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
People chronically underestimate how long tasks will take. In their original article, the present authors (M. M. Roy, N. J. S. Christenfeld, & C. R. M. McKenzie, suggested a simple, broadly applicable explanation: Biased predictions result from biased memories. In their comment article, D. Griffin and R. Buehler suggested that in many domains in which this memory-bias account appears to out-predict their own account, theirs actually makes no prediction at all. However, the present authors did not suggest that only 1 theory is right but that theirs is consistent with data that prior theories, including their own, cannot explain. Ignoring memories of past tasks is not a complete explanation for the phenomenon if the memories people could consult are themselves biased. Nonetheless, underestimating future task duration is almost certainly multiply determined, and thus our account and theirs can coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Abstract
We examined whether the frequent casual reports of people resembling their pets are accurate by having observers attempt to match dogs with their owners. We further explored whether any ability of observers to make such matches is due to people selecting dogs who resemble them, in which case the resemblance should be greater for predictable purebreds than for nonpurebreds, or is due to convergence, in which case the resemblance should grow with duration of ownership. Forty-five dogs and their owners were photographed separately, and judges were shown one owner, that owner's dog, and one other dog, with the task of picking out the true match. The results were consistent with a selection account: Observers were able to match only purebred dogs with their owners, and there was no relation between the ability to pair a person with his or her pet and the time they had cohabited. The ability to match people and pets did not seem to rely on any simple trait matching (e.g., size or hairiness). The results suggest that when people pick a pet, they seek one that, at some level, resembles them, and when they get a purebred, they get what they want.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Roy
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0109, USA
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Abstract
Bone lead content of the mid-tibia was measured by in vivo fluorescence excitation in 90 females and 59 males aged between 6 and 81. The cross-sectionally derived rate of increase of tibia lead content was 0.24 +/- 0.03 microgram [g mineral]-1 yr-1. In 93 adult women, the corresponding rate of increase for calcaneus lead content was 0.12 +/- 0.11 microgram [g mineral]-1 yr-1. Comparison with European values show that, in Canada, the rates of lead accumulation are greater than those found in N. Sweden and Finland, similar to those of S. Sweden and less than values measured in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Roy
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
In the female guinea pig, estrus is inhibited after copulation. This study explored the role of the endocrine status of the male on the termination of the lordosis response in females. Ovariectomized females were treated with estradiol benzoate and progesterone to induce estrus and were then mated with males when the males were intact, castrated, and castrated and treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Lordosis responses were recorded prior to and following mating. Females who received an ejaculation from a castrated male remained sexually receptive longer than the females mated with intact males, or those males that were castrated and treated with TP. These results support the hypothesis that the factor(s) responsible for termination of estrus in females are found in the ejaculate of the male and are testosterone dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Roy
- Beloit College, Department of Biology, Wisconsin 53511
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Abstract
Most sexual dimorphisms in reproductive behavior are hormonally organized in the guinea pig. The study sought to determine whether the sexually dimorphic requirement for the aromatization of testosterone in the activation of mounting is organized by testosterone prenatally and whether aromatization of testosterone contributes to the organization of mounting behavior. Pregnant females were treated with testosterone, the aromatase inhibitor ATD, or vehicle from days 28-65 of gestation. The offspring were gonadectomized and tested as adults for lordosis and androgen-activated mounting behavior. Prenatal testosterone treatments altered the hormonal requirements for androgen-activated mounting in females such that they resembled normal males, and did not require aromatization as adults. Prenatal inhibition of aromatase activity decreased mounting activity in females but not in males. This treatment had no influence on lordosis in either sex. The results support the hypothesis that the same hormones that activate mounting behavior in the adult guinea pig are responsible for the organization of mounting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Roy
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Abstract
Adult male and female guinea pigs from a genetically heterogeneous stock were gonadectomized and tested for mounting behavior before and during various treatments with testosterone cypionate (TC) alone or in combination with an aromatase inhibitor, 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD). ATD was implanted subdermally in Silastic capsules (either 1 or 2 in females; 2 or 3 in males). In females 2 capsules of ATD completely blocked the behavioral effects of TC, and 1 capsule was an effective blocker in 58% of the females. The blocking effect was reversed by injection of diethylstilbestrol. In males, there was no measurable effect of ATD on mounting activity even when 3 capsules were implanted. Moreover, the TC induction of higher components of male sexual behavior (intromission and ejaculation) was also not impaired by ATD. Results are interpreted as indicating that either the process of male sexual differentiation or the male genotype eliminates the requirement for aromatization in androgenic activation of sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Roy
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715
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Abstract
