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Zondervan RL, Capobianco CA, Jenkins DC, Reicha JD, Fredrick LM, Lam C, Isenberg JS, Ahn J, Marcucio RS, Hankenson KD. CD47 is Required for Mesenchymal Progenitor Proliferation and Fracture Repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583756. [PMID: 38496546 PMCID: PMC10942414 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
CD47 is a ubiquitous and pleiotropic cell-surface receptor. Disrupting CD47 enhances injury repair in various tissues but the role of CD47 has not been studied in bone injuries. In a murine closed-fracture model, CD47-null mice showed decreased callus bone volume, bone mineral content, and tissue mineral content as assessed by microcomputed tomography 10 days post-fracture, and increased fibrous volume as determined by histology. To understand the cellular basis for this phenotype, mesenchymal progenitors (MSC) were harvested from bone marrow. CD47-null MSC showed decreased large fibroblast colony formation (CFU-F), significantly less proliferation, and fewer cells in S-phase, although osteoblast differentiation was unaffected. However, consistent with prior research, CD47-null endothelial cells showed increased proliferation relative to WT cells. Similarly, in a murine ischemic fracture model, CD47-null mice showed reduced fracture callus bone volume and bone mineral content relative to WT. Consistent with our in vitro results, in vivo EdU labeling showed decreased cell proliferation in the callus of CD47-null mice, while staining for CD31 and endomucin demonstrated increased endothelial cell mass. Finally, WT mice administered a CD47 morpholino, which blocks CD47 protein production, showed a callus phenotype similar to that of non-ischemic and ischemic fractures in CD47-null mice, suggesting the phenotype was not due to developmental changes in the knockout mice. Thus, inhibition of CD47 during bone healing reduces both non-ischemic and ischemic fracture healing, in part, by decreasing MSC proliferation. Furthermore, the increase in endothelial cell proliferation and early blood vessel density caused by CD47 disruption is not sufficient to overcome MSC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Zondervan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824
| | - Christina A. Capobianco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Daniel C. Jenkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - John D. Reicha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Livia M. Fredrick
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Charles Lam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States, 94142
| | - Jeffery S. Isenberg
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism and Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States, 91010
| | - Jaimo Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Ralph S. Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States, 94142
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
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Lovasova V, Bem R, Chlupac J, Dubsky M, Husakova J, Nemcova A, Fronek J. Animal experimental models of ischemic limbs - A systematic review. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 153:107237. [PMID: 37802406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the available animal models of ischemic limbs, and to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model and individual method of limb ischemia creation. METHODS A review of literature was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science pages. Various types of experimental animals and surgical approaches used in creating ischemic limbs were evaluated. Other outcomes of interest were the specific characteristics of the individual experimental animals, and duration of tissue ischemia. RESULTS The most commonly used experimental animals were mice, followed by rabbits, rats, pigs, miniature pigs, and sheep. Single or double arterial ligation and excision of the entire femoral artery was the most often used method of ischemic limb creation. Other methods comprised single or double arterial electrocoagulation, use of ameroid constrictors, photochemically induced thrombosis, and different types of endovascular methods. The shortest duration of tissue ischemia was 7 days, the longest 90 days. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that mice are among the most commonly used animals in limb ischemia research. Simple ligation and excision of the femoral artery is the most common method of creating an ischemic limb; nevertheless, it can result in acute rather than chronic ischemia. A two-stage sequential approach and methods using ameroid constrictors or endovascular blinded stent grafts are more suitable for creating a gradual arterial occlusion typically seen in humans. Selecting the right mouse strain or animal with artificially produced diabetes or hyperlipidaemia is crucial in chronic ischemic limb research. Moreover, the observation period following the onset of ischemia should last at least 14 days, preferably 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lovasova
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Bem
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chlupac
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dubsky
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Husakova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Nemcova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Fronek
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Yu Y, Li X, Li Y, Wei R, Li H, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Derivation and Characterization of Endothelial Cells from Porcine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137029. [PMID: 35806048 PMCID: PMC9266935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the study on the regulatory mechanism of endothelial differentiation from the perspective of development provides references for endothelial cell (EC) derivation from pluripotent stem cells, incomplete reprogramming and donor-specific epigenetic memory are still thought to be the obstacles of iPSCs for clinical application. Thus, it is necessary to establish a stable iPSC-EC induction system and investigate the regulatory mechanism of endothelial differentiation. Based on a single-layer culture system, we successfully obtained ECs from porcine iPSCs (piPSCs). In vitro, the derived piPSC-ECs formed microvessel-like structures along 3D gelatin scaffolds. Under pathological conditions, the piPSC-ECs functioned on hindlimb ischemia repair by promoting blood vessel formation. To elucidate the molecular events essential for endothelial differentiation in our model, genome-wide transcriptional profile analysis was conducted, and we found that during piPSC-EC derivation, the synthesis and secretion level of TGF-β as well as the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 changed dynamically. TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling activation promoted mesoderm formation and prevented endothelial differentiation. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of iPSC-EC derivation not only paves the way for further optimization, but also provides reference for establishing a cardiovascular drug screening platform and revealing the molecular mechanism of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Xuechun Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Yimei Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Renyue Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Hai Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
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Adeyemo A, Johnson C, Stiene A, LaSance K, Qi Z, Lemen L, Schultz JEJ. Limb functional recovery is impaired in fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) deficient mice despite chronic ischaemia-induced vascular growth. Growth Factors 2020; 38:75-93. [PMID: 32496882 PMCID: PMC8601595 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2020.1767612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
FGF2 is a potent stimulator of vascular growth; however, even with a deficiency of FGF2 (Fgf2-/-), developmental vessel growth or ischaemia-induced revascularization still transpires. It remains to be elucidated as to what function, if any, FGF2 has during ischaemic injury. Wildtype (WT) or Fgf2-/- mice were subjected to hindlimb ischaemia for up to 42 days. Limb function, vascular growth, inflammatory- and angiogenesis-related proteins, and inflammatory cell infiltration were assessed in sham and ischaemic limbs at various timepoints. Recovery of ischaemic limb function was delayed in Fgf2-/- mice. Yet, vascular growth response to ischaemia was similar between WT and Fgf2-/- hindlimbs. Several angiogenesis- and inflammatory-related proteins (MCP-1, CXCL16, MMPs and PAI-1) were increased in Fgf2-/- ischaemic muscle. Neutrophil or monocyte recruitment/infiltration was elevated in Fgf2-/- ischaemic muscle. In summary, our study indicates that loss of FGF2 induces a pro-inflammatory microenvironment in skeletal muscle which exacerbates ischaemic injury and delays functional limb use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Adeyemo
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Christopher Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Andrew Stiene
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Kathleen LaSance
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Preclinical Imaging Core, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Zhihua Qi
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Preclinical Imaging Core, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Lisa Lemen
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Preclinical Imaging Core, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Jo El J. Schultz
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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Ravindran D, Cartland SP, Bursill CA, Kavurma MM. Broad-spectrum chemokine inhibition blocks inflammation-induced angiogenesis, but preserves ischemia-driven angiogenesis. FASEB J 2019; 33:13423-13434. [PMID: 31574232 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900232rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
