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Ghaffar I, Rashid M, Akmal M, Hussain A. Plastics in the environment as potential threat to life: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56928-56947. [PMID: 35713833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have become inevitable for human beings in their daily life. Million tons of plastic waste is entering in oceans, soil, freshwater, and sediments. Invasion of plastics in different ecosystems is causing severe problems to inhabitants. Wild animals such as seabirds, fishes, crustaceans, and other invertebrates are mostly effected by plastic entanglements and organic pollutants absorbed and carried by plastics/microplastics. Plastics can also be potentially harmful to human beings and other mammals. Keeping in view the possible harms of plastics, some mitigation strategies must be adopted which may include the use of bioplastics and some natural polymers such as squid-ring teeth protein. This review focuses on the possible sources of intrusion and fate of plastics in different ecosystems, their potential deleterious effects on wildlife, and the measures that can be taken to minimize and avoid the plastic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imania Ghaffar
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid
- Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akmal
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hussain
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Lupo E, Moroni M, La Marca F, Fulco S, Pinzi V. Investigation on an innovative technology for wet separation of plastic wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 51:3-12. [PMID: 26969287 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an original device for the separation of plastic polymers from mixtures. Due to the combination of a characteristic flow pattern developing within the apparatus and density, shape and size differences among two or more polymers, this device allows their separation into two products, one collected within the instrument and the other one expelled through its outlet ducts. Experimental tests have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the apparatus, using two geometric arrangements, nine hydraulic configurations and three selections of polymers at three stages of a material life cycle. Tests with samples composed of a single typology of polymer have been used to understand the interaction between the particles and the carrying fluid within the apparatus in different hydraulic configurations and geometric arrangements. Multi-material tests are essential to simulate the real conditions in an industrial recycling plant. The separation results have been evaluated in terms of grade and recovery of a useful material. Under the proper hydraulic configurations, the experimentation showed that it is possible to produce an almost pure concentrate of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) from a mixture of 85% PET and 15% Polycarbonate (PC) (concentrate grade and recovery equal to 99.5% and 95.1%) and a mixture of 85% PET and 15% Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) (concentrate grade and recovery equal to 97.9% and 100.0%). It is further demonstrated that almost pure concentrates of PVC and PC can be produced from a mixture of 85% PVC and 15% PC (PVC grade and recovery equal to 99.9% and 99.7%) and a mixture of 85% PC and 15% PVC (PC grade and recovery equal to 99.0% and 99.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Lupo
- DICEA-Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Moroni
- DICEA-Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Floriana La Marca
- DICMA-Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Fulco
- DICMA-Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pinzi
- DICMA-Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
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Effect of gamma radiation on the properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/styrene butadiene rubber/waste polyethylene/clay nanocomposites. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kassouf A, Maalouly J, Rutledge DN, Chebib H, Ducruet V. Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2131-2138. [PMID: 25027228 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastic packaging wastes increased considerably in recent decades, raising a major and serious public concern on political, economical and environmental levels. Dealing with this kind of problems is generally done by landfilling and energy recovery. However, these two methods are becoming more and more expensive, hazardous to the public health and the environment. Therefore, recycling is gaining worldwide consideration as a solution to decrease the growing volume of plastic packaging wastes and simultaneously reduce the consumption of oil required to produce virgin resin. Nevertheless, a major shortage is encountered in recycling which is related to the sorting of plastic wastes. In this paper, a feasibility study was performed in order to test the potential of an innovative approach combining mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy with independent components analysis (ICA), as a simple and fast approach which could achieve high separation rates. This approach (MIR-ICA) gave 100% discrimination rates in the separation of all studied plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA). In addition, some more specific discriminations were obtained separating plastic materials belonging to the same polymer family e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE) from low density polyethylene (LDPE). High discrimination rates were obtained despite the heterogeneity among samples especially differences in colors, thicknesses and surface textures. The reproducibility of the proposed approach was also tested using two spectrometers with considerable differences in their sensitivities. Discrimination rates were not affected proving that the developed approach could be extrapolated to different spectrometers. MIR combined with ICA is a promising tool for plastic waste separation that can help improve performance in this field; however further technological improvements and developments are required before it can be applied at an industrial level given that all tests presented here were performed under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Kassouf
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon; INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jacqueline Maalouly
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Hanna Chebib
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | - Violette Ducruet
- INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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Dobrovszky K, Ronkay F. Alternative polymer separation technology by centrifugal force in a melted state. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2104-2112. [PMID: 24999097 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to upgrade polymer waste during recycling, separation should take place at high purity. The present research was aimed to develop a novel, alternative separation opportunity, where the polymer fractions were separated by centrifugal force in melted state. The efficiency of the constructed separation equipment was verified by two immiscible plastics (polyethylene terephthalate, PET; low density polyethylene, LDPE), which have a high difference of density, and of which large quantities can also be found in the municipal solid waste. The results show that the developed equipment is suitable not only for separating dry blended mixtures of PET/LDPE into pure components again, but also for separating prefabricated polymer blends. By this process it becomes possible to recover pure polymer substances from multi-component products during the recycling process. The adequacy of results was verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement as well as optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Dobrovszky
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Ronkay
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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