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Irfan M, Un Nabi RA, Hussain H, Naz MY, Shukrullah S, Khawaja HA, Rahman S, Farid MU. Statistical prediction and sensitivity analysis of kinetic rate constants for efficient thermal valorization of plastic waste into combustible oil and gases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16049. [PMID: 37215830 PMCID: PMC10192758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity analyses of rate constants for chemical kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction are essential for the efficient valorization of plastic waste into combustible liquids and gases. Finding the role of individual rate constants can provide important information on the process conditions, quality, and quantity of the pyrolysis products. The reaction temperature and time can also be reduced through these analyses. For sensitivity analysis, one possible approach is to estimate the kinetic parameters using MLRM (multiple linear regression model) in SPSS. To date, no research reports on this research gap are documented in the published literature. In this study, MLRM is applied to kinetic rate constants, which slightly differ from experimental data. The experimental and statistically predicted rate constants varied up to 200% from their original values to perform sensitivity analysis using MATLAB software. The product yield was examined after 60 min of thermal pyrolysis at a fixed temperature of 420 °C. The predicted rate constant "k(8)" with a slight difference of 0.02 and 0.04 from the experiment revealed 85% oil yield and 40% light wax after 60 min of operation. The heavy wax was missing from the products under these conditions. This rate constant can be utilized to maximize the commercial-scale extraction of liquids and light waxes from thermal pyrolysis of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rao Adeel Un Nabi
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Hussain
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Abbas Khawaja
- Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman Farid
- Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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Nabi RAU, Naz MY, Shukrullah S, Ghamkhar M, Rehman NU, Irfan M, Alqarni AO, Legutko S, Kruszelnicka I, Ginter-Kramarczyk D, Ochowiak M, Włodarczak S, Krupińska A, Matuszak M. Analysis of Statistically Predicted Rate Constants for Pyrolysis of High-Density Plastic Using R Software. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175910. [PMID: 36079292 PMCID: PMC9457231 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The surge in plastic waste production has forced researchers to work on practically feasible recovery processes. Pyrolysis is a promising and intriguing option for the recycling of plastic waste. Developing a model that simulates the pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as the most common polymer is important in determining the impact of operational parameters on system behavior. The type and amount of primary products of pyrolysis, such as oil, gas, and waxes, can be predicted statistically using a multiple linear regression model (MLRM) in R software. To the best of our knowledge, the statistical estimation of kinetic rate constants for pyrolysis of high-density plastic through MLRM analysis using R software has never been reported in the literature. In this study, the temperature-dependent rate constants were fixed experimentally at 420 °C. The rate constants with differences of 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 from empirically set values were analyzed for pyrolysis of HDPE using MLRM in R software. The added variable plots, scatter plots, and 3D plots demonstrated a good correlation between the dependent and predictor variables. The possible changes in the final products were also analyzed by applying a second-order differential equation solver (SODES) in MATLAB version R2020a. The outcomes of experimentally fixed-rate constants revealed an oil yield of 73% to 74%. The oil yield increased to 78% with a difference of 0.03 from the experimentally fixed rate constants, but light wax, heavy wax, and carbon black decreased. The increased oil and gas yield with reduced byproducts verifies the high significance of the conducted statistical analysis. The statistically predicted kinetic rate constants can be used to enhance the oil yield at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Adeel Un Nabi
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ghamkhar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali O. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stanisław Legutko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Kruszelnicka
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ochowiak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Equipment, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Włodarczak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Equipment, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andżelika Krupińska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Equipment, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Matuszak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Equipment, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Serra ACS, Milato JV, Faillace JG, Calderari MRCM. Reviewing the use of zeolites and clay based catalysts for pyrolysis of plastics and oil fractions. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-022-00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Istadi I, Amalia R, Riyanto T, Anggoro DD, Jongsomjit B, Putranto AB. Acids treatment for improving catalytic properties and activity of the spent RFCC catalyst for cracking of palm oil to kerosene-diesel fraction fuels. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Urban Plastic Waste: Modified Mordenite and ZSM-5 Zeolites. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites have been successfully applied as catalysts in the pyrolysis of plastics to obtain valuable lower molecular weight hydrocarbon compounds. In the present work, mordenite was directly synthesized and chemically modified from commercial mordenite to increase pore volume. For the first time, the performance of these mordenites was compared with that of an alkali-treated ZSM-5 as catalysts for assisting the pyrolysis of simulated urban plastic waste. The investigated zeolites were: (i) as-supplied synthetic ZSM-5 (ZSM-5/AS); (ii) 0.2 M NaOH treated ZSM-5 (ZSM-5/02); (iii) as-supplied mordenite (MOR/AS); (iv) 0.2 M NaOH treated mordenite (MOR/02); and (v) synthetic lab-developed mordenite (MOR/SD). The modified and synthesized zeolites were individually applied as catalysts in the 700 °C pyrolyzes of combined polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene wastes in a mixture simulating most plastics found in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) city garbage composition. X-ray diffraction revealed crystallite sizes of all zeolites in a nanometric range from 17 to 43 nm. Textural analysis disclosed the alkali-treated ZSM-5/02 with a superior external surface area, 153 m²/g, and mesopore volume equal to 0.253 cm3/g. Lower values were obtained by MOR/02 (39 m²/g and 0.072 cm3/g). The pyrolysis of the plastic mixture with ZSM-5/02 presented a lower initial degradation temperature, 387 °C, followed by MOR/02, with 417 °C. The ZSM-5/02 catalyst obtained the highest conversion in the pyrolysis of the plastic mixture, totaling 49.2%. However, pyrolysis assisted by the MOR/02 catalyst showed the largest fraction (81.5%) of light hydrocarbons.
