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Kobetičová K, Nábělková J, Brejcha V, Böhm M, Jerman M, Brich J, Černý R. Ecotoxicity of Caffeine as a Bio-Protective Component of Flax-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy-Composite Building Material. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3901. [PMID: 37835952 PMCID: PMC10575024 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a verified bio-protective substance in the fight against the biodegradation of cellulose materials, but its ecotoxicity in this context has not yet been studied. For this reason, the ecotoxicity of flax-fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with or without caffeine was tested in the present study. Prepared samples of the composite material were tested on freshwater green algal species (Hematococcus pluvialis), yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae), and crustacean species (Daphnia magna). Aqueous eluates were prepared from the studied material (with caffeine addition (12%) and without caffeine and pure flax fibers), which were subjected to chemical analysis for the residues of caffeine or metals. The results indicate the presence of caffeine up to 0.001 mg/L. The eluate of the studied material was fully toxic for daphnids and partially for algae and yeasts, but the presence of caffeine did not increase its toxicity statistically significantly, in all cases. The final negative biological effects were probably caused by the mix of heavy metal residues and organic substances based on epoxy resins released directly from the tested composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Kobetičová
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.B.); (M.J.); (J.B.); (R.Č.)
| | - Jana Nábělková
- Department of Urban Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Viktor Brejcha
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.B.); (M.J.); (J.B.); (R.Č.)
| | - Martin Böhm
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.B.); (M.J.); (J.B.); (R.Č.)
| | - Miloš Jerman
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.B.); (M.J.); (J.B.); (R.Č.)
| | - Jiří Brich
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.B.); (M.J.); (J.B.); (R.Č.)
| | - Robert Černý
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.B.); (M.J.); (J.B.); (R.Č.)
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Santos J, Rodríguez-Romero A, Cifrian E, Maldonado-Alameda A, Chimenos JM, Andrés A. Eco-toxicity assessment of industrial by-product-based alkali-activated binders using the sea urchin embryogenesis bioassay. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118100. [PMID: 37209591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
New cement-based materials such as alkali-activated binders (AABs) or geopolymers allow the incorporation of waste or industrial by-products in their formulation, resulting an interesting valorization technique. Therefore, it is essential to inquire about the potential environmental and health impacts throughout their life cycle. In the European context, a minimum aquatic toxicity tests battery has been recommended for construction products, but their potential biological effects on marine ecosystems have not been considered. In this study, three industrial by-products, PAVAL® (PV) aluminum oxide, weathered bottom ash (WBA) resulting from incinerator bottom ash and glass cullet recycling waste (CSP), were evaluated as precursors in the AAB formulation from an environmental point of view. To determine the potential effects on marine environment caused by the leaching of contaminants from these materials into seawater, the leaching test EN-12457-2 and an ecotoxicity test using the model organism sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were conducted. The percentage of abnormal larval development was selected as endpoint of the toxicity test. Based on the results obtained from the toxicity tests, AABs have less damaging impact (EC50 values: 49.2%-51.9%) on the marine environment in general than raw materials. The results highlight the need to stablish a specific battery of toxicity tests for the environmental assessment of construction products on marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santos
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Romero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Cifrian
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - A Maldonado-Alameda
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Chimenos
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Andrés
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Spain.
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3
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Bandarra BS, Mesquita C, Passos H, Martins RC, Coelho PALF, Pereira JL, Quina MJ. An integrated characterisation of incineration bottom ashes towards sustainable application: Physicochemical, ecotoxicological, and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131649. [PMID: 37210879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental protection is a central concern regarding municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (IBA) management, but the assessment of waste Hazardous Property HP14 (ecotoxicity) is still under debate. Civil engineering applications may be a suitable management strategy. This work aimed at evaluating IBA regarding mechanical behaviour and environmental hazardous potential, including a biotest battery for ecotoxicity assessment (comprising miniaturised tests), to explore its potential for safe utilization. Physical, chemical, ecotoxicological (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Lepidium sativum), and mechanical (one-dimensional compressibility, shear strength) analyses were performed. The low leaching for potentially toxic metals and ions complied with European Union (EU) limit values for non-hazardous waste landfills. No relevant ecotoxicological effects were found. The biotest battery seems suitable for ecotoxicological assessment in the aquatic ecosystem, providing wide information on waste impact on different trophic/functional levels and chemical uptake routes, simultaneously involving short-duration tests and reduced amounts of waste. IBA presented more compressibility than sand, but its mixture with sand (30%:70%) was closer to sand compressibility. IBA (lower stresses) and the mixture (higher stresses) showed slightly higher shear strength than sand. Overall, IBA presented the potential for valorisation as loose aggregates from an environmental and mechanical viewpoint in a circular economy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Bandarra
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - C Mesquita
- CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos-Pólo II da Universidade, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - H Passos
- CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R C Martins
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - P A L F Coelho
- CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos-Pólo II da Universidade, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - J L Pereira
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M J Quina
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Hubai K, Kováts N, Sainnokhoi TA, Eck-Varanka B, Hoffer A, Tóth Á, Teke G. Phytotoxicity of particulate matter from controlled burning of different plastic waste types. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:852-858. [PMID: 35908223 PMCID: PMC9636295 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to careful estimations, open burning of plastic waste affects app. 2 billion people worldwide. While human health risks have become more and more obvious, much less information is available on the phytotoxicity of these emissions. In our study phytotoxicity of particulate matter samples generated during controlled combustion of different plastic waste types such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) was evaluated based on peroxidase levels. While different samples showed different concentration-effect relationship patterns, higher concentration(s) caused decreased peroxidase activities in each sample indicating serious damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Hubai
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary.