M3 is a broad-spectrum chemokine-binding protein that inactivates inflammatory chemokines, including CCL2, CCL5, and CX3CL1. The aim of this study was to compare whether M3 could inhibit angiogenesis driven by inflammation or ischemia. Here, apolipoprotein E-/- mice were injected with adenoviral M3 (AdM3) or control adenoviral green fluorescent protein (AdGFP) 3 d prior to stimulating angiogenesis using 2 established models that distinctly represent inflammatory or ischemia-driven angiogenesis, namely the periarterial femoral cuff and hind limb ischemia. AdM3 reduced intimal thickening, adventitial capillary density, and macrophage accumulation in femoral arteries 21 d after periarterial femoral cuff placement compared with AdGFP-treated mice (P < 0.05). AdM3 also reduced mRNA expression of proangiogenic VEGF, inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-1β, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-activated synthetic markers Krüppel-like family of transcription factor 4 (KLF4) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) in the inflammatory cuff model. In contrast, capillary density, VSMC content, blood flow perfusion, and VEGF gene expression were unaltered between groups in skeletal muscle following hind limb ischemia. In vitro, AdM3 significantly reduced human microvascular endothelial cell 1 proliferation, migration, and tubule formation by ∼17, 71.3, and 8.7% (P < 0.05) in macrophage-conditioned medium associating with reduced VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mRNA but not in hypoxia (1% O2). Compared with AdGFP, AdM3 also inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration and reduced mRNA expression of KLF4 and PDGFRβ under inflammatory conditions. In contrast, AdM3 had no effect on VSMC processes in response to hypoxia in vitro. Our findings show that broad-spectrum inhibition of inflammatory chemokines by M3 inhibits inflammatory-driven but not ischemia-driven angiogenesis, presenting a novel strategy for the treatment of diseases associated with inflammatory-driven angiogenesis.-Ravindran, D., Cartland, S. P., Bursill, C. A., Kavurma, M. M. Broad-spectrum chemokine inhibition blocks inflammation-induced angiogenesis, but preserves ischemia-driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Ravindran
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Siân P Cartland
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina A Bursill
- Heart Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary M Kavurma
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Regenerative Potential of the Product "CardioCell" Derived from the Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Hindlimb Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184632. [PMID: 31540534 PMCID: PMC6770009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality in regenerative medicine. They hold great promise for treating civilization-wide diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction and critical limb ischemia. MSCs isolated from Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSCs) may be utilized in both cell-based therapy and vascular graft engineering to restore vascular function, thereby providing therapeutic benefits for patients. The efficacy of WJ-MSCs lies in their multipotent differentiation ability toward vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and other cell types, as well as their capacity to secrete various trophic factors, which are potent in promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis and modulating immunoreaction. Ischemic limb disease is caused by insufficient nutrient and oxygen supplies resulting from damaged peripheral arteries. The lack of nutrients and oxygen causes severe tissue damage in the limb, thereby resulting in severe morbidities and mortality. The therapeutic effects of the conventional treatments are still not sufficient. Cell transplantations in small animal model (mice) are vital for deciphering the mechanisms of MSCs’ action in muscle regeneration. The stimulation of angiogenesis is a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic limbs, restoring blood supply for the ischemic region. In the present study, we focus on the therapeutic properties of the human WJ-MSCs derived product, Cardio. We investigated the role of CardioCell in promoting angiogenesis and relieving hindlimb ischemia. Our results confirm the healing effect of CardioCell and strongly support the use of the WJ-MSCs in regenerative medicine.
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7
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García-Vázquez MD, Herrero de la Parte B, García-Alonso I, Morales MC. [Analysis of Biological Properties of Human Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Effect on Mouse Hind Limb Ischemia]. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:77-91. [PMID: 31079101 DOI: 10.1159/000498919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to their self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis-inducing capacity, human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSC) have potential clinical applications in the treatment of limb ischemia. AMSC from healthy donors have been shown to induce neovascularization in animal models. However, when cells were obtained from donors suffering from any pathology, their autologous application showed limited effectiveness. We studied whether liposuction niche and obesity could determine the regenerative properties of cells meaning that not all cell batches are suitable for clinical practice. METHODS AMSC obtained from 10 donors, obese and healthy, were expanded in vitro following a good manufacturing practice-like production protocol. Cell viability, proliferation kinetics, morphological analysis, phenotype characterization, and stemness potency were assessed over the course of the expansion process. AMSC selected for having the most suitable biological properties were used as an experimental treatment in a preclinical mouse model of hind limb ischemia. RESULT All cell batches were positively characterized as mesenchymal stem cells, but not all of them showed the same properties or were successfully expanded in vitro, depending on the characteristics of the donor and the extraction area. Notably, AMSC from the abdomen of obese donors showed undesirable biological properties. AMSC with low duplication times and multilineage differentiation potential and forming large densely packed colonies, were able, following expansion in vitro, to increase neovascularization and repair when implanted in the ischemic tissue of mice. CONCLUSION An extensive AMSC biological properties study could be useful to predict the potential clinical efficacy of cells before in vivo transplantation. Thus, peripheral ischemia and possibly other pathologies could benefit from stem cell treatments as shown in our preclinical model in terms of tissue damage repair and regeneration after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Borja Herrero de la Parte
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Alonso
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - María-Celia Morales
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,
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Imaging VEGF Receptors and α vβ 3 Integrins in a Mouse Hindlimb Ischemia Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:963-972. [PMID: 29687324 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare targeted imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors vs. αvβ3 integrins in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model of peripheral artery disease. PROCEDURES Male wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (8- to 10-week old) (n = 24) underwent left femoral artery ligation. The right leg served as control. Five days later, mice were injected with either VEGF receptor targeting [99mTc]DOTA-PEG-scVEGF ([99mTc]scV) (n = 8) or with αvβ3-targeting tracer [99mTc]HYNIC-cycloRGD ([99mTc]RGD) (n = 8) and underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) x-ray computed tomography imaging. To assess non-specific [99mTc]scV uptake, six additional mice received a mixture of [99mTc]scV and 30-fold excess of targeting protein, scVEGF. Tracer uptake as %ID was measured using volumetric regions encompassing the hindlimb muscles and as %ID/g from harvested limb muscles. Double and triple immunofluorescent analysis on tissue sections established localization of αvβ3, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, as well as certain cell lineage markers. RESULTS Tracer uptake, as %ID/g, was higher in ligated limbs of mice injected with [99mTc]scV compared to ligated hindlimbs in mice injected with [99mTc]RGD (p = 0.02). The ratio of tracer uptake for ligated/control hindlimb was borderline higher for [99mTc]scV than for [99mTc]RGD (p = 0.06). Immunofluorescent analysis showed higher prevalence of VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and αvβ3, in damaged vs. undamaged hindlimb tissue, but with little co-localization of these markers. Double immunofluorescent staining showed partial co-localization of VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and αvβ3, with endothelial cell marker FVIII, but not with CD31. Immunostaining for VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 additionally co-localized with lineage markers for endothelial progenitor cell and monocytes/macrophages, with a more diverse pattern of co-localization for VEGFR-2. CONCLUSION In a mouse hindlimb ischemia model of peripheral artery disease, [99mTc]scV SPECT tracer-targeting VEGF receptors showed a more robust signal than [99mTc]RGD tracer-targeting αvβ3. Immunofluorescent analysis suggests that uptake of [99mTc]scV and [99mTc]RGD in damaged tissue is due to non-overlapping cell populations and reflects different dynamic processes and that enhanced uptake of [99mTc]scV may be due to the presence of VEGF receptors on additional cell types.
