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Werlinger F, Caprile R, Cárdenas-Toledo V, Tarraff B, Mesías-Salazar Á, Rojas RS, Martínez J, Trofymchuk OS, Flores ME. Approach to Circular Chemistry Preparing New Polyesters from Olive Oil. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21540-21548. [PMID: 37360442 PMCID: PMC10286094 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of cooking oils and their waste into polyesters is a challenge for circular chemistry. Herein, we have used epoxidized olive oil (EOO), obtained from cooking olive oil (COO), and various cyclic anhydrides (such as phthalic anhydride PA, maleic anhydride MA, and succinic anhydride SA) as raw materials for the preparation of new bio-based polyesters. For the synthesis of these materials, we have used the bis(guanidine) organocatalyst 1 and tetrabutylammonium iodide (Bu4NI) as cocatalyst. The optimal reaction conditions for the preparation of poly(EOO-co-PA) and poly(EOO-co-MA) were 80 °C for 5 h using toluene as solvent; however, the synthesis of poly(EOO-co-SA) required more extreme reaction conditions. Furthermore, we have exclusively succeeded in obtaining the trans isomer for MA-polyester. The obtained biopolyesters were characterized by NMR, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Since there are few examples of functionalized and defined compounds based on olive oil, it is innovative and challenging to transform these natural-based compounds into products with high added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Werlinger
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de
Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Casilla 233, Metropolitan Region, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Renato Caprile
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de
Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Casilla 233, Metropolitan Region, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Valentino Cárdenas-Toledo
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Bastián Tarraff
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de
Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Casilla 233, Metropolitan Region, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Ángela Mesías-Salazar
- Laboratorio
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y
de Farmacia, Universidad Católica
de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22 6094411, Chile
| | - René S. Rojas
- Laboratorio
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y
de Farmacia, Universidad Católica
de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22 6094411, Chile
| | - Javier Martínez
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Oleksandra S. Trofymchuk
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de
Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Casilla 233, Metropolitan Region, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Mario E. Flores
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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2
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Polaczek K, Kurańska M. Hemp Seed Oil and Oilseed Radish Oil as New Sources of Raw Materials for the Synthesis of Bio-Polyols for Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8891. [PMID: 36556696 PMCID: PMC9785633 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of open-cell polyurethane foams based on bio-polyols from vegetable oils: hemp seed oil, oilseed radish oil, rapeseed oil and used rapeseed cooking oil. The crude oils were pressed from seeds and subjected to an optimal solvent-free epoxidation process. Bio-polyols were obtained by a ring-opening reaction using diethylene glycol and tetrafluoroboric acid as catalysts. The resultant foams were analysed in terms of their apparent density, thermal conductivity coefficient, mechanical strength, closed cell content, short-term water absorption and water vapour permeability, while their morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that regardless of the properties of the oils, especially the content of unsaturated bonds, it was possible to obtain bio-polyols with very similar properties. The foams were characterized by apparent densities ranging from 11.2 to 12.1 kg/m3, thermal conductivity of <39 mW/m∙K, open cell contents of >97% and high water vapour permeability.