- , 8200 Veszprém Egyetem Str. 10, Veszpr?m, Hungary.
| | - Tsend-Ayush Sainnokhoi
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- University of Pannonia, MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tóth
- University of Pannonia, MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd, 8184, Balatonfűzfő, Hungary
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5
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Kováts N, Hubai K, Sainnokhoi TA, Eck-Varanka B, Hoffer A, Tóth Á, Kakasi B, Teke G. Ecotoxic emissions generated by illegal burning of household waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134263. [PMID: 35271903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The practice of burning household waste including different types of plastic is illegal in Hungary, still an existing problem. As environmental consequences are hardly known, this study attempts to give an initial estimation of the ecotoxicity generated during controlled combustion of different waste types. These samples included polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), oriented strand board (OSB) and rag (RAG). Ecotoxicological profiling was completed using the following test battery: Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay, Daphnia magna immobility test and the seedling emergence assay. Also, genotoxicity of plastic waste samples was assessed using the SOS Chromotest. Concerning main pollutants in the samples, the samples could be distinguished as 'PAH-type' and 'heavy metal-type' samples. PVC, PU and PS samples showed the highest toxicity in the Vibrio and Daphnia assays. The PVC sample was characterized by an extremely high cadmium concentration (22.4 μg/L), PS, PP and PU samples on the contrary had high total PAH content. While Vibrio and Daphnia showed comparable sensitivity, the phytotoxicity assay had no response for any of the samples tested. Samples originating from the controlled burning of different plastic types such as PU, PVC, PS and PP were classified as genotoxic, PS sample showed extremely high genotoxicity. Genotoxicity expressed as SOSIF showed strong correlation with most of the PAHs detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Hubai
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Tsend-Ayush Sainnokhoi
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary; Mongolian University of Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Khan-Uul District, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- University of Pannonia, MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tóth
- University of Pannonia, MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakasi
- University of Pannonia, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., 8184, Balatonfűzfő, Hungary
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6
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Sun J, Wang L, Yu J, Guo B, Chen L, Zhang Y, Wang D, Shen Z, Tsang DCW. Cytotoxicity of stabilized/solidified municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127369. [PMID: 34879564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-carbon stabilization/solidification (S/S) is of increasing importance as an option for the treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MIFA). This study tailored four binders (e.g., ordinary Portland cement (OPC), calcium aluminate cement (CAC), phosphate-modified OPC, and phosphate-modified CAC) for S/S of MIFA and evaluated the cytotoxicity of treated MIFA by using A549 cell-based in-vitro assay. After S/S treatment, the leachability of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb from MIFA decreased by 76.1%, 93.4%, 69.6%, and 85.5%, respectively. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that the hydration products determined the immobilization efficiencies of various binders, and strong bonding between metallic cations and phosphate enhanced the immobilization efficiency. The treated MIFA showed significantly lower cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing abilities than original MIFA, in which with phosphate-modified OPC treated MIFA showed the lowest ROS levels. Intracellular ROS and multicytotoxicity results also revealed that the treated MIFA not only decreased the cytotoxicity-inducing capability but also enhanced the tolerant dosage of cytotoxicity, in which phosphate-modified S/S treatments showed more effective mitigation (25% less cytotoxicity) than plain cement treatments due to the high-efficiency immobilization of potentially toxic elements. This study develops a pioneering assessment protocol to measure the success of sustainable treatment of MIFA in human health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Construction Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Binglin Guo
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Diwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Opportunities and Barriers for Valorizing Waste Incineration Bottom Ash: Iberian Countries as a Case Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incineration bottom ashes (IBA) are the main waste from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. In the Iberian countries (Portugal and Spain), MSW incineration with energy recovery (WtE) plays an important role in MSW management. IBA is highly produced and managed differently both between and within countries. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the management model of IBA using the Iberian Peninsula as a case study, addressing its properties, current management, incentives and difficulties in valorizing, and prospects. For this purpose, incineration plants of both countries were approached, and a broad literature review was conducted to gather information. About 10% and 41% of IBA have been landfilled in Portugal and Spain, respectively. Metals (mostly ferrous) from Portuguese (6% of IBA) and Spanish (9% of IBA) WtE plants are recycled. In Portugal, the remaining IBA (84%) has been temporarily stored (11%), applied to landfills as a substitute for soil in intermediate and final covers, construction of paths, accesses, and platforms (41%), or used in civil engineering work and road construction (48%). In Spain, the remaining IBA (50%) has been reused mainly as a secondary raw material in the construction and civil engineering fields (77%), while the rest has been temporarily stored (11%), applied in the conditioning of landfills (4%), alsoa secondary aggregate replacing natural materials. Both countries regulate IBA reuse outside landfills but consider different requirements and criteria. Nevertheless, there are both drivers and barriers to valorization. In the future, different IBA applications will likely continue to be developed, with the concern of protecting the environment. Growing confidence in IBA reuse following the publication of proper studies is expected. Globally, uniform legal frameworks among EU members with the same standards would likely lead to better IBA valorization.