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Cavalheiro OL, Lenz MG, Oliveira DL, Bertuol DA, Salau NPG. Synthesis and physico-chemistry properties of a diesel-like fuel produced from waste polypropylene pyrolysis oil. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2021.1986030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. L. Cavalheiro
- Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - M. G. Lenz
- Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - D. L. Oliveira
- Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - D. A. Bertuol
- Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - N. P. G. Salau
- Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Milato JV, França RJ, Marques MRC. Pyrolysis of oil sludge from the offshore petroleum industry: influence of different mesoporous zeolites catalysts to obtain paraffinic products. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1013-1022. [PMID: 31378165 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1650833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of oil sludge from the petroleum industry in contact with three mesoporous zeolite catalysts (CBV 720, 760 and 780) was carried out at 450°C to obtain oil rich in paraffin. The properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, NH3-TPD, FT-IR, TGA and nitrogen ad/desorption isotherms, while the pyrolysis oil was analysed by GC-MS. The products obtained in the presence of mesoporous zeolites showed selectivity for conversion of light hydrocarbons with decreased content of aromatic compounds. The homogeneous porosity distribution of the CBV 780 was the determining factor in catalytic pyrolysis. The residue could be treated by pyrolysis using mesoporous zeolite. The use of this catalyst produced 56% oil fraction with the highest yield of light hydrocarbons (96%). Compared with the thermal pyrolysis of this waste, the use of mesoporous zeolitic catalysts increased the production of light hydrocarbons and reduced the production of aromatic compounds in the pyrolysis oil from sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jônatas V Milato
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J França
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica R C Marques
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Liu Z, Li Y, Yu F, Zhu J, Xu L. Co-pyrolysis of oil sand bitumen with lignocellulosic biomass under hydrothermal conditions. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prototype Co-Pyrolysis of Used Lubricant Oil and Mixed Plastic Waste to Produce a Diesel-Like Fuel. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The co-pyrolysis of used lubricant oil blended with plastic waste, namely high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), to produce a diesel-like fuel was studied. The proportions of the raw materials were optimized using laboratory scale pyrolysis at atmospheric pressure at a final temperature of 450 °C without a catalyst. The ratios of used lubricant oil (Oil) and plastic waste (Oil:HDPE:PP:PS) investigated were 50:30:20:0, 50:30:0:20, 50:0:30:20, and 50:30:10:10 by weight. It was found that the oil produced using an Oil:HDPE:PP:PS ratio of 50:30:20:0 exhibited most of the properties of standard diesel oil as specified by the Ministry of Energy (Thailand), except for its flash point, which was lower than the standard. Therefore, this proportion was utilized for the scaled-up testing in the co-pyrolysis prototype (10 kg/day). Three reactor temperature ranges (less than 400 °C, 400–425 °C, and 425–450 °C) were studied, and the properties of the oil products were analysed. The oil products produced at 400–425 °C exhibited diesel-like fuel properties.
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Akcil A, Vegliò F, Ferella F, Okudan MD, Tuncuk A. A review of metal recovery from spent petroleum catalysts and ash. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 45:420-33. [PMID: 26188611 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in environmental awareness, the disposal of any form of hazardous waste has become a great concern for the industrial sector. Spent catalysts contribute to a significant amount of the solid waste generated by the petrochemical and petroleum refining industry. Hydro-cracking and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts are extensively used in the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. The catalysts used in the refining processes lose their effectiveness over time. When the activity of catalysts decline below the acceptable level, they are usually regenerated and reused but regeneration is not possible every time. Recycling of some industrial waste containing base metals (such as V, Ni, Co, Mo) is estimated as an economical opportunity in the exploitation of these wastes. Alkali roasted catalysts can be leached in water to get the Mo and V in solution (in which temperature plays an important role during leaching). Several techniques are possible to separate the different metals, among those selective precipitation and solvent extraction are the most used. Pyrometallurgical treatment and bio-hydrometallurgical leaching were also proposed in the scientific literature but up to now they did not have any industrial application. An overview on patented and commercial processes was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Akcil
- Mineral-Metal Recovery and Recycling Research Group, Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TR32260 Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Information and Economics (DIIIE), University of L'Aquila, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferella
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Information and Economics (DIIIE), University of L'Aquila, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mediha Demet Okudan
- Mineral-Metal Recovery and Recycling Research Group, Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TR32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Tuncuk
- Mineral-Metal Recovery and Recycling Research Group, Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TR32260 Isparta, Turkey
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