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Bao S, Lu X, Xiang S, Hou X. Establishment of a mouse allergy model for Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1462. [PMID: 38659360 PMCID: PMC11043671 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides is a genus of ubiquitous biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). Female midges have blood-sucking habit. They not only bite and harass humans and animals but also may be an important vector of disease transmission. Therefore, building an animal allergy model caused by Culicoides biting is very beneficial for studying its pathogenesis and exploring the therapeutic methods. MATERIAL AND METHOD Kunming mice were used in this study to build the model and sensitised by two-step injection of midge extracts. Scratching behaviour and histological examination were used to check the immediate and delayed responses. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) were detected using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Splenic cell proliferation and cytokine production were determined using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and ELISA assays. The response of cytokine gene expression to midge stimulation was analysed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Behavioural results revealed a significant increase in scratching frequency among the midge-sensitised animals (p < 0.05). Histological examination showed more inflammatory cytokine infiltration at the injection site of midge-sensitised mice comparing to the ones in the control group. The serum levels of IgE and IgG1 antibodies in the midge-sensitised group were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). After splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with midge extracts, the midge-sensitised group's splenocyte count significantly increased in comparison to the control group. The midge-sensitised group's qPCR data revealed a down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression and an increase in the expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 but not in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, an animal model of Culicoides-mouse sensitisation was successfully constructed using a two-step method. The mode of administration of the model was in good agreement with the natural immune pathway, and the immune response induced by the sensitisation of the model was similar to that produced by the bite of a midge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncai Bao
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi GuizhouChina
| | - Xue Lu
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi GuizhouChina
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi GuizhouChina
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi GuizhouChina
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Kausar MA, Rabie AM, Azam F, Anwar S, Alenazi F, Alshammari KF, Kar S, Ali A, AboElnaga SMH, Jamal A, Singh G, Thakur L, Najm MZ, Saeed M. The role of Aedes aegypti in inducing/aggravating IgE-mediated allergic airway disease: extensive computational studies for identification of allergenic proteins. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2738-2745. [PMID: 37194307 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory allergies have become a major public health concern and affect one-third of the world's population. Several factors like environmental changes, industrialization, and immunologic interactions are reported to contribute to allergic respiratory diseases. Immunological reactions because of mosquito bite (allergic proteins) have been reported to have a high contribution to IgE-mediated allergic airway disease but they are largely ignored. In this study, we aim to predict the potential allergens (proteins) from Aedes aegypti that might play a role in the reactions of IgE-mediated allergic airway diseases. The allergens are identified from an extensive literature search and the 3D structures were prepared using the SwissDock server. Computational studies were performed to identify the potential allergens that might be responsible for IgE-mediated allergies. Our docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results suggest that ADE-3, an allergen from Aedes aegypti, has the highest docking score and is predicted to be responsible for IgE-mediated allergic reaction(s). Overall, this study highlights the importance of immunoinformatics, and the obtained information can be used for designing prophylactic peptide vaccine candidates and inhibitors for controlling IgE-mediated inflammations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd A Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amgad M Rabie
- Head of Drug Discovery & Clinical Research Department, Dikernis General Hospital (DGH), Dikernis, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahaad Alenazi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid F Alshammari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhabrata Kar
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, India
| | - Abrar Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa M H AboElnaga
- Department of Basic Science, Deanship of Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Section of Microbiology, Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Lovnish Thakur