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Tumolo M, Ancona V, De Paola D, Losacco D, Campanale C, Massarelli C, Uricchio VF. Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5438. [PMID: 32731582 PMCID: PMC7432837 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr (VI) pollution is largely related to several Cr (VI) industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union (EU) waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on the type of industry and receiving water body. Once in water, chromium mainly occurs in two oxidation states Cr (III) and Cr (VI) and related ion forms depending on pH values, redox potential, and presence of natural reducing agents. Public concerns with chromium are primarily related to hexavalent compounds owing to their toxic effects on humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Risks for human health range from skin irritation to DNA damages and cancer development, depending on dose, exposure level, and duration. Remediation strategies commonly used for Cr (VI) removal include physico-chemical and biological methods. This work critically presents their advantages and disadvantages, suggesting a site-specific and accurate evaluation for choosing the best available recovering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tumolo
- Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy; (M.T.); (D.L.); (C.C.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Ancona
- Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy; (M.T.); (D.L.); (C.C.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
| | - Domenico De Paola
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Italian National Research Council (IBBR-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Daniela Losacco
- Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy; (M.T.); (D.L.); (C.C.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanale
- Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy; (M.T.); (D.L.); (C.C.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
| | - Carmine Massarelli
- Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy; (M.T.); (D.L.); (C.C.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
| | - Vito Felice Uricchio
- Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy; (M.T.); (D.L.); (C.C.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
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Chen Y, Xu L, Tan SN, Sun X, Deng Y, Yang W. Solidification and multi-cytotoxicity evaluation of thermally treated MSWI fly ash. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122041. [PMID: 31954298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash produced in waste-to-energy plants possesses a serious threat to human health. Although the traditional methods including toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and sequential extraction approach can partially evaluate the reduction of heavy metals leaching from thermally treated MSWI fly ash, the potential threat towards organisms is frequently ignored in previous literature. Considering this, herein we systematically assess the cytotoxicity of heat-treated samples using multiple cells from different biological tissues/organs for the first time. The results indicate that the leachability and transferability of heavy metals are declined after treatment. The biological assays demonstrate that the leachates from the treated residues induce lower phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity compared with the original samples. Moreover, according to the cellular responses of multiple cells to the leachates, normal cells (MC3T3-E1, HUVEC, and L929) are more tolerant to the leachates than cancerous cells (4T1, MG63), and the skin fibroblasts (L929), which often interact with the external circumstance, have the best cellular tolerance. This work provides a novel platform to determine the potential biosecurity of MSWI fly ash-derived products towards organisms, when they are served as secondary building materials in the constructional industry that may be contact with animals and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Swee Ngin Tan
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Xiaolong Sun
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore; Zerowaste Asia Co. Ltd., Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Yi Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Weizhong Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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Yin K, Chan WP, Dou X, Ahamed A, Lisak G, Chang VWC. Human exposure and risk assessment of recycling incineration bottom ash for land reclamation: A showcase coupling studies of leachability, transport modeling and bioaccumulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121600. [PMID: 31771889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Incineration bottom ash (IBA) faces challenges for its sustainable recycling due to the absence of scenario-specific risk assessment. Environmental risk assessment was carried out via a case study incorporating key factors to dominate human exposures during IBA utilization in land reclamation. Three research components echoing respective IBA leaching, exposures, and consequences were performed under a supportive framework to elaborate these interlinked key factors and unveil the potential environmental risks. IBA leachability was firstly investigated using various laboratory standard leaching methods while conducted a large-scale field trial experiment for mutual confirmation, suggesting that maximum leached amounts may be achieved when liquid to solid (L/S) ratio increases to 10. Dilution and transportation models were both developed to discriminate the mitigation of IBA leachate between two periods i.e. during and after land reclamation, suggesting that dilution rather than transportation may dominate the environmental impact for metal exposures. Metal bioaccumulation from a typical mollusk species was performed coupling the calculated dietary safety limits based on Singaporean diet intake for development of the threshold of toxicology concerns on human exposures. With such, IBA benign usage in land reclamation was also conferred in the form of distance and dilution factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; The Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Wei-Ping Chan
- The Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Xiaomin Dou
- The Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Ashiq Ahamed
