1
|
Di Nica V, Gallet J, Villa S, Mezzanotte V. Toxicity of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) as single compounds and mixtures to aquatic non-target microorganisms: Experimental data and predictive models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:567-577. [PMID: 28494277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of five Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) that are widely used as active ingredients in personal care products were assessed using the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri (formerly Vibrio fischeri) (Microtox® test system). The experimental results showed a relevant toxicity for almost all of the single QACs, with IC50 values lower than 1mgL-1. Analysis of the mode of action through the application of the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models indicated an a-specific reactivity for most of the QACs toward A. fischeri. Only hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ATMAC-16) behaved as a polar-narcotic, with a low reactivity toward the bacterial cell membrane. The concentration response curves of the different binary and multicomponent mixtures of QACs were also evaluated with respect to the predictions from the Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) models. For almost all of the binary and multicomponent mixtures (7 out of 11 mixtures tested), an agreement between the experimental and predicted ICx was observed and confirmed via application of the Model Deviation Ratio (MDR). In four cases, some deviations from the expected behaviour were observed (potential antagonistic and synergistic interactions) at concentrations on the order of hundreds of µgL-1, which could be of environmental concern, especially in the case of synergistic effects. The analysis of aquatic ecotoxicity data and the few available values of the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) from the literature for wastewaters and receiving waterbodies suggest that a potential risk toward aquatic life cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Di Nica
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - J Gallet
- Unités de Formation et de Recherche - Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex 73376, France
| | - S Villa
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - V Mezzanotte
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alieva RR, Kudryasheva NS. Variability of fluorescence spectra of coelenteramide-containing proteins as a basis for toxicity monitoring. Talanta 2017; 170:425-431. [PMID: 28501192 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, physicochemical approach to understanding toxic effects remains underdeveloped. A proper development of such mode would be concerned with simplest bioassay systems. Coelenteramide-Containing Fluorescent Proteins (CLM-CFPs) can serve as proper tools for study primary physicochemical processes in organisms under external exposures. CLM-CFPs are products of bioluminescent reactions of marine coelenterates. As opposed to Green Fluorescent Proteins, the CLM-CFPs are not widely applied in biomedical research, and their potential as colored biomarkers is undervalued now. Coelenteramide, fluorophore of CLM-CFPs, is a photochemically active molecule; it acts as a proton donor in its electron-excited states, generating several forms of different fluorescent state energy and, hence, different fluorescence color, from violet to green. Contributions of the forms to the visible fluorescence depend on the coelenteramide microenvironment in proteins. Hence, CLM-CFPs can serve as fluorescence biomarkers with color differentiation to monitor results of destructive biomolecule exposures. The paper reviews experimental and theoretical studies of spectral-luminescent and photochemical properties of CLM-CFPs, as well as their variation under different exposures - chemicals, temperature, and ionizing radiation. Application of CLM-CFPs as toxicity bioassays of a new type is justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roza R Alieva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Prospect 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S Kudryasheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Prospect 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Curieses SP, Sáenz ME, Larramendy M, Di Marzio W. Ecotoxicological evaluation of foundry sands and cosmetic sludges using new earthworm biomarkers. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:914-23. [PMID: 27030125 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The management and final disposal of industrial wastes are a matter of considerable human concern. The present study evaluates the cyto/genotoxic effects and changes of the coelomic cell formulas exerted by aqueous leachates and solid waste (SW) of two industrial residues using coelomocytes extruded from Eisenia fetida. The assayed wastes corresponded to industrial foundry and cosmetic activities. After 14 days of exposure, we obtained a group of endpoints that reflect the toxicity/genotoxicity, coelomocyte formula and indexes; and the mortality classical value (LC50-14d). Among the variables measured, total coelomocytes formula (eleocytes + amebocytes + granulocytes) appears as a single and easy parameter to assess the toxicity of eluates at short exposure times. We applied a set of assays using earthworms as test organism that would allow evaluating SW as well as its aqueous leachates. It is easy to run trials combining exposures of 1 h to 14 days, which can be integrated into the implementation of the traditional test for evaluating acute toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Patricia Curieses