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, India
| | - Mohammad Z Najm
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Arnoldi I, Villa M, Mancini G, Varotto-Boccazzi I, Yacoub MR, Asperti C, Mascheri A, Casiraghi S, Epis S, Bandi C, Dagna L, Forneris F, Gabrieli P. IgE response to Aed al 13 and Aed al 14 recombinant allergens from Aedes albopictus saliva in humans. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100836. [PMID: 37965096 PMCID: PMC10641722 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito bite is normally associated with mild allergic responses, but severe localized or systemic reactions are also possible. Reliable tools for the diagnosis of mosquito allergy are still unavailable. Here, we investigated the IgE response to 3 potential salivary allergens identified in the saliva of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. Methods Serum from 55 adult individuals (28 controls and 27 allergic people), were analysed using an in-house Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) against the Salivary Gland Extract (SGE) and the recombinant proteins albD7l2 (Aed al 2), albAntigen5-3 (Aed al 13) and albLIPS-2 (Aed al 14). Results Fifteen of the 27 (56%) individuals having hypersensitive reactions to mosquito bites had IgE serum levels recognizing SGE. Negative sera did not show detectable levels of IgE targeting the SGE from the most common sympatric mosquito Culex pipiens. Among the positive individuals, 2 subjects displayed IgE targeting Aed al 2 (13%), while IgE recognizing Aed al 13 and Aed al 14 were detected in ten (67%) and seven (47%) individuals, respectively. Two sera from non-hypersensitive subjects had detectable levels of IgE targeting Aed al 13, suggesting possible cross-reaction with the homologue salivary proteins of multiple mosquito species or, more generally, of hematophagous insects. Conclusions Our results indicate that Aed al 13 and Aed al 14 hold the potential to be developed as tools for the diagnosis of allergy to Ae. albopictus bites. Such tools would facilitate epidemiological studies on tiger mosquito allergy in humans and might foster the development of further protein-based assays to investigate cross-species allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Arnoldi
- Entopar Lab, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Italian Malaria Network, Inter University Center for Malaria Research, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
- University School of Advanced Studies Pavia, IUSS, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Marta Villa
- Entopar Lab, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Mancini
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- University School of Advanced Studies Pavia, IUSS, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi
- Entopar Lab, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Italian Malaria Network, Inter University Center for Malaria Research, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Mona-Rita Yacoub
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Asperti
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Mascheri
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Casiraghi
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Entopar Lab, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Italian Malaria Network, Inter University Center for Malaria Research, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Entopar Lab, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Italian Malaria Network, Inter University Center for Malaria Research, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Entopar Lab, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Italian Malaria Network, Inter University Center for Malaria Research, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
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Vander Does A, Labib A, Yosipovitch G. Update on mosquito bite reaction: Itch and hypersensitivity, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1024559. [PMID: 36211437 PMCID: PMC9532860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1024559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito bites are endured by most populations worldwide. Reactions to mosquito bites range from localized wheals and papules with associated pruritus to rare systemic reactions and anaphylaxis in certain populations. The mechanism of itch is due to introduction of mosquito saliva components into the cutaneous tissue, although the exact pathophysiology is unclear. Histamine is thought to be a key player through mosquito saliva itself or through activation of mast cells by IgE or through an IgE-independent pathway. However, other salivary proteins such as tryptase and leukotrienes may induce non-histaminergic itch. Some individuals have a genetic predisposition for mosquito bites, and people with hematologic cancers, HIV, and other conditions are susceptible to robust reactions. Prevention of mosquito bites is key with physical barriers or chemical repellents. Treatment consists of second-generation antihistamines and topical corticosteroids. Further research on topical treatments that target neural-mediated itch is needed.