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NOX4-dependent neuronal autotoxicity and BBB breakdown explain the superior sensitivity of the brain to ischemic damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12315-12320. [PMID: 29087944 PMCID: PMC5699031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705034114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic injury represents the most frequent cause of death and disability, and it remains unclear why, of all body organs, the brain is most sensitive to hypoxia. In many tissues, type 4 NADPH oxidase is induced upon ischemia or hypoxia, converting oxygen to reactive oxygen species. Here, we show in mouse models of ischemia in the heart, brain, and hindlimb that only in the brain does NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) lead to ischemic damage. We explain this distinct cellular distribution pattern through cell-specific knockouts. Endothelial NOX4 breaks down the BBB, while neuronal NOX4 leads to neuronal autotoxicity. Vascular smooth muscle NOX4, the common denominator of ischemia within all ischemic organs, played no apparent role. The direct neuroprotective potential of pharmacological NOX4 inhibition was confirmed in an ex vivo model, free of vascular and BBB components. Our results demonstrate that the heightened sensitivity of the brain to ischemic damage is due to an organ-specific role of NOX4 in blood-brain-barrier endothelial cells and neurons. This mechanism is conserved in at least two rodents and humans, making NOX4 a prime target for a first-in-class mechanism-based, cytoprotective therapy in the unmet high medical need indication of ischemic stroke.
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Clere N, To KHT, Legeay S, Bertrand S, Helesbeux JJ, Duval O, Faure S. Pro-Angiogenic Effects of Low Dose Ethoxidine in a Murine Model of Ischemic Hindlimb: Correlation between Ethoxidine Levels and Increased Activation of the Nitric Oxide Pathway. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040627. [PMID: 28417947 PMCID: PMC6154657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethoxidine, a benzo[c]phenanthridine derivative, has been identified as a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase I in cancer cell lines. Our group has reported paradoxical properties of ethoxidine in cellular processes leading to angiogenesis on endothelial cells. Because low concentration ethoxidine is able to favor angiogenesis, the present study aimed to investigate the ability of 10-9 M ethoxidine to modulate neovascularization in a model of mouse hindlimb ischemia. After inducing unilateral hindlimb ischemia, mice were treated for 21 days with glucose 5% or with ethoxidine, to reach plasma concentrations equivalent to 10-9 M. Laser Doppler analysis showed that recovery of blood flow was 1.5 fold higher in ethoxidine-treated mice in comparison with control mice. Furthermore, CD31 staining and angiographic studies confirmed an increase of vascular density in ethoxidine-treated mice. This ethoxidine-induced recovery was associated with an increase of NO production through an enhancement of eNOS phosphorylation on its activator site in skeletal muscle from ischemic hindlimb. Moreover, real-time RT-PCR and western blots have highlighted that ethoxidine has pro-angiogenic properties by inducing a significant enhancement in vegf transcripts and VEGF expression, respectively. These findings suggest that ethoxidine could contribute to favor neovascularization after an ischemic injury by promoting the NO pathway and VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clere
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Bretagne Loire, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology and Physiology, UFR Santé-School of Pharmacy, University of Angers, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Kim Hung Thien To
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology and Physiology, UFR Santé-School of Pharmacy, University of Angers, F-49045 Angers, France.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Samuel Legeay
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Bretagne Loire, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology and Physiology, UFR Santé-School of Pharmacy, University of Angers, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- EA 2160, Univ Nantes, Université Bretagne Loire, F-44200 Nantes, France.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Jean Jacques Helesbeux
- SONAS, SFR QUASAV 4207, UPRES EA921, Univ Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, F-49035 Angers, France.
| | - Olivier Duval
- SONAS, SFR QUASAV 4207, UPRES EA921, Univ Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, F-49035 Angers, France.
| | - Sébastien Faure
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Bretagne Loire, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology and Physiology, UFR Santé-School of Pharmacy, University of Angers, F-49045 Angers, France.
