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Murungweni KT, Ramashia SE, Mashau ME. Effect of malting on physicochemical, antioxidant, and microstructural properties of finger millet ( Eleusine coracana) flours. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:547-563. [PMID: 38268874 PMCID: PMC10804109 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) is a gluten-free crop with a high amount of fiber, calcium and iron, outstanding malting qualities and a low glycemic index. The study aimed to determine the physicochemical, functional, antioxidant and microstructural properties of malted finger millet (light and dark brown) flours. The two varieties of finger millet grains were germinated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h and kilned for 8 h. The lightness (L*) values of malted finger millet flours significantly increased, with light brown having the highest L* value of 76.62. The hue angle and total color differences (ΔE) of the malted finger millet flours increased significantly (p ≤ .05.), and values ranged from 63.43° to 71.20° (light brown) and 2.12° to 4.32° (dark brown), respectively. The moisture, ash, fiber, protein, total phenolic, total flavonoids contents and DPPH activity of both malted finger millet flours significantly increased. On the contrary, the fat, carbohydrate, energy contents and FRAP activity significantly decreased with each malting period of both finger millet flours. Both malted finger millet flours' solubility index, water and oil absorption capacity increased significantly while the packed and loose bulk density decreased. Malting had no significant effect on the viscosity of the cold paste; however, a significant decrease in the viscosity of the cooked paste in both finger millet flours was observed, with values ranging from 285 to 424.00 cP (light brown) and 271.33 to 418.00 cP (dark brown), respectively. Malting resulted in changes in the thermal properties of finger millet flours with an increase in the onset, peak and conclusion temperatures. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectra showed that malting slightly changed the peaks of both finger millet flours. Scanning electron microscopy showed that malting altered the microstructural characteristics of finger millet flours. The results showed that malted finger millet flours are promising raw materials for gluten-free bakery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundai Thelma Murungweni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and AgricultureUniversity of VendaThohoyandouSouth Africa
| | - Shonisani Eugenia Ramashia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and AgricultureUniversity of VendaThohoyandouSouth Africa
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and BiotechnologyShoolini UniversitySolanIndia
| | - Mpho Edward Mashau
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and AgricultureUniversity of VendaThohoyandouSouth Africa
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2
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Metekia WA, Ulusoy BH. Antimicrobial activity of Spirulina platensis extract on total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria of fresh tilapia fillet. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13081. [PMID: 37567905 PMCID: PMC10421913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis has a wide range of activities, notably antibacterial property against food pathogens. This study investigates the antibacterial activity of S. platensis extract on Total Mesophilic and Psychrophilic Aerobic Bacteria. The results were compared using statistical analysis and the predicted model values using artificial intelligence-based models such as artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) Models. The extraction of spirulina was done by using the freeze-thaw method with a concentration of 0.5, 1 and 5% w/v. Before the application of the extract, initial microbial load of fillets was analyzed the and the results were used as control. After application analysis was performed at 1, 24 and 48 h of storage at 4 °C. Based on the statistical analysis result the S. platensis extracts' antimicrobial activity over TMAB of fresh tilapia fish fillets at 1, 24 and 48 h was using EA from 2.5 log10 CFU/g during the control stage to 1.8, 1.1 and 0.7 log10 CFU/g respectively whereas EB and EC was from 2.1 and 2.2 log10 CFU/g at control to 1.5, 0.8, 0.5 log10 CFU/g and 1.23, 0.6 and 0.32 log10 CFU/g respectively at the specified hour interval. Similarly, the three extracts over TPAB were from 2.8 log10 CFU/g at control time to 2.1, 1.5 and 0.9 in EA, while using EB reduces from 2.8 log10 CFU/g to 1.9, 1.3 and 0.8 log10 CFU/g at 1, 24 and 48 h respectively. Although EC presented the reduction from 1.9 log10 CFU/g to 1.4, 1 and 0.5 log10 CFU/g. This was supported by ANN and ANFIS models prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubshet Asnake Metekia
- Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Office, Food Safety and Quality Desk, P. O. Box. 62347, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Beyza Hatice Ulusoy
- Food Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus
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3
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Marques DN, Gomes AE, Linhares JMM, Nascimento SMC. Discrimination of natural colors in anomalous trichromacy and the effects of EnChroma and Vino filters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18075-18087. [PMID: 37381526 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear how well anomalous trichromats discriminate natural colors and whether commercial spectral filters improve performance in these conditions. We show that anomalous trichromats have good color discrimination with colors drawn from natural environments. It is only about 14% poorer, on average, than normal trichromats in our sample of thirteen anomalous trichromats. No measurable effect of the filters on discrimination was found, even after 8 hours of continuous use. Computations of cone and post-receptoral signals show only a modest increase in medium-to-long-wavelength difference signals, which may explain the absent effect of the filters.