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1023, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Ecotoxicology Research Program, Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, 221, B6700, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Elena Sáenz
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1023, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Ecotoxicology Research Program, Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, 221, B6700, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Larramendy
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1023, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum, National University of La Plata, Calle 64 Nº 3, B1904AMA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Walter Di Marzio
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1023, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Ecotoxicology Research Program, Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, 221, B6700, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yue S, Ramsay BA, Wang J, Ramsay J. Toxicity and composition profiles of solid phase extracts of oil sands process-affected water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:573-582. [PMID: 26318810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
After fractionation using sequential solid phase extraction, the presence of toxic components in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) was detected by the Microtox® acute toxicity assay using effect-directed analysis. The composition of each fraction was determined by high-resolution electrospray ionization-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to determine which chemical constituents in all seven fractions co-varied most strongly with toxicity. Although O2 compounds with double bond equivalence (DBE) between 3 and 9 positively correlated with toxicity, C15-C18 O2-NAs with DBE=4 (tricyclic structure), as well as C14-C17 O2-NAs with DBE=3 (bicyclic structure), were found to be most likely associated with OSPW toxicity, consistent with published toxicity studies of surrogate NAs. O4, many O3 (i.e. possibly hydroxylated O2 c-NAs) and a few O2 compounds were found to negatively correlate with toxicity. The results demonstrate the utility of the fractionation and the PLS-DA approach for evaluating composition-response relationships in a complex mixture and also contribute to a better understanding of the toxic compounds in OSPW. These findings will help to focus study on the most environmentally significant components in OSPW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Yue
- Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Bruce A Ramsay
- Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Juliana Ramsay
- Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kudryasheva NS, Rozhko TV. Effect of low-dose ionizing radiation on luminous marine bacteria: radiation hormesis and toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 142:68-77. [PMID: 25644753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The paper summarizes studies of effects of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides (americium-241, uranium-235+238, and tritium) on marine microorganisms under conditions of chronic low-dose irradiation in aqueous media. Luminous marine bacteria were chosen as an example of these microorganisms; bioluminescent intensity was used as a tested physiological parameter. Non-linear dose-effect dependence was demonstrated. Three successive stages in the bioluminescent response to americium-241 and tritium were found: 1--absence of effects (stress recognition), 2--activation (adaptive response), and 3--inhibition (suppression of physiological function, i.e. radiation toxicity). The effects were attributed to radiation hormesis phenomenon. Biological role of reactive oxygen species, secondary products of the radioactive decay, is discussed. The study suggests an approach to evaluation of non-toxic and toxic stages under conditions of chronic radioactive exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Kudryasheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - T V Rozhko
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy, P. Zheleznyaka 1, 660022, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kudryasheva NS, Tarasova AS. Pollutant toxicity and detoxification by humic substances: mechanisms and quantitative assessment via luminescent biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:155-167. [PMID: 25146119 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers mechanisms of detoxification of pollutant solutions by water-soluble humic substances (HSs), natural detoxifying agents. The problems and perspectives of bioassay application for toxicity monitoring of complex solutions are discussed from ecological point of view. Bioluminescence assays based on marine bacteria and their enzymes are of special attention here; they were shown to be convenient tools to study the detoxifying effects on cellular and biochemical levels. The advantages of bioluminescent enzymatic assay for monitoring both integral and oxidative toxicities in complex solutions of model pollutants and HS were demonstrated. The efficiencies of detoxification of the solutions of organic oxidizers and salts of metals (including radioactive ones) by HS were analyzed. The dependencies of detoxification efficiency on time of exposure to HS and HS concentrations were demonstrated. Antioxidant properties of HS were considered in detail. The detoxifying effects of HS were shown to be complex and regarded as 'external' (binding and redox processes in solutions outside the organisms) and/or 'internal' organismal processes. The paper demonstrates that the HS can stimulate a protective response of bacterial cells as a result of (1) changes of rates of biochemical reactions and (2) stabilization of mucous layers outside the cell walls. Acceleration of auto-oxidation of NADH, endogenous reducer, by HS was suggested as a reason for toxicity increase in the presence of HS due to abatement of reduction ability of intracellular media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Kudryasheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660036,