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Schwarz JCV, van Lier MGJTB, Bakker ENTP, de Vos J, Spaan JAE, VanBavel E, Siebes M. Optimization of Vascular Casting for Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Cryo-Imaging of Collateral Vessels in the Ischemic Rat Hindlimb. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:77-87. [PMID: 28228173 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of collateral vessels, arteriogenesis, may protect against tissue ischemia, however, quantitative data on this process remain scarce. We have developed a technique for replicating the entire arterial network of ischemic rat hindlimbs in three dimensions (3D) based on vascular casting and automated sequential cryo-imaging. Various dilutions of Batson's No. 17 with methyl methacrylate were evaluated in healthy rats, with further protocol optimization in ischemic rats. Penetration of the resin into the vascular network greatly depended on dilution; the total length of casted vessels below 75 µm was 13-fold higher at 50% dilution compared with the 10% dilution. Dilutions of 25-30%, with transient clamping of the healthy iliac artery, were optimal for imaging the arterial network in unilateral ischemia. This protocol completely filled the lumina of small arterioles and collateral vessels. These appeared as thin anastomoses in healthy legs and increasingly larger vessels during ligation (median diameter 1 week: 63 µm, 4 weeks: 127 µm). The presented combination of quality casts with high-resolution cryo-imaging enables automated, detailed 3D analysis of collateral adaptation, which furthermore can be combined with co-registered 3D distributions of fluorescent molecular imaging markers reflecting biological activity or perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina C V Schwarz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Monique G J T B van Lier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Judith de Vos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Jos A E Spaan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Ed VanBavel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Maria Siebes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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12
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Jazwa A, Florczyk U, Grochot-Przeczek A, Krist B, Loboda A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Limb ischemia and vessel regeneration: Is there a role for VEGF? Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:18-30. [PMID: 27620809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as an endothelial cell-specific mitogen, is crucial for new blood vessels formation. Atherosclerosis affecting the cardiovascular system causes ischemia and functio laesa in tissues supplied by the occluded vessels. When such a situation occurs in the lower extremities, it causes critical limb ischemia (CLI) often requiring leg amputation. Low oxygen tension leads to upregulation of hypoxia-regulated genes (i.e. VEGF), that should help to restore the impaired blood flow. In CLI these rescue mechanisms are, however, often inefficient. Moreover, there are many contradictory reports showing either induction, no changes or even down-regulation of VEGF in specimens taken from patients with CLI, as well as in samples collected from animals subjected to hindlimb ischemia. Additionally, taking into account numerous experimental and clinical data demonstrating rather insufficient therapeutic potential of VEGF, we called into question the role of this protein in limb ischemia and vessel regeneration. In this review we are also summarizing several aspects which can influence VEGF expression and its measurement in the ischemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jazwa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Urszula Florczyk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Grochot-Przeczek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bart Krist
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Loboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jozef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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13
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SPECT and PET imaging of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in pre-clinical models of myocardial ischemia and peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:2433-2447. [PMID: 27517840 PMCID: PMC5095166 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The extent of neovascularization determines the clinical outcome of coronary artery disease and other occlusive cardiovascular disorders. Monitoring of neovascularization is therefore highly important. This review article will elaborately discuss preclinical studies aimed at validating new nuclear angiogenesis and arteriogenesis tracers. Additionally, we will briefly address possible obstacles that should be considered when designing an arteriogenesis radiotracer. Methods A structured medline search was the base of this review, which gives an overview on different radiopharmaceuticals that have been evaluated in preclinical models. Results Neovascularization is a collective term used to indicate different processes such as angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. However, while it is assumed that sensitive detection through nuclear imaging will facilitate translation of successful therapeutic interventions in preclinical models to the bedside, we still lack specific tracers for neovascularization imaging. Most nuclear imaging research to date has focused on angiogenesis, leaving nuclear arteriogenesis imaging largely overlooked. Conclusion Although angiogenesis is the process which is best understood, there is no scarcity in theoretical targets for arteriogenesis imaging.
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Hendrikx G, Vries MH, Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, Wagenaar A, Guillaume J, Boonen L, Post MJ, Mottaghy FM. Comparison of LDPI to SPECT perfusion imaging using (99m)Tc-sestamibi and (99m)Tc-pyrophosphate in a murine ischemic hind limb model of neovascularization. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:44. [PMID: 27234510 PMCID: PMC4883021 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine the accuracy of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) in an animal model for hind limb ischemia. Methods We used a murine (C57Bl/6 mice) ischemic hind limb model in which we compared LDPI with the clinically used 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT perfusion imaging (n = 7). In addition, we used the SPECT tracer 99mTc-pyrophosphate (99mTc-PyP) to image muscular damage (n = 6). Results LDPI indicated a quick and prominent decrease in perfusion immediately after ligation, subsequently recovering to 21.9 and 25.2 % 14 days later in the 99mTc-sestamibi and 99mTc-PyP group, respectively. 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT scans also showed a quick decrease in perfusion. However, nearly full recovery was reached 7 days post ligation. Muscular damage, indicated by the uptake of 99mTc-PyP, was highest at day 3 and recovered to baseline levels at day 14 post ligation. Postmortem histology supported these findings, as a significantly increased collateral diameter was found 7 and 14 days after ligation and peak macrophage infiltration and TUNEL positivity was found on day 3 after ligation. Conclusions Here, we indicate that LDPI strongly underestimates perfusion recovery in a hind limb model for profound ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Hendrikx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, AZ, 6202, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H Vries
- Department of Physiology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, AZ, 6202, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke De Saint-Hubert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, AZ, 6202, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Allard Wagenaar
- Department of Physiology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joël Guillaume
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, AZ, 6202, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Levinia Boonen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, AZ, 6202, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Post
- Department of Physiology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, AZ, 6202, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University hospital, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Evaluation of the clinical relevance and limitations of current pre-clinical models of peripheral artery disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 130:127-50. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) has recognized treatment deficiencies requiring the discovery of novel interventions. This article describes current animal models of PAD and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. There is a need for models which more directly simulate the characteristics of human PAD, such as acute-on-chronic presentation, presence of established risk factors and impairment of physical activity.
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16