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EMERY KARAJ, ISHERWOOD ZOEYJ, WEBSTER MICHAELA. Gaining the system: limits to compensating color deficiencies through post-receptoral gain changes. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:A16-A25. [PMID: 37132998 PMCID: PMC10157001 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.480035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Color percepts of anomalous trichromats are often more similar to normal trichromats than predicted from their receptor spectral sensitivities, suggesting that post-receptoral mechanisms can compensate for chromatic losses. The basis for these adjustments and the extent to which they could discount the deficiency are poorly understood. We modeled the patterns of compensation that might result from increasing the gains in post-receptoral neurons to offset their weakened inputs. Individual neurons and the population responses jointly encode luminance and chromatic signals. As a result, they cannot independently adjust for a change in the chromatic inputs, predicting only partial recovery of the chromatic responses and increased responses to achromatic contrast. These analyses constrain the potential sites and mechanisms of compensation for a color loss and characterize the utility and limits of neural gain changes for calibrating color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- KARA J. EMERY
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV 89557
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York NY 10011
| | - ZOEY J. ISHERWOOD
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV 89557
| | - MICHAEL A. WEBSTER
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV 89557
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5
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Aseyev N. Perception of color in primates: A conceptual color neurons hypothesis. Biosystems 2023; 225:104867. [PMID: 36792004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Perception of color by humans and other primates is a complex problem, studied by neurophysiology, psychophysiology, psycholinguistics, and even philosophy. Being mostly trichromats, simian primates have three types of opsin proteins, expressed in cone neurons in the eye, which allow for the sensing of color as the physical wavelength of light. Further, in neural networks of the retina, the coding principle changes from three types of sensor proteins to two opponent channels: activity of one type of neuron encode the evolutionarily ancient blue-yellow axis of color stimuli, and another more recent evolutionary channel, encoding the axis of red-green color stimuli. Both color channels are distinctive in neural organization at all levels from the eye to the neocortex, where it is thought that the perception of color (as philosophical qualia) emerges from the activity of some neuron ensembles. Here, using data from neurophysiology as a starting point, we propose a hypothesis on how the perception of color can be encoded in the activity of certain neurons in the neocortex. These conceptual neurons, herein referred to as 'color neurons', code only the hue of the color of visual stimulus, similar to place cells and number neurons, already described in primate brains. A case study with preliminary, but direct, evidence for existing conceptual color neurons in the human brain was published in 2008. We predict that the upcoming studies in non-human primates will be more extensive and provide a more detailed description of conceptual color neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Aseyev
- Institute Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, RAS, Moscow, 117485, Butlerova, 5A, Russian Federation.
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6
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Bosten JM, Coen-Cagli R, Franklin A, Solomon SG, Webster MA. Special issue: Calibrating the visual system. Vision Res 2022; 201:108132. [PMID: 36279610 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Bosten
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Coen-Cagli
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anna Franklin
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Webster
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV, USA.