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weltens R, Deprez K, Michiels L. Validation of Microtox as a first screening tool for waste classification. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2427-2433. [PMID: 25241005 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Waste Framework Directive (WFD; 2008/98/EG) describes how waste materials are to be classified as hazardous or not. For complex waste materials chemical analyses are often not conclusive and the WFD provides the possibility to assess the hazardous properties by testing on the waste materials directly. As a methodology WFD refers to the protocols described in the CLP regulation (regulation on Classification, Labeling and Packaging of chemicals) but the toxicity tests on mammals are not acceptable for waste materials. The DISCRISET project was initiated to investigate the suitability of alternative toxicity tests that are already in use in pharmaceutical applications, for the toxicological hazard assessment of complex waste materials. Results indicated that Microtox was a good candidate as a first screening test in a tiered approached hazard assessment. This is now further validated in the present study. The toxic responses measured in Microtox were compared to biological responses in other bioassays for both organic and inorganic fractions of the wastes. Both fractions contribute to the toxic load of waste samples. Results show that the Microtox test is indeed a good and practical screening tool for the organic fraction. A screening threshold (ST) of 5 geq/l as the EC50 value in Microtox is proposed as this ST allows to recognize highly toxic samples in the screening test. The data presented here show that the Microtox toxicity response at this ST is not only predictive for acute toxicity in other organisms but also for sub lethal toxic effects of the organic fraction. This limit value has to be further validated. For the inorganic fraction no specific biotest can be recommended as a screening test, but the use of direct toxicity assessment is also preferable for this fraction as metal speciation is an important issue to define the toxic load of elutriate fractions. A battery of 3 tests (Microtox, Daphnia and Algae) for direct toxicity assessment of this fraction is recommended in literature, but including tests for mechanistic toxicity might be useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Weltens
- VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, B 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - K Deprez
- UH Hasselt University, BIOMED, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - L Michiels
- UH Hasselt University, BIOMED, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hennebert P, van der Sloot HA, Rebischung F, Weltens R, Geerts L, Hjelmar O. Hazard property classification of waste according to the recent propositions of the EC using different methods. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:1739-1751. [PMID: 24994468 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hazard classification of waste is a necessity, but the hazard properties (named "H" and soon "HP") are still not all defined in a practical and operational manner at EU level. Following discussion of subsequent draft proposals from the Commission there is still no final decision. Methods to implement the proposals have recently been proposed: tests methods for physical risks, test batteries for aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity, an analytical package for exhaustive determination of organic substances and mineral elements, surrogate methods for the speciation of mineral elements in mineral substances in waste, and calculation methods for human toxicity and ecotoxicity with M factors. In this paper the different proposed methods have been applied to a large assortment of solid and liquid wastes (>100). Data for 45 wastes - documented with extensive chemical analysis and flammability test - were assessed in terms of the different HP criteria and results were compared to LoW for lack of an independent classification. For most waste streams the classification matches with the designation provided in the LoW. This indicates that the criteria used by LoW are similar to the HP limit values. This data set showed HP 14 'Ecotoxic chronic' is the most discriminating HP. All wastes classified as acute ecotoxic are also chronic ecotoxic and the assessment of acute ecotoxicity separately is therefore not needed. The high number of HP 14 classified wastes is due to the very low limit values when stringent M factors are applied to total concentrations (worst case method). With M factor set to 1 the classification method is not sufficiently discriminating between hazardous and non-hazardous materials. The second most frequent hazard is HP 7 'Carcinogenic'. The third most frequent hazard is HP 10 'Toxic for reproduction' and the fourth most frequent hazard is HP 4 "Irritant - skin irritation and eye damage". In a stepwise approach, it seems relevant to assess HP 14 first, then, if the waste is not classified as hazardous, to assess subsequently HP 7, HP 10 and HP 4, and then if still not classified as hazardous, to assess the remaining properties. The elements triggering the HP 14 classification in order of importance are Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Hg. Progress in the speciation of Zn and Cu is essential for HP 14. Organics were quantified by the proposed method (AFNOR XP X30-489) and need no speciation. Organics can contribute significantly to intrinsic toxicity in many waste materials, but they are only of minor importance for the assessment of HP 14 as the metal concentrations are the main HP 14 classifiers. Organic compounds are however responsible for other toxicological characteristics (hormone disturbance, genotoxicity, reprotoxicity…) and shall be taken into account when the waste is not HP 14 classified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hennebert