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Dang Z, Maselli D, Spinetti G, Sangalli E, Carnelli F, Rosa F, Seganfreddo E, Canal F, Furlan A, Paccagnella A, Paiola E, Lorusso B, Specchia C, Albiero M, Cappellari R, Avogaro A, Falco A, Quaini F, Ou K, Rodriguez-Arabaolaza I, Emanueli C, Sambataro M, Fadini GP, Madeddu P. Sensory neuropathy hampers nociception-mediated bone marrow stem cell release in mice and patients with diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2653-62. [PMID: 26358583 PMCID: PMC4589553 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Upon tissue injury, peripheral sensory neurons release nociceptive factors (e.g. substance P [SP]), which exert local and systemic actions including the recruitment of bone marrow (BM)-derived haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) endowed with paracrine pro-angiogenic properties. We herein explore whether diabetic neuropathy interferes with these phenomena. METHODS We first investigated the presence of sensory neuropathy in the BM of patients with type 2 diabetes by immunohistochemistry and morphometry analyses of nerve size and density and assessment of SP release by ELISA. We next analysed the association of sensory neuropathy with altered HSPC release under ischaemia or following direct stimulation with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). BM and circulating HSPCs expressing the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), which is the main SP receptor, were measured by flow cytometry. We finally assessed whether an altered modulation of SP secretion interferes with the mobilisation and homing of NK1R-HSPCs in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes after limb ischaemia (LI). RESULTS Nociceptive fibres were reduced in the BM of patients and mice with type 2 diabetes. Patients with neuropathy showed a remarkable reduction in NK1R-HSPC mobilisation under ischaemia or upon G-CSF stimulation. Following LI, diabetic mice manifested an altered SP gradient between BM, peripheral blood and limb muscles, accompanied by a depressed recruitment of NK1R-HSPCs to the ischaemic site. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Sensory neuropathy translates into defective liberation and homing of reparative HSPCs. Nociceptors may represent a new target for treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexu Dang
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Davide Maselli
- I.R.C.C.S. (Scientific Institute of Medical Research) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Spinetti
- I.R.C.C.S. (Scientific Institute of Medical Research) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Sangalli
- I.R.C.C.S. (Scientific Institute of Medical Research) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Carnelli
- I.R.C.C.S. (Scientific Institute of Medical Research) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Rosa
- I.R.C.C.S. (Scientific Institute of Medical Research) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Seganfreddo
- Department of Pathology, Santa Maria of Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Fabio Canal
- Department of Pathology, Santa Maria of Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Anna Furlan
- Department of Specialized Medicines, Hematology Unit, Santa Maria of Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Agostino Paccagnella
- Department of Specialized Medicines, Endocrine, Metabolic and Nutrition Diseases Unit, Santa Maria of Ca' Foncello Hospital, 1 Piazza Ospedale, 31100, Treviso, Italy
| | - Emanuela Paiola
- I.R.C.C.S. (Scientific Institute of Medical Research) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Lorusso
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Specchia
- I.R.C.C.S. (Scientific Institute of Medical Research) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Falco
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Kepeng Ou
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Iker Rodriguez-Arabaolaza
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Maria Sambataro
- Department of Specialized Medicines, Endocrine, Metabolic and Nutrition Diseases Unit, Santa Maria of Ca' Foncello Hospital, 1 Piazza Ospedale, 31100, Treviso, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Kang HM, Sohn I, Jung J, Jeong JW, Park C. Exendin-4 protects hindlimb ischemic injury by inducing angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:758-63. [PMID: 26299927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exendin-4, an analog of glucagon-like peptide-1, has shown to have beneficial effects on endothelial function, and was recently approved for the treatment of diabetes. In previous studies, we showed that exendin-4 induces angiogenesis in in vitro and ex vivo assays; in this study, we assessed the proangiogenic effects of exendin-4 in vivo using a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. Treatment with exendin-4 for three days mitigated hindlimb and gastrocnemius muscle fiber necrosis. Hindlimb perfusion was determined using indocyanine green fluorescence dynamics that showed, significantly higher blood flow rate to the ischemic hindlimbs in an exendin-4-treated group. Immunohistochemistry assay showed that exendin-4 increased CD31-positive areas in the gastrocnemius muscle of ischemic limbs. Furthermore, treatment of the hindlimbs of ischemic mice with exendin-4 increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and phospho-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) on western blot analysis. Our data demonstrate that exendin-4 prevents hindlimb ischemic injury by inducing vessels via VEGF angiogenic-related pathways. These findings suggest that exendin-4 has potential as a therapeutic agent for vascular diseases that stimulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyung Sohn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Youcef G, Belaidi E, Waeckel L, Fazal L, Clemessy M, Vincent MP, Zadigue G, Richer C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Ovize M, Pizard A. Tissue kallikrein is required for the cardioprotective effect of cyclosporin A in myocardial ischemia in the mouse. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:22-9. [PMID: 25623731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies suggest that pharmacological postconditioning with Cyclosporin A (CsA) reduces infarct size in cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. CsA interacts with Cyclophilin D (CypD) preventing opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Tissue kallikrein (TK) and its products kinins are involved in cardioprotection in ischemia. CypD knockout mice are resistant to the cardioprotective effects of both CsA and kinins suggesting common mechanisms of action. Using TK gene knockout mice, we investigated whether the kallikrein-kinin system is involved in the cardioprotective effect of CsA. Homozygote and heterozygote TK deficient mice (TK(-/-), TK(+/-)) and wild type littermates (TK(+/+)) were subjected to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion with and without CsA postconditioning. CsA reduced infarct size in TK(+/+) mice but had no effect in TK(+/-) and TK(-/-) mice. Cardiac mitochondria isolated from TK(-/-) mice had indistinguishable basal oxidative phosphorylation and calcium retention capacity compared to TK(+/+) mice but were resistant to CsA inhibition of mPTP opening. TK activity was documented in mouse heart and rat cardiomyoblasts mitochondria. By proximity ligation assay TK was found in close proximity to the mitochondrial membrane proteins VDAC and Tom22, and CypD. Thus, partial or total deficiency in TK induces resistance to the infarct size reducing effect of CsA in cardiac ischemia in mice, suggesting that TK level is a critical factor for cardioprotection by CsA. TK is required for the mitochondrial action of CsA and may interact with CypD. Genetic variability in TK activity has been documented in man and may influence the cardioprotective effect of CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Youcef
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - E Belaidi
- Inserm U 1060-CarMeN & Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Waeckel
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - L Fazal
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - M Clemessy
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - M P Vincent
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - G Zadigue
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - C Richer
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - F Alhenc-Gelas
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - M Ovize
- Inserm U 1060-CarMeN & Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - A Pizard
- Inserm UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Inserm UMRS 1116, faculté de médecine de Nancy-Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Inserm CIC-1433, Institut du Cœur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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19
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Abstract
miRNAs are highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules that negatively control gene expression by binding to target mRNAs promoting their degradation. A multitude of miRNAs have been reported to be involved in angiogenesis and vascular remodelling. In the present review, we aim to describe the effect of miRNAs in post-ischaemic repair. First, we describe the miRNAs reported in ischaemic diseases and in angiogenesis. Then we examine their capacity to modulate the behaviour of stem and progenitor cells which could be utilized for vascular repair. And finally we discuss the potential of miRNAs as new clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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20
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Mitić T, Caporali A, Floris I, Meloni M, Marchetti M, Urrutia R, Angelini GD, Emanueli C. EZH2 modulates angiogenesis in vitro and in a mouse model of limb ischemia. Mol Ther 2014; 23:32-42. [PMID: 25189741 PMCID: PMC4426795 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms may regulate the expression of pro-angiogenic genes, thus affecting reparative angiogenesis in ischemic limbs. The enhancer of zest homolog-2 (EZH2) induces thtrimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), which represses gene transcription. We explored (i) if EZH2 expression is regulated by hypoxia and ischemia; (ii) the impact of EZH2 on the expression of two pro-angiogenic genes: eNOS and BDNF; (iii) the functional effect of EZH2 inhibition on cultured endothelial cells (ECs); (iv) the therapeutic potential of EZH2 inhibition in a mouse model of limb ischemia (LI). EZH2 expression was increased in cultured ECs exposed to hypoxia (control: normoxia) and in ECs extracted from mouse ischemic limb muscles (control: absence of ischemia). EZH2 increased the H3K27me3 abundance onto regulatory regions of eNOS and BDNF promoters. In vitro RNA silencing or pharmacological inhibition by 3-deazaneplanocin (DZNep) of EZH2 increased eNOS and BDNF mRNA and protein levels and enhanced functional capacities (migration, angiogenesis) of ECs under either normoxia or hypoxia. In mice with experimentally induced LI, DZNep increased angiogenesis in ischaemic muscles, the circulating levels of pro-angiogenic hematopoietic cells and blood flow recovery. Targeting EZH2 for inhibition may open new therapeutic avenues for patients with limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Mitić