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Bosten JM, Coen-Cagli R, Franklin A, Solomon SG, Webster MA. Calibrating Vision: Concepts and Questions. Vision Res 2022; 201:108131. [PMID: 37139435 PMCID: PMC10151026 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The idea that visual coding and perception are shaped by experience and adjust to changes in the environment or the observer is universally recognized as a cornerstone of visual processing, yet the functions and processes mediating these calibrations remain in many ways poorly understood. In this article we review a number of facets and issues surrounding the general notion of calibration, with a focus on plasticity within the encoding and representational stages of visual processing. These include how many types of calibrations there are - and how we decide; how plasticity for encoding is intertwined with other principles of sensory coding; how it is instantiated at the level of the dynamic networks mediating vision; how it varies with development or between individuals; and the factors that may limit the form or degree of the adjustments. Our goal is to give a small glimpse of an enormous and fundamental dimension of vision, and to point to some of the unresolved questions in our understanding of how and why ongoing calibrations are a pervasive and essential element of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruben Coen-Cagli
- Department of Systems Computational Biology, and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
| | | | - Samuel G Solomon
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, UK
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Patterson EJ, Mastey RR, Kuchenbecker JA, Rowlan J, Neitz J, Neitz M, Carroll J. Effects of color-enhancing glasses on color vision in congenital red-green color deficiencies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31182-31194. [PMID: 36242206 PMCID: PMC9576280 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As commercially available glasses for color vision deficiency (CVD) are classified as low risk, they are not subject to stringent marketing regulations. We investigate how EnChroma and VINO glasses affect performance on the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test in individuals with CVD. Data were obtained from 51 individuals with red-green CVD. Blood or saliva samples were collected to examine the structure of the OPN1LW/OPN1MW array. Individuals completed the CAD test twice without glasses and once with each pair of glasses. Although there was a statistically significant effect of both glasses, only that of VINO could be considered functionally meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Patterson
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 925 North 87th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Equal contributors
| | - R. R. Mastey
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 925 North 87th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Equal contributors
| | | | - J. Rowlan
- Ophthalmology, 750 Republican Street Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - J. Neitz
- Ophthalmology, 750 Republican Street Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M. Neitz
- Ophthalmology, 750 Republican Street Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - J. Carroll
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 925 North 87th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
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Ilic I, Lee KR, Mizokami Y, Whitehead L, Webster MA. Adapting to an enhanced color gamut - implications for color vision and color deficiencies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:20999-21015. [PMID: 36224831 PMCID: PMC9363022 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
One strategy for aiding color deficiencies is to use three narrow passbands to filter the light spectrum to increase the saturation of colors. This filtering is analogous to the narrow emission bands used in wide gamut lighting or displays. We examined how perception adapts to the greater color gamut area produced by such devices, testing color-normal observers and simulated environments. Narrowband spectra increased chromatic contrasts but also increased contrast adaptation, partially offsetting the perceived contrast enhancements. Such adaptation adjustments are important for understanding the perceptual consequences of exposure to naturally or artificially enhanced color gamut areas for both color-deficient and color-normal observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ilic
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Kassandra R. Lee
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Yoko Mizokami
- Department of Imaging Sciences, Chiba University, USA
| | - Lorne Whitehead
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, USA
| | - Michael A. Webster
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
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10
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Nascimento SMC, Foster DH. Information gains from commercial spectral filters in anomalous trichromacy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:16883-16895. [PMID: 36221522 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Red-green color discrimination is compromised in anomalous trichromacy, the most common inherited color vision deficiency. This computational analysis tested whether three commercial optical filters with medium-to-long-wavelength stop bands increased information about colored surfaces. The surfaces were sampled from 50 hyperspectral images of outdoor scenes. At best, potential gains in the effective number of surfaces discriminable solely by color reached 9% in protanomaly and 15% in deuteranomaly, much less than with normal trichromacy. Gains were still less with lower scene illumination and more severe color vision deficiency. Stop-band filters may offer little improvement in objective real-world color discrimination.
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11
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Vanston JE, Tregillus KEM, Webster MA, Crognale MA. Task-dependent contrast gain in anomalous trichromats. Vision Res 2021; 184:14-22. [PMID: 33773293 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous trichromacy is a form of color vision deficiency characterized by the presence of three cone types, but with shifted spectral sensitivities for L or M cones, causing a red-green color deficiency. However, long-term adaptation to this impoverished opponent input may allow for a more normal color experience at the suprathreshold level ("compensation"). Recent experimental evidence points to the presence of compensation in some tasks. The current study used threshold detection, suprathreshold contrast matching, and a reaction-time task to compare contrast coding in normal and anomalous observers along the cardinal cone-opponent axes. Compared to color normals, anomals required more L-M contrast, but not S contrast, to detect stimuli and to match an achromatic reference stimulus. Reaction times were measured for several contrast levels along the two cone-opponent axes. Anomals had higher overall reaction times, but their reaction-time versus contrast functions could be matched to those of controls simply by scaling contrast by the detection thresholds. Anomalous participants were impaired relative to controls for L-M stimuli in all three tasks. However, the contrast losses were three times greater for thresholds and reaction times than for suprathreshold matches. These data provide evidence for compensation in anomalous trichromats, but highlight the role that the experimental task plays in revealing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Vanston
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA; School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Minor Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Katherine E M Tregillus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Michael A Webster
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Michael A Crognale
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
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