- The Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- The Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Victor Wei-Chung Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, 23 College Walk, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Luo H, Cheng Y, He D, Yang EH. Review of leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:90-103. [PMID: 30852230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Incineration is widely adopted in modern waste management because it provides an effective way to minimize municipal solid waste that needs to be disposed of in landfills. The ash residue is often disposed by landfilling. Alternatively, the incineration ash may be recycled and reused for various applications. The crucial issues, however, are the leaching of harmful elements during the use and the end-of-life phases. This review summarizes extensive studies on leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration ash. Specifically, pollutants generated through leaching, factors governing leaching, methodologies to study leaching, leaching mechanisms, and treatments to reduce leaching. Many types of pollutants are generated through leaching from municipal solid waste incineration ash, in which heavy metals and organic contaminants are the most toxic and concerned. Ash properties, pH and liquid to solid ratio are the main factors governing municipal solid waste incineration ash leaching. Leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration ash is complicated and existing methods to evaluate leaching may not be able to represent the field conditions. Solubility and sorption are the two major leaching mechanisms. Many treatment methods have been proposed. However, not all methods are effective and some approaches are associated with high energy and high cost, which makes them less economically feasible and attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Ying Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongqin He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - En-Hua Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Phoungthong K, Shao LM, He PJ, Zhang H. Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 63:58-67. [PMID: 29406117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of coal fly ash (CFA), municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) and flue gas desulfurization residue (FGDR) in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model (WiscLEACH) indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamphe Phoungthong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Li-Ming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China (MOHURD), Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China (MOHURD), Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Solidification and Biotoxicity Assessment of Thermally Treated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14060626. [PMID: 28604580 PMCID: PMC5486312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, thermal treatment was used to stabilize municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, which was considered hazardous waste. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results indicated that, after the thermal process, the leaching concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn decreased from 8.08 to 0.16 mg/L, 0.12 to 0.017 mg/L and 0.39 to 0.1 mg/L, respectively, which well met the limits in GB5085.3-2007 and GB16689-2008. Thermal treatment showed a negative effect on the leachability of Cr with concentrations increasing from 0.1 to 1.28 mg/L; nevertheless, it was still under the limitations. XRD analysis suggested that, after thermal treatments, CaO was newly generated. CaO was a main contribution to higher Cr leaching concentrations owing to the formation of Cr (VI)—compounds such as CaCrO4. SEM/EDS tests revealed that particle adhesion, agglomeration, and grain growth happened during the thermal process and thus diminished the leachability of Pb, Cu, and Zn, but these processes had no significant influence on the leaching of Cr. A microbial assay demonstrated that all thermally treated samples yet possessed strong bactericidal activity according to optical density (OD) test results. Among all samples, the OD value of raw fly ash (RFA) was lowest followed by FA700-10, FA900-10, and FA1100-10 in an increasing order, which indicated that the sequence of the biotoxicity for these samples was RFA > FA700-10 > FA900-10 > FA1100-10. This preliminary study indicated that, apart from TCLP criteria, the biotoxicity assessment was indispensable for evaluating the effect of thermal treatment for MSWI fly ash.
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Phoungthong K, Zhang H, Shao LM, He PJ. Variation of the phytotoxicity of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination with leaching conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:547-554. [PMID: 26745383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) has long been regarded as an alternative building material in the construction industry. However, the pollutants contained in the bottom ash could potentially leach out and contaminate the local environment, which presents an obstacle to the reuse of the materials. To evaluate the environmental feasibility of using MSWIBA as a recycled material in construction, the leaching derived ecotoxicity was assessed. The leaching behavior of MSWIBA under various conditions, including the extractant type, leaching time, liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio, and leachate pH were investigated, and the phytotoxicity of these leachates on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination was determined. Moreover, the correlation between the germination index and the concentrations of various chemical constituents in the MSWIBA leachates was assessed using multivariate statistics with principal component analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. It was found that, heavy metal concentrations in the leachate were pH and L/S ratio dependent, but were less affected by leaching time. Heavy metals were the main pollutants present in wheat seeds. Heavy metals (especially Ba, Cr, Cu and Pb) had a substantial inhibitory effect on wheat seed germination and root elongation. To safely use MSWIBA in construction, the potential risk and ecotoxicity of leached materials must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamphe Phoungthong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Li-Ming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China (MOHURD), Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China (MOHURD), Shanghai 200092, PR China
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