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, England, UK
| | - Andrea Caporali
- 1] Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, England, UK [2] Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ilaria Floris
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, England, UK
| | - Marco Meloni
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, England, UK
| | - Micol Marchetti
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, England, UK
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gianni D Angelini
- 1] Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, England, UK [2] National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College of London, London, England, UK
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- 1] Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, England, UK [2] National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College of London, London, England, UK
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21
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Sharir R, Semo J, Shaish A, Landa-Rouben N, Entin-Meer M, Keren G, George J. Regulatory T cells influence blood flow recovery in experimental hindlimb ischaemia in an IL-10-dependent manner. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:585-596. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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22
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Florczyk U, Jazwa A, Maleszewska M, Mendel M, Szade K, Kozakowska M, Grochot-Przeczek A, Viscardi M, Czauderna S, Bukowska-Strakova K, Kotlinowski J, Jozkowicz A, Loboda A, Dulak J. Nrf2 regulates angiogenesis: effect on endothelial cells, bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells and hind limb ischemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1693-708. [PMID: 24053644 PMCID: PMC3961841 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key cytoprotective transcription factor, regulates also proangiogenic mediators, interleukin-8 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, hitherto its role in blood vessel formation was modestly examined. Particularly, although Nrf2 was shown to affect hematopoietic stem cells, it was not tested in bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells (PACs). Here we investigated angiogenic properties of Nrf2 in PACs, endothelial cells, and inflammation-related revascularization. RESULTS Treatment of endothelial cells with angiogenic cytokines increased nuclear localization of Nrf2 and induced expression of HO-1. Nrf2 activation stimulated a tube network formation, while its inhibition decreased angiogenic response of human endothelial cells, the latter effect reversed by overexpression of HO-1. Moreover, lack of Nrf2 attenuated survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenic potential of murine PACs and affected angiogenic transcriptome in vitro. Additionally, angiogenic capacity of PAC Nrf2(-/-) in in vivo Matrigel assay and PAC mobilization in response to hind limb ischemia of Nrf2(-/-) mice were impaired. Despite that, restoration of blood flow in Nrf2-deficient ischemic muscles was better and accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Accordingly, the anti-inflammatory agent etodolac tended to diminish blood flow in the Nrf2(-/-) mice. INNOVATION Identification of a novel role of Nrf2 in angiogenic signaling of endothelial cells and PACs. CONCLUSION Nrf2 contributes to angiogenic potential of both endothelial cells and PACs; however, its deficiency increases muscle blood flow under tissue ischemia. This might suggest a proangiogenic role of inflammation in the absence of Nrf2 in vivo, concomitantly undermining the role of PACs in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Florczyk
- 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
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Traupe T, Ortmann J, Stoller M, Baumgartner I, de Marchi SF, Seiler C. Direct quantitative assessment of the peripheral artery collateral circulation in patients undergoing angiography. Circulation 2013; 128:737-44. [PMID: 23817577 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the fact that numerous studies have pursued the strategy of improving collateral function in patients with peripheral artery disease, there is currently no method available to quantify collateral arterial function of the lower limb. METHODS AND RESULTS Pressure-derived collateral flow index (CFIp, calculated as (occlusive pressure-central venous pressure)/(aortic pressure-central venous pressure); pressure values in mm Hg) of the left superficial femoral artery was obtained in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography using a combined pressure/Doppler wire (n=30). Distal occlusive pressure and toe oxygen saturation (Sao2) were measured for 5 minutes under resting conditions, followed by an exercise protocol (repetitive plantar-flexion movements in supine position; n=28). In all patients, balloon occlusion of the superficial femoral artery over 5 minutes was painless under resting conditions. CFIp increased during the first 3 minutes from 0.451±0.168 to 0.551±0.172 (P=0.0003), whereas Sao2 decreased from 98±2% to 93±7% (P=0.004). Maximal changes of Sao2 were inversely related to maximal CFIp (r(2)=0.33, P=0.003). During exercise, CFIp declined within 1 minute from 0.560±0.178 to 0.393±0.168 (P<0.0001) and reached its minimum after 2 minutes of exercise (0.347±0.176), whereas Sao2 declined to a minimum of 86±6% (P=0.002). Twenty-five patients (89%) experienced pain or cramps/tired muscles, whereas 3 (11%) remained symptom-free for an occlusion time of 10 minutes. CFIp values were positively related to the pain-free time span (r(2)=0.50, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Quantitatively assessed collateral arterial function at rest determined in the nonstenotic superficial femoral artery is sufficient to prevent ischemic symptoms during a total occlusion of 5 minutes. During exercise, there is a decline in CFIp that indicates a supply-demand mismatch via collaterals or, alternatively, a steal phenomenon. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER: NCT01742455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Traupe
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is associated with leanness, hypertension, and thrombosis. PRCP-depleted mice have injured vessels with reduced Kruppel-like factor (KLF)2, KLF4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and thrombomodulin. Does PRCP influence vessel growth, angiogenesis, and injury repair? PRCP depletion reduced endothelial cell growth, whereas transfection of hPRCP cDNA enhanced cell proliferation. Transfection of hPRCP cDNA, or an active site mutant (hPRCPmut) rescued reduced cell growth after PRCP siRNA knockdown. PRCP-depleted cells migrated less on scratch assay and murine PRCP(gt/gt) aortic segments had reduced sprouting. Matrigel plugs in PRCP(gt/gt) mice had reduced hemoglobin content and angiogenic capillaries by platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) and NG2 immunohistochemistry. Skin wounds on PRCP(gt/gt) mice had delayed closure and reepithelialization with reduced PECAM staining, but increased macrophage infiltration. After limb ischemia, PRCP(gt/gt) mice also had reduced reperfusion of the femoral artery and angiogenesis. On femoral artery wire injury, PRCP(gt/gt) mice had increased neointimal formation, CD45 staining, and Ki-67 expression. Alternatively, combined PRCP(gt/gt) and MRP-14(-/-) mice were protected from wire injury with less neointimal thickening, leukocyte infiltration, and cellular proliferation. PRCP regulates cell growth, angiogenesis, and the response to vascular injury. Combined with its known roles in blood pressure and thrombosis control, PRCP is positioned as a key regulator of vascular homeostasis.
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Guendel AM, Martin KS, Cutts J, Foley PL, Bailey AM, Mac Gabhann F, Cardinal TR, Peirce SM. Murine spinotrapezius model to assess the impact of arteriolar ligation on microvascular function and remodeling. J Vis Exp 2013:e50218. [PMID: 23486360 PMCID: PMC3622090 DOI: 10.3791/50218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The murine spinotrapezius is a thin, superficial skeletal support muscle that extends from T3 to L4, and is easily accessible via dorsal skin incision. Its unique anatomy makes the spinotrapezius useful for investigation of ischemic injury and subsequent microvascular remodeling. Here, we demonstrate an arteriolar ligation model in the murine spinotrapezius muscle that was developed by our research team and previously published1-3. For certain vulnerable mouse strains, such as the Balb/c mouse, this ligation surgery reliably creates skeletal muscle ischemia and serves as a platform for investigating therapies that stimulate revascularization. Methods of assessment are also demonstrated, including the use of intravital and confocal microscopy. The spinotrapezius is well suited to such imaging studies due to its accessibility (superficial dorsal anatomy) and relative thinness (60-200 μm). The spinotrapezius muscle can be mounted en face, facilitating imaging of whole-muscle microvascular networks without histological sectioning. We describe the use of intravital microscopy to acquire metrics following a functional vasodilation procedure; specifically, the increase in arterilar diameter as a result of muscle contraction. We also demonstrate the procedures for harvesting and fixing the tissues, a necessary precursor to immunostaining studies and the use of confocal microscopy.