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Li Z, Ji C, Cheng J, Åbrink M, Shen T, Kuang X, Shang Z, Wu J. Aedes albopictus salivary proteins adenosine deaminase and 34k2 interact with human mast cell specific proteases tryptase and chymase. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13752-13766. [PMID: 35746853 PMCID: PMC9275959 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2081652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
When mosquitoes probe to feed blood, they inoculate a mixture of salivary molecules into vertebrate hosts’ skin causing acute inflammatory reactions where mast cell-derived mediators are involved. Mosquito saliva contains many proteins with largely unknown biological functions. Here, two Aedes albopictus salivary proteins – adenosine deaminase (alADA) and al34k2 – were investigated for their immunological impact on mast cells and two mast cell-specific proteases, the tryptase and the chymase. Mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells were challenged with increased concentrations of recombinant alADA or al34k2 for 1, 3, and 6 h, and to measure mast cell activation, the activity levels of β-hexosaminidase and tryptase and secretion of IL-6 were evaluated. In addition, a direct interaction between alADA or al34k2 with tryptase or chymase was investigated. Results show that bone marrow-derived mast cells challenged with 10 μg/ml of alADA secreted significant levels of β-hexosaminidase, tryptase, and IL-6. Furthermore, both al34k2 and alADA are cut by human tryptase and chymase. Interestingly, al34k2 dose-dependently enhance enzymatic activity of both tryptase and chymase. In contrast, while alADA enhances the enzymatic activity of tryptase, chymase activity was inhibited. Our finding suggests that alADA and al34k2 via interaction with mast cell-specific proteases tryptase and chymase modulate mast cell-driven immune response in the local skin microenvironment. alADA- and al34k2-mediated modulation of tryptase and chymase may also recruit more inflammatory cells and induce vascular leakage, which may contribute to the inflammatory responses at the mosquito bite site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Cejuan Ji
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Medical Technology, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jinzhi Cheng
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Kuang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhengling Shang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Kearney EA, Agius PA, Chaumeau V, Cutts JC, Simpson JA, Fowkes FJI. Anopheles salivary antigens as serological biomarkers of vector exposure and malaria transmission: A systematic review with multilevel modelling. eLife 2021; 10:e73080. [PMID: 34939933 PMCID: PMC8860437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomological surveillance for malaria is inherently resource-intensive and produces crude population-level measures of vector exposure which are insensitive in low-transmission settings. Antibodies against Anopheles salivary proteins measured at the individual level may serve as proxy biomarkers for vector exposure and malaria transmission, but their relationship is yet to be quantified. Methods A systematic review of studies measuring antibodies against Anopheles salivary antigens (PROSPERO: CRD42020185449). Multilevel modelling (to account for multiple study-specific observations [level 1], nested within study [level 2], and study nested within country [level 3]) estimated associations between seroprevalence with Anopheles human biting rate (HBR) and malaria transmission measures. Results From 3981 studies identified in literature searches, 42 studies across 16 countries were included contributing 393 study-specific observations of anti-Anopheles salivary antibodies determined in 42,764 samples. A positive association between HBR (log transformed) and seroprevalence was found; overall a twofold (100% relative) increase in HBR was associated with a 23% increase in odds of seropositivity (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10-1.37; p<0.001). The association between HBR and Anopheles salivary antibodies was strongest with concordant, rather than discordant, Anopheles species. Seroprevalence was also significantly positively associated with established epidemiological measures of malaria transmission: entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium spp. prevalence, and malarial endemicity class. Conclusions Anopheles salivary antibody biomarkers can serve as a proxy measure for HBR and malaria transmission, and could monitor malaria receptivity of a population to sustain malaria transmission. Validation of Anopheles species-specific biomarkers is important given the global heterogeneity in the distribution of Anopheles species. Salivary biomarkers have the potential to transform surveillance by replacing impractical, inaccurate entomological investigations, especially in areas progressing towards malaria elimination. Funding Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Kearney
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul A Agius
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Victor Chaumeau
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityMae SotThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia C Cutts
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Freya JI Fowkes