- INERIS (Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Hans A van der Sloot
- Hans van der Sloot Consultancy, Dorpsstraat 216, 1721BV Langedijk, The Netherlands
| | - Flore Rebischung
- INERIS (Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Reinhilde Weltens
- VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, B 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lieve Geerts
- VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, B 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ole Hjelmar
- DHI, Agern Allé 5, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kokkali V, van Delft W. Overview of commercially available bioassays for assessing chemical toxicity in aqueous samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Huybrechts D, Weltens R, Jacobs G, Borburgh A, Smets T, Hoebeke L, Polders C. The relevance of physicochemical and biological parameters for setting emission limit values for plants treating complex industrial wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2805-2816. [PMID: 24142491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influents of plants treating complex industrial wastewaters from third parties may contain a large variety of often unknown or unidentified potentially harmful substances. The conventional approach of assessing and regulating the effluents of these plants is to set emission limit values for a limited set of physicochemical parameters, such as heavy metals, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and adsorbable organic halogen compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relevance of physicochemical parameters for setting emission limit values for such plants based on a comparison of effluent analyses by physicochemical and biological assessment tools. The results show that physicochemical parameters alone are not sufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of the water treatment plants for removing hazardous compounds and to protect the environment. The introduction of toxicity limits and limits for the total bioaccumulation potential should be considered to supplement generic parameters such as chemical oxygen demand and adsorbable organic halogens. A recommendation is made to include toxicity screening as a technique to consider in the determination of best available techniques (BAT) during the upcoming revision of the BAT reference document for the waste treatment industries to provide a more rational basis in decisions on additional treatment steps.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma XY, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N. Bioassay based luminescent bacteria: interferences, improvements, and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1-11. [PMID: 23999158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the merits of being time-saving, cost effective and simple operation, the luminescent bacteria toxicity assay (LBTA) has been widely used for environmental pollution monitoring. Based on numerous studies since 2007, this critical review aims to give an overview on the mechanisms, developments and applications of LBTA. Firstly, based on the introduction of the mechanisms of LBTA, this review shows the interferences from the characteristics of testing samples (such as inorganic nutrients, color, turbidity) and summarizes the improvements on pretreatment method, test methods and test systems in recent years. Regarding the factors that affect the toxicity prediction of single chemicals, the correlation between the toxicity index expressed as median effective concentration (EC50) and characters (such as Kow, the alkyl chain length, the anion and the cation) of known chemicals, especially the emerging ionic liquids (ILs), were given an in-depth discussion. The models for predicting the joint effect of mixtures to luminescent bacteria were also presented. For the factors that affect the toxicity of actual waters, the correlation of toxicity of actual samples to luminescent bacteria and their conventional indexes were discussed. Comparing the sensitivity of the LBTA with other bioassays could indicate the feasibility of the LBTA applied on specific samples. The summary on the application of LBTA to environmental samples has been made to find the future research direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiochetta CG, Goetten LC, Almeida SM, Quaranta G, Cotelle S, Radetski CM. Leachates from solid wastes: chemical and eco(geno)toxicological differences between leachates obtained from fresh and stabilized industrial organic sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1090-1098. [PMID: 23872895 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of fresh and stabilized industrial organic sludge leachates were compared to obtain information regarding how the stabilization process can influence the ecotoxic potential of this industrial waste, which could be used for the amendment of degraded soil. Physicochemical analysis of the sludge leachates, as well as a battery of