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Lotfi S, Patel AS, Mattock K, Egginton S, Smith A, Modarai B. Towards a more relevant hind limb model of muscle ischaemia. Atherosclerosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dragneva G, Korpisalo P, Ylä-Herttuala S. Promoting blood vessel growth in ischemic diseases: challenges in translating preclinical potential into clinical success. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:312-22. [PMID: 23471910 PMCID: PMC3597014 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic therapy, which involves the use of an exogenous stimulus to promote blood vessel growth, is an attractive approach for the treatment of ischemic diseases. It has been shown in animal models that the stimulation of blood vessel growth leads to the growth of the whole vascular tree, improvement of ischemic tissue perfusion and improved muscle aerobic energy metabolism. However, very few positive results have been gained from Phase 2 and 3 clinical angiogenesis trials. Many reasons have been given for the failures of clinical trials, including poor transgene expression (in gene-therapy trials) and instability of the vessels induced by therapy. In this Review, we discuss the selection of preclinical models as one of the main reasons why clinical translation has been unsuccessful thus far. This issue has received little attention, but could have had dramatic implications on the expectations of clinical trials. We highlight crucial differences between human patients and animal models with regards to blood flow and pressure, as well as issues concerning the chronic nature of ischemic diseases in humans. We use these as examples to demonstrate why the results from preclinical trials might have overestimated the efficacy of angiogenic therapies developed to date. We also suggest ways in which currently available animal models of ischemic disease could be improved to better mimic human disease conditions, and offer advice on how to work with existing models to avoid overestimating the efficacy of new angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Dragneva
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Strungs EG, Ongstad EL, O'Quinn MP, Palatinus JA, Jourdan LJ, Gourdie RG. Cryoinjury models of the adult and neonatal mouse heart for studies of scarring and regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1037:343-53. [PMID: 24029946 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation in studies of the injured heart is animal-to-animal variability in wound size resulting from commonly used techniques such as left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. This variability can make standard errors sufficiently large that mean separation between treatment and control groups can be difficult without replicating numbers (n) of animals in groups by excessive amounts. Here, we describe the materials and protocol necessary for delivering a standardized non-transmural cryoinjury to the left ventricle of an adult mouse heart that may in part obviate the issue of injury variance between animals. As reported previously, this cryoinjury model generates a necrotic wound to the ventricle of consistent size and shape that resolves into a scar of uniform size, shape, and organization. The cryo-model also provides an extended injury border zone that exhibits classic markers of remodeling found in surviving cardiac tissue at the edge of a myocardial infarction, including connexin43 (Cx43) lateralization. In a further extension of the method, we describe how we have adapted the model to deliver a cryoinjury to the apex of the heart of neonatal mice-a modification that may be useful for studies of myocardial regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Strungs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Bir SC, Pattillo CB, Pardue S, Kolluru GK, Docherty J, Goyette D, Dvorsky P, Kevil CG. Nitrite anion stimulates ischemic arteriogenesis involving NO metabolism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H178-88. [PMID: 22610173 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01086.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potential regulator of ischemic vascular remodeling, and as such therapies augmenting its bioavailability may be useful for the treatment of ischemic tissue diseases. Here we examine the effect of administering the NO prodrug sodium nitrite on arteriogenesis activity during established tissue ischemia. Chronic hindlimb ischemia was induced by permanent unilateral femoral artery and vein ligation. Five days postligation; animals were randomized to control PBS or sodium nitrite (165 μg/kg) therapy twice daily. In situ vascular remodeling was measured longitudinally using SPY angiography and Microfil vascular casting. Delayed sodium nitrite therapy rapidly increased ischemic limb arterial vessel diameter and branching in a NO-dependent manner. SPY imaging angiography over time showed that nitrite therapy enhanced ischemic gracillis collateral vessel formation from the profunda femoris to the saphenous artery. Immunofluorescent staining of smooth muscle cell actin also confirmed that sodium nitrite therapy increased arteriogenesis in a NO-dependent manner. The NO prodrug sodium nitrite significantly increases arteriogenesis and reperfusion of established severe chronic tissue ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal C Bir
- Department of Pathology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Lim JH, Shin HJ, Park KS, Lee CH, Jung CR, Im DS. Adenovirus-mediated E2-EPF UCP gene transfer prevents autoamputation in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Mol Ther 2012; 20:778-87. [PMID: 22294149 PMCID: PMC3321605 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E2-EPF ubiquitin carrier protein (UCP) stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) inducing ischemic vascular responses. Here, we investigated the effect of UCP gene transfer on therapeutic angiogenesis. Adenovirus-encoded UCP (Ad-F-UCP) increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in cells and mice. Conditioned media from UCP-overexpressing cells promoted proliferation, tubule formation, and invasion of human umbilical-vascular-endothelial cells (HUVECs), and vascularization in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Ad-F-UCP increased the vessel density in the Martigel plug assay, and generated copious vessel-like structures in the explanted muscle. The UCP effect on angiogenesis was dependent on VEGF and FGF-2. In mouse hindlimb ischemia model (N = 30/group), autoamputation (limb loss) occurred in 87% and 68% of the mice with saline and Ad encoding β-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ), respectively, whereas only 23% of the mice injected with Ad-F-UCP showed autoamputation after 21 days of treatment. Ad-F-UCP increased protein levels of HIF-1α, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), smooth muscle cell actin (SMA) in the ischemic muscle, and augmented blood vessels doubly positive for PECAM-1 and SMA. Consequently, UCP gene transfer prevented muscle degeneration and autoamputation of ischemic limb. The results suggest that E2-EPF UCP may be a target for therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Lim
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Su Park
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Im
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Caporali A, Emanueli C. MicroRNA regulation in angiogenesis. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hellingman AA, Bastiaansen AJNM, de Vries MR, Seghers L, Lijkwan MA, Löwik CW, Hamming JF, Quax PHA. Variations in surgical procedures for hind limb ischaemia mouse models result in differences in collateral formation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40:796-803. [PMID: 20705493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the optimal mouse model for hind limb ischaemia, which offers a therapeutic window that is large enough to detect improvements of blood flow recovery, for example, using cell therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different surgical approaches were performed: single coagulation of femoral and iliac artery, total excision of femoral artery and double coagulation of femoral and iliac artery. Blood flow restoration was analysed with laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI). Immuno-histochemical stainings, angiography and micro-computed tomography (CT) scans were performed for visualisation of collaterals in the mouse. RESULTS Significant differences in flow restoration were observed depending on the surgical procedure. After single coagulation, blood flow already restored 100% in 7 days, in contrast to a significant delayed flow restoration after double coagulation (54% after 28 days, P<0.001). After total excision, blood flow was 100% recovered within 28 days. Compared with total excision, double coagulation displayed more pronounced corkscrew phenotype