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Kirsch W, Kunde W. An attentional approach to geometrical illusions. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1360160. [PMID: 38686092 PMCID: PMC11056548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1360160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It is known for a long time that some drawings composed of points, lines, and areas are systematically misperceived. The origin of these geometrical illusions is still unknown. Here we outline how a recent progress in attentional research contributes to a better understanding of such perceptual distortions. The basic idea behind this approach is that crucial elements of a drawing are differently attended. These changes in the allocation of spatial attention go along with systematic changes in low-level spatial coding. As a result, changes in the perception of spatial extent, angles, positions, and shapes can arise. How this approach can be applied to individual illusions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Kirsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Fernández-Vigo JI, Rodríguez-Quet O, Montolío-Marzo E, Burgos-Blasco B, Kudsieh B, González-Martin-Moro J, García-Feijóo J. Anterior Scleral Thickness and Other Dimensions in Nanophthalmos by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography: A Comparative Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5564. [PMID: 37685634 PMCID: PMC10488421 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to assess the ocular dimensions of the anterior and posterior segment, including the anterior scleral thickness (AST) in nanophthalmos compared to control eyes. METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in two groups: 46 eyes of 28 patients with nanophthalmos, defined as axial length (AXL) < 20.5 mm, and 60 eyes of 30 controls paired by age and sex. The AST and ocular wall thickness (OWT) were measured by optical coherence tomography in the temporal and nasal quadrants at 1, 2, and 3 mm from the scleral spur. Also, the anterior chamber depth (ACD), white-to-white (WTW), lens thickness (LT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and retinal thickness (RT) were evaluated. RESULTS The mean AXL was 19.3 ± 1.5 mm in the nanophthalmos group and 23.9 ± 1.1 mm in the control group (p < 0.001). The OWT was thicker in all measurement points in nanophthalmos (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the AST measurements between groups, except for the AST1 and the AST3 in the nasal quadrant. ACD was shallower and LT was thicker in nanophthalmos, with WTW being larger in controls (p < 0.001). SFCT and RT were thicker in nanophthalmos compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Significant anatomical differences are found in nanophthalmic eyes. They present a shallower ACD; thicker LT, OWT, choroid, and retina; and smaller WTW diameter-although no relevant differences in the AST were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Fernández-Vigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.R.-Q.); (E.M.-M.); (B.B.-B.); (J.G.-F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, 28010 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Olivia Rodríguez-Quet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.R.-Q.); (E.M.-M.); (B.B.-B.); (J.G.-F.)
| | - Elena Montolío-Marzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.R.-Q.); (E.M.-M.); (B.B.-B.); (J.G.-F.)
| | - Bárbara Burgos-Blasco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.R.-Q.); (E.M.-M.); (B.B.-B.); (J.G.-F.)
| | - Bachar Kudsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, 28010 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio González-Martin-Moro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario del Henares, 28822 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián García-Feijóo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.R.-Q.); (E.M.-M.); (B.B.-B.); (J.G.-F.)
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Kirsch W, Kunde W. On the origin of the Helmholtz's square illusion: An attentional account. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2018-2032. [PMID: 37157009 PMCID: PMC10545586 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A square filled with parallel horizontal or vertical lines appears perceptually extended in the direction orthogonal to the lines. Here, we suggest that this Helmholtz illusion arises due to changes in spatial attention that entail changes at very early stages of perceptual processing. Three experiments are reported which tested this assumption. In Experiment1 and Experiment2, transient attentional cues were flashed in such a way that they either promoted (congruent condition) or hindered (incongruent condition) the attentional state presumably induced by the target objects. We predicted a decline of the illusion in the incongruent condition compared with the congruent condition. This prediction was confirmed in both experiments. However, the influence of (in)congruent attention cuing on the Helmholtz illusion depended on more sustained distributions of attention as well. An influence of sustained attention on the illusion was confirmed in Experiment 3, in which changes of attentional focus were induced by a secondary task. Overall, the results were consistent with our claim that the origin of the Helmholtz illusion is closely linked to the distribution of spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Kirsch
- Institut für Psychologie III der Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Institut für Psychologie III der Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Rubin JJ, Kawahara AY. A framework for understanding post-detection deception in predator-prey interactions. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15389. [PMID: 37377786 PMCID: PMC10292197 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Predators and prey exist in persistent conflict that often hinges on deception-the transmission of misleading or manipulative signals-as a means for survival. Deceptive traits are widespread across taxa and sensory systems, representing an evolutionarily successful and common strategy. Moreover, the highly conserved nature of the major sensory systems often extends these traits past single species predator-prey interactions toward a broader set of perceivers. As such, deceptive traits can provide a unique window into the capabilities, constraints and commonalities across divergent and phylogenetically-related perceivers. Researchers have studied deceptive traits for centuries, but a unified framework for categorizing different types of post-detection deception in predator-prey conflict still holds potential to inform future research. We suggest that deceptive traits can be distinguished by their effect on object formation processes. Perceptual objects are composed of physical attributes (what) and spatial (where) information. Deceptive traits that operate after object formation can therefore influence the perception and processing of either or both of these axes. We build upon previous work using a perceiver perspective approach to delineate deceptive traits by whether they closely match the sensory information of another object or create a discrepancy between perception and reality by exploiting the sensory shortcuts and perceptual biases of their perceiver. We then further divide this second category, sensory illusions, into traits that distort object characteristics along either the what or where axes, and those that create the perception of whole novel objects, integrating the what/where axes. Using predator-prey examples, we detail each step in this framework and propose future avenues for research. We suggest that this framework will help organize the many forms of deceptive traits and help generate predictions about selective forces that have driven animal form and behavior across evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette J. Rubin
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Izakson L, Gal S, Shahar M, Tavor I, Levy DJ. Similar functional networks predict performance in both perceptual and value-based decision tasks. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2669-2681. [PMID: 35724432 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous commonalities between perceptual and preferential decision processes. For instance, previous studies have shown that both of these decision types are influenced by context. Also, the same computational models can explain both. However, the neural processes and functional connections that underlie these similarities between perceptual and value-based decisions are still unclear. Hence, in the current study, we examine whether perceptual and preferential processes can be explained by similar functional networks utilizing data from the Human Connectome Project. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to predict performance of 2 different decision-making tasks: a value-related task (the delay discounting task) and a perceptual task (the flanker task). We then examined the existence of shared predictive-network features across these 2 decision tasks. Interestingly, we found a significant positive correlation between the functional networks, which predicted the value-based and perceptual tasks. In addition, a larger functional connectivity between visual and frontal decision brain areas was a critical feature in the prediction of both tasks. These results demonstrate that functional connections between perceptual and value-related areas in the brain are inherently related to decision-making processes across domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Izakson
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shachar Gal
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Moni Shahar
- Center of AI and Data Science, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ido Tavor
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Strauss Center for Computational Neuroimaging, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dino J Levy
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Mruczek REB, Fanelli M, Kelly S, Caplovitz GP. The combination of target motion and dynamic changes in context greatly enhance visual size illusions. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:959367. [PMID: 36188172 PMCID: PMC9519898 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived size is a function of viewing distance, retinal images size, and various contextual cues such as linear perspective and the size and location of neighboring objects. Recently, we demonstrated that illusion magnitudes of classic visual size illusions may be greatly enhanced or reduced by adding dynamic elements. Specifically, a dynamic version of the Ebbinghaus illusion (classically considered a “size contrast” illusion) led to a greatly enhanced illusory effect, whereas a dynamic version of the Corridor illusion (a “size constancy” illusion) led to a greatly diminished illusory effect. Although these differences may arise from the different processes underlying these illusions (size contrast vs. size constancy), the dynamic variants we tested in our previous work also differed in the nature of the dynamic elements; specifically, whereas the Dynamic Ebbinghaus included a moving target and inducers that changed size and position, the Dynamic Corridor only included a moving target on a static background. Here, we explore further dynamic versions of the Ebbinghaus illusion and the Corridor and Ponzo illusions by separately manipulating three types of dynamic elements: target motion, context translation, and dynamic changes in context. Across five experiments examining 21 dynamic illusory configurations, adding target motion or a dynamically changing context separately resulted in little-to-no illusory effect. In contrast, the combination of target motion and a dynamically changing context led to a robust size illusion, consistent with an interactive effect. However, illusory effects that exceeded the matched classic, static illusory configuration were only observed for the dynamic versions of the Ebbinghaus illusion and the Revealed Ponzo illusions, in which the contextual elements changed size. We conclude that the combination of target motion and a dynamically changing context are necessary to produce dynamic size illusions, but that enhancement above and beyond static illusions may be largely specific to size contrast effects. Our results have important implications for the integration of motion signals, a ubiquitous environmental stimulus, in the perception of object size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. B. Mruczek
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ryan E. B. Mruczek,
| | - Matthew Fanelli
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sean Kelly
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gideon P. Caplovitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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Kirsch W. On the origin of the Roelofs and induced Roelofs effects. VISUAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2022.2092572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Kirsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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