eco(geno)toxicity tests on bacteria, algae, daphnids, and higher plants (including Vicia faba genotoxicity test) and the determination of hydrolytic enzyme activity, was performed according to standard methods. The chemical comparison of the two types of leachate showed that the samples obtained from stabilized sludge had a lower organic content and higher metal content than leachates of the fresh sludge. The eco(geno)toxicological results obtained with aquatic organisms showed that the stabilized sludge leachate was more toxic than the fresh sludge leachate, both originating from the same industrial organic sludge sample. Nevertheless, phytotoxicity tests carried out with a reference peat soil irrigated with stabilized sludge leachate showed the same toxicity as the fresh sludge leachate. In the case of the industrial solid organic sludge studied, stabilization through a biodegradation process promoted a higher metal mobility/bioavailability/eco(geno)toxicity in the stabilized sludge leachate compared to the fresh sludge leachate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudete G Chiochetta
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, 88302-202, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pandard P, Römbke J. Proposal for a "Harmonized" strategy for the assessment of the HP 14 property. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2013; 9:665-72. [PMID: 23633289 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, the decision whether waste is hazardous or not is based on 15 properties, among them the HP 14 property ("ecotoxic": waste that presents or may present immediate or delayed risks for 1 or more sectors of the environment). This document describes a strategy for assessing the HP 14 property, based on a combination of 2 approaches: the summation of classified compounds in the waste carried out according to the regulation on Classification, Labeling and Packaging (CLP) of substances and mixtures and the usage of the results of biotests performed on waste eluates and solid wastes. The proposal is based mainly on recommendations of a European ring test carried out in 2007, the work performed in the CEN/TC 292/WG 7 standardization working group, and the results of various research projects regarding the ecotoxicological characterization of waste carried out mainly in France and Germany. Examples are provided showing that, using this approach, a distinction between hazardous and nonhazardous wastes is possible, independent of which type of threshold values is used (currently, both effect concentrations [EC] or lowest ineffective dilutions [LID] values have been used successfully). Furthermore, a battery of tests (3 using waste eluates and 3 using solid waste samples, plus, under certain conditions, a genotoxicity test) is recommended for the ecotoxicological testing of wastes. We propose to consider this combined approach when defining the legal requirements for the ecotoxicological classification of wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pandard
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hennebert P, Papin A, Padox JM, Hasebrouck B. The evaluation of an analytical protocol for the determination of substances in waste for hazard classification. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:1577-1588. [PMID: 23602301 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The classification of waste as hazardous could soon be assessed in Europe using largely the hazard properties of its constituents, according to the the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation. Comprehensive knowledge of the component constituents of a given waste will therefore be necessary. An analytical protocol for determining waste composition is proposed, which includes using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) screening methods to identify major elements and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening techniques to measure organic compounds. The method includes a gross or indicator measure of 'pools' of higher molecular weight organic substances that are taken to be less bioactive and less hazardous, and of unresolved 'mass' during the chromatography of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The concentration of some elements and specific compounds that are linked to specific hazard properties and are subject to specific regulation (examples include: heavy metals, chromium(VI), cyanides, organo-halogens, and PCBs) are determined by classical quantitative analysis. To check the consistency of the analysis, the sum of the concentrations (including unresolved 'pools') should give a mass balance between 90% and 110%. Thirty-two laboratory samples comprising different industrial wastes (liquids and solids) were tested by two routine service laboratories, to give circa 7000 parameter results. Despite discrepancies in some parameters, a satisfactory sum of estimated or measured concentrations (analytical balance) of 90% was reached for 20 samples (63% of the overall total) during this first test exercise, with identified reasons for most of the unsatisfactory results. Regular use of this protocol (which is now included in the French legislation) has enabled service laboratories to reach a 90% mass balance for nearly all the solid samples tested, and most of liquid samples (difficulties were caused in some samples from polymers in solution and vegetable oil). The protocol is submitted to French and European normalization bodies (AFNOR and CEN) and further improvements are awaited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hennebert
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Domaine du Petit Arbois BP33, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|