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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Zamble BZH, Yao SS, Adja AM, Bakli M, Zoh DD, Mathieu-Daudé F, Assi SB, Remoue F, Almeras L, Poinsignon A. First evaluation of antibody responses to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary antigens as a serological biomarker of human exposure to Culex bites: A pilot study in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010004. [PMID: 34898609 PMCID: PMC8699949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex mosquitoes are vectors for a variety of pathogens of public health concern. New indicators of exposure to Culex bites are needed to evaluate the risk of transmission of associated pathogens and to assess the efficacy of vector control strategies. An alternative to entomological indices is the serological measure of antibodies specific to mosquito salivary antigens. This study investigated whether the human IgG response to both the salivary gland extract and the 30 kDa salivary protein of Culex quinquefasciatus may represent a proxy of human exposure to Culex bites. Methodology/Principal findings A multidisciplinary survey was conducted with children aged 1 to 14 years living in neighborhoods with varying exposure to Culex quinquefasciatus in the city of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. Children living in sites with high exposure to Cx quinquefasciatus had a significantly higher IgG response to both salivary antigens compared with children living in the control site where only very few Culex were recorded. Moreover, children from any Culex-high exposed sites had significantly higher IgG responses only to the salivary gland extract compared with children from the control village, whereas no difference was noted in the anti-30 kDa IgG response. No significant differences were noted in the specific IgG responses between age and gender. Sites and the use of a bed net were associated with the level of IgG response to the salivary gland extract and to the 30 kDa antigen, respectively. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the IgG response to Culex salivary gland extracts is suitable as proxy of exposure; however, the specificity to the Culex genus needs further investigation. The lower antigenicity of the 30 kDa recombinant protein represents a limitation to its use. The high specificity of this protein to the Culex genus makes it an attractive candidate and other specific antibody responses might be more relevant as a biomarker of exposure. These epidemiological observations may form a starting point for additional work on developing serological biomarkers of Culex exposure. The evaluation of exposure to mosquitoes is a key parameter in assessing the risk of transmission of associated pathogens, including zoonoses. Entomological methods represent the gold standard but have several limitations, and efforts are being made to develop new indicators to accurately assess human–Culex contact. This study showed the IgG response to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary gland extract is suitable proxy of exposure to Culex bites. The lower antigenicity of the 30 kDa recombinant protein represents a limitation to its use. The high specificity of this protein to the Culex genus makes it an attractive candidate and other isotypic antibody responses specific to this salivary antigen might be more relevant as a biomarker of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zamble H. Zamble
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Serge S. Yao
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Akré M. Adja
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Biosciences, University Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Dounin D. Zoh
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Biosciences, University Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Serge B. Assi
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Cantillo JF, Puerta L. Mosquitoes: Important Sources of Allergens in the Tropics. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:690406. [PMID: 35387048 PMCID: PMC8974784 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.690406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 3,000 mosquito species. Aedes aegypti, Ae. communis, and C. quinquefasciatus are, among others, three of the most important mosquito allergen sources in the tropics, western, and industrialized countries. Several individuals are sensitized to mosquito allergens, but the epidemiological data indicates that the frequency of sensitization markedly differs depending on the geographical region. Additionally, the geographical localization of mosquito species has been affected by global warming and some mosquito species have invaded areas where they were not previously found, at the same time as other species have been displaced. This phenomenon has repercussions in the pathogenesis and the accuracy of the diagnosis of mosquito allergy. Allergic individuals are sensitized to mosquito allergens from two origins: saliva and body allergens. Exposure to saliva allergens occurs during mosquito bite and induces cutaneous allergic reactions. Experimental and clinical data suggest that body allergens mediate different manifestations of allergic reactions such as asthma and rhinitis. The most studied mosquito species is Ae. aegypti, from which four and five allergens of the saliva and body, respectively, have been reported. Many characterized allergens are homologs to arthropod-derived allergens, which cause strong cross-reactivity at the humoral and cellular level. The generalized use of whole body Ae. communis or C. quinquefasciatus extracts complicates the diagnosis of mosquito allergy because they have low concentration of saliva allergens and may result in poor diagnosis of the affected population when other species are the primary sensitizer. This review article discusses the current knowledge about mosquito allergy, allergens, cross-reactivity, and proposals of component resolved approaches based on mixtures of purified recombinant allergens to replace saliva-based or whole-body extracts, in order to perform an accurate diagnosis of allergy induced by mosquito allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Fernando Cantillo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Inmunotek, S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Puerta
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Puerta
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