of the vessels typical for collateral arteries on angiographs. CONCLUSION The extent of the arterial injury is associated with different patterns of perfusion restoration. The double coagulation mouse model is, in our hands, the best model for studying new therapeutic approaches as it offers a therapeutic window in which improvements can be monitored efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hellingman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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van Solingen C, Seghers L, Bijkerk R, Duijs JMGJ, Roeten MK, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, Baelde HJ, Monge M, Vos JB, de Boer HC, Quax PHA, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. Antagomir-mediated silencing of endothelial cell specific microRNA-126 impairs ischemia-induced angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 13:1577-85. [PMID: 19120690 PMCID: PMC3828868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are negative regulators of gene expression that play a key role in cell-type specific differentiation and modulation of cell function and have been proposed to be involved in neovascularization. Previously, using an extensive cloning and sequencing approach, we identified miR-126 to be specifically and highly expressed in human endothelial cells (EC). Here, we demonstrate EC-specific expression of miR-126 in capillaries and the larger vessels in vivo. We therefore explored the potential role of miR-126 in arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Using miR-reporter constructs, we show that miR-126 is functionally active in EC in vitro and that it could be specifically repressed using antagomirs specifically targeting miR-126. To study the consequences of miR-126 silencing on vascular regeneration, mice were injected with a single dose of antagomir-126 or a control 'scramblemir' and exposed to ischemia of the left hindlimb by ligation of the femoral artery. Although miR-126 was effectively silenced in mice treated with a single, high dose (HD) of antagomir-126, laser Doppler perfusion imaging did not show effects on blood flow recovery. In contrast, quantification of the capillary density in the gastrocnemius muscle revealed that mice treated with a HD of antagomir-126 had a markedly reduced angiogenic response. Aortic explant cultures of the mice confirmed the role of miR-126 in angiogenesis. Our data demonstrate a facilitary function for miR-126 in ischemia-induced angiogenesis and show the efficacy and specificity of antagomir-induced silencing of EC-specific microRNAs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen van Solingen
- Department of Nephrology and the Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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de Vries RBM, Oerlemans A, Trommelmans L, Dierickx K, Gordijn B. Ethical aspects of tissue engineering: a review. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:367-75. [PMID: 18834330 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising new field of medical technology. However, like other new technologies, it is not free of ethical challenges. Identifying these ethical questions at an early stage is not only part of science's responsibility toward society, but also in the interest of the field itself. In this review, we map which ethical issues related to TE have already been documented in the scientific literature. The issues that turn out to dominate the debate are the use of human embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning. Nevertheless, a variety of other ethical aspects are mentioned, which relate to different phases in the development of the field. In addition, we discuss a number of ethical issues that have not yet been raised in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob B M de Vries
- Section Ethics, Philosophy, and History of Medicine, Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Timmermans F, Plum J, Yöder MC, Ingram DA, Vandekerckhove B, Case J. Endothelial progenitor cells: identity defined? J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:87-102. [PMID: 19067770 PMCID: PMC3823038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, researchers have gained important insights on the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in adult neovascularization. A subset of BM-derived cells, called endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), has been of particular interest, as these cells were suggested to home to sites of neovascularization and neoendothelialization and differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs) in situ, a process referred to as postnatal vasculogenesis. Therefore, EPCs were proposed as a potential regenerative tool for treating human vascular disease and a possible target to restrict vessel growth in tumour pathology. However, conflicting results have been reported in the field, and the identification, characterization, and exact role of EPCs in vascular biology is still a subject of much discussion. The focus of this review is on the controversial issues in the field of EPCs which are related to the lack of a unique EPC marker, identification challenges related to the paucity of EPCs in the circulation, and the important phenotypical and functional overlap between EPCs, haematopoietic cells and mature ECs. We also discuss our recent findings on the origin of endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs), showing that this in vitro defined EC population does not originate from circulating CD133+ cells or CD45+ haematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Timmermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ghent, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan, Ghent, Belgium
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Abarbanell AM, Herrmann JL, Weil BR, Wang Y, Tan J, Moberly SP, Fiege JW, Meldrum DR. Animal models of myocardial and vascular injury. J Surg Res 2009; 162:239-49. [PMID: 20053409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, numerous animal models have been developed in an attempt to understand myocardial and vascular injury. However, the successful translation of results observed in animals to human therapy remains low. To understand this problem, we present several animal models of cardiac and vascular injury that are of particular relevance to the cardiac or vascular surgeon. We also explore the potential clinical implications and limitations of each model with respect to the human disease state. Our results underscore the concept that animal research requires an in-depth understanding of the model, animal physiology, and the potential confounding factors. Future outcome analyses with standardized animal models may improve translation of animal research from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Abarbanell
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Thaveau F, Zoll J, Bouitbir J, Ribera F, Di Marco P, Chakfe N, Kretz JG, Piquard F, Geny B. Contralateral Leg as a Control During Skeletal Muscle Ischemia-Reperfusion. J Surg Res 2009; 155:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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van Weel V, van Tongeren RB, van Hinsbergh VWM, van Bockel JH, Quax PHA. Vascular growth in ischemic limbs: a review of mechanisms and possible therapeutic stimulation. Ann Vasc Surg 2008; 22:582-97. [PMID: 18504100 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of vascular growth to treat limb ischemia is promising, and early results obtained from uncontrolled clinical trials using angiogenic agents, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, led to high expectations. However, negative results from recent placebo-controlled trials warrant further research. Here, current insights into mechanisms of vascular growth in the adult, in particular the role of angiogenic factors, the immune system, and bone marrow, were reviewed, together with modes of its therapeutic stimulation and results from recent clinical trials. Three concepts of vascular growth have been described to date-angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis (collateral artery growth)-which represent different aspects of an integrated process. Stimulation of arteriogenesis seems clinically most relevant and has most recently been attempted using autologous bone marrow transplantation with some beneficial results, although the mechanism of action is not completely understood. Better understanding of the highly complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular growth may yet lead to meaningful clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V van Weel
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Vascular Endothelium: Translating Discoveries into Public Health Practice--part I. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:251-339. [PMID: 17011242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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