We previously demonstrated that in a simple pair test situation the expression of adult male sexual behavior by rhesus monkeys depends on both prenatal (organizational) and adult (activational) androgen exposure. In the present study we used a more complex social situation (trio tests) to evaluate the behavior of males, females, and female pseudohermaphrodites. In these trio tests, the experimental subjects were tested with two estrogenized stimulus females simultaneously. Sex differences in behavior were made apparent by this complex testing situation that could not have emerged in the pair test. Gonadectomized males and female pseudohermaphrodites, but not ovariectomized females that were concurrently receiving TP, exhibited increased male sexual behavior in trio tests compared to pair tests. In trio tests, the males and pseudohermaphrodites showed evidence of partner preference by interacting almost exclusively with one of the two stimulus females. These "preferred females" in turn were responsible for the majority of the proceptive behavior exhibited in these tests. Ovariectomized females rarely displayed male sexual behavior in either test situation. These results further support the hypothesis that prenatal androgen exposure predisposes monkeys to exhibit masculine behavior traits when they reach adulthood and are exposed to the activational influences of androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pomerantz
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Madison 53715
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Pomerantz SM, Goy RW, Roy MM. Expression of male-typical behavior in adult female pseudohermaphroditic rhesus: comparisons with normal males and neonatally gonadectomized males and females. Horm Behav 1986; 20:483-500. [PMID: 3793029 DOI: 10.1016/0018-506x(86)90010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two types of pseudohermaphroditic female rhesus produced by exposure to either testosterone propionate (TP) or dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) prior to birth were ovariectomized postpuberally and evaluated for the display of male-typical sexual behavior in response to exogenous TP in adulthood (2 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks). Their performance in standardized tests with estrogenized female partners was compared to that of neonatally gonadectomized males and females identically tested and treated with exogenous TP as adults. In addition intact adult males not given exogenous TP were tested with the same estrogenized female partners. There were no reliable differences between the two types of pseudohermaphrodites on any measure of behavior shown during the tests. Accordingly results were combined. Reliable behavioral changes induced by the TP given in adulthood were limited to increases in purse-lip responses, the induced increases were similar in pseudohermaphrodites and castrated males, and increases were reliably greater in these two groups of subjects than in females. Pseudohermaphrodites and castrated males did not differ reliably from intact males in performance of purse-lip gestures during TP treatment. In the performance of mounting, however, pseudohermaphrodites and castrated males remained consistently below the standard of the intact males. The estrogenized female partners displayed proceptive responses most frequently to the intact males and least frequently to the females. Their proceptive responses with castrated males resembled their performance with intact males, but with pseudohermaphrodites their proceptive responses more closely resembled their performance with females. Receptive behavior of the female partners was displayed most frequently to intact males, at intermediate levels to castrated males, and least often to pseudohermaphrodites. Results are completely consistent with the notion that androgens in high concentrations before birth alter mechanisms related to the later display of masculine behavior. These alterations in behavioral mechanisms are of such a nature that the display of male-typical behavior induced by androgens in adulthood is more pronounced and more frequent than it would have been otherwise. The alterations in masculine behavior observed in pseudohermaphroditic rhesus are not different in kind or scope than those reported extensively for lower mammals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Pomerantz SM, Roy MM, Thornton JE, Goy RW. Expression of adult female patterns of sexual behavior by male, female, and pseudohermaphroditic female rhesus monkeys. Biol Reprod 1985; 33:878-89. [PMID: 4084633 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod33.4.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadally intact pseudohermaphroditic female and normal female and neonatally castrated male rhesus monkeys were given estrogen treatment as adults and evaluated for attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity during tests with a tethered stud male. Pseudohermaphrodites were produced by injecting their mothers during pregnancy with either testosterone propionate (TP) or dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP). Castrated males had reliably lower attractivity than normal females on all indicator responses shown by the tethered males. Additionally, castrated males showed reliably fewer proceptive responses on 4 of 5 measures than normal females. Receptivity could not be assessed in this situation for castrated males, because tethered males never contacted them unless the castrated males were displaying presentation. No reliable differences were observed between pseudohermaphrodites produced by prenatal treatments with TP or DHTP. Pseudohermaphrodites generally showed reliably less attractivity and proceptivity than normal females and reliably more of these traits than castrated males. Attractivity scores for pseudohermaphrodites were not different from those for normal females until proximity to the tethered male was established. Receptivity was not different in pseudohermaphrodites compared with normal females. Results indicate prenatal androgenization and its developmental sequelae lead to a defeminization in adulthood which, in this testing situation, was principally manifested by a deficiency in the performance of proceptive behaviors. Additionally, defeminization in rhesus monkeys, unlike that demonstrated in rodents, does not depend upon actions of an aromatizable androgen.
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Cox B, Roy MM. Nursing ethics can improve quality long term care. J Am Health Care Assoc 1985; 11:48-51. [PMID: 10311283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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