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3
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Asare MA, de Souza FM, Gupta RK. Waste to Resource: Synthesis of Polyurethanes from Waste Cooking Oil. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene A. Asare
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Li C, Chen X, Peng W, Aghbashlo M, Lam SS, Tabatabaei M. Managing the hazardous waste cooking oil by conversion into bioenergy through the application of waste-derived green catalysts: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127636. [PMID: 34740507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a hazardous waste generated at staggering values globally. WCO disposal into various ecosystems, including soil and water, could result in severe environmental consequences. On the other hand, mismanagement of this hazardous waste could also be translated into the loss of resources given its energy content. Hence, finding cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative pathways for simultaneous management and valorization of WCO, such as conversion into biodiesel, has been widely sought. Due to its low toxicity, high biodegradability, renewability, and the possibility of direct use in diesel engines, biodiesel is a promising alternative to mineral diesel. However, the conventional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts used in the biodiesel production process, i.e., transesterification, are generally toxic and derived from non-renewable resources. Therefore, to boost the sustainability features of the process, the development of catalysts derived from renewable waste-oriented resources is of significant importance. In light of the above, the present work aims to review and critically discuss the hazardous WCO application for bioenergy production. Moreover, various waste-oriented catalysts used to valorize this waste are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Li
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangmeng Chen
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Terengganu, Malaysia; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Extension, And Education Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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5
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Bo G, Xu X, Tian X, Wu J, He X, Xu L, Yan Y. Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams derived from gutter oil biodiesel. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Pham CT, Nguyen BT, Nguyen HT, Kang SJ, Kim J, Lee PC, Hoang D. Comprehensive Investigation of the Behavior of Polyurethane Foams Based on Conventional Polyol and Oligo-Ester-Ether-Diol from Waste Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Fireproof Performances, Thermal Stabilities, and Physicomechanical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33053-33063. [PMID: 33403267 PMCID: PMC7774065 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical recycling of postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles to produce highly thermally stable polyurethane foam (r-PUF) with excellent flame-retardant (FR) performance could be applied on an industrial scale to create a sustainable recycling industry. The advantage of oligo-ester-ether-diol obtained from waste PET glycolysis is its application in r-PUF, generating a durable foam with excellent fire resistance at rather low loadings of phosphorus-nitrogen FRs (P-N FRs), especially in high moisture environments. Compared to polyurethane foam from commercial polyol (c-PUF), r-PUF is notably more thermally stable and efficient in terms of flame retardancy, even without adding FRs. By incorporating 15 php diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a P-N FR, r-PUF/DAP self-extinguished 5 s after the removal of the 2nd flame application with a limited oxygen index value of 24%. However, for c-PUF, a much higher DAP (30 php) loading did not exhibit any rating in the vertical burning test. The aromatic moiety in the oligo-ester-ether-diol structure strongly enhanced the compressive strength and thermal stability. The positive outcomes of this study also confirmed that the r-PUF/DAP prepared from oligo-ester-ether-diol not only satisfied the fire safety requirements of polymer applications but also contained a high percentage of postconsumer PET, which could help reduce the amount of recycled polymer materials and improve waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi T. Pham
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hien T.T. Nguyen
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Soo-Jung Kang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Pyoung-Chan Lee
- Lightweight
Materials R&D Center, Korea Automotive
Technology Institute, Cheonan 31214, Chungnam, Korea
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
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7
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Mohamad M, Razak JA, Mohamad N, Ahmad SH, Junid R, Puspitasari P. A short review on polyurethane-based nanocomposites for various applications. IOP CONFERENCE SERIES: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020; 957:012029. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/957/1/012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, polyurethane (PU) has attracted researchers’ attention due to their easily tailored properties to meet specific application requirements. PU and PU-based composites are being developed to be applied in various demanding fields such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics. This is because PU-based nanocomposites have numerous types of functional nanofiller integration. This has led to the advancement of polymer nanocomposite of PU with the inclusion of nanosised fillers for various specific purposes. In this short review article, the authors haves reviewed the fundamental or basic understanding of PU and several types of nanofillers used such as clay, carbon nanotubes, and graphene for PU-based nanocomposites development, as well as its potential applications.
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8
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Zhou X, Deng J, Yang R, Zhou D, Fang C, He X, Wang D, Lei W, Hu J, Li Y. Facile preparation and characterization of fibrous carbon nanomaterial from waste polyethylene terephthalate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 107:172-181. [PMID: 32289573 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient reduction of environmental pollution caused by waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and production of carbon nanomaterials are desirable for nanotechnology, printable electronics, composites and environment protection. Here we report a simple top-down micro/nano-fabrication process to prepare fibrous carbon nanomaterial from waste PET bottles. This process is highly efficient, facile, and catalyst-free in preparing fibrous carbon nanomaterial with promising hydrophobic and electrical properties. The fibrous carbon nanomaterial can be used both in the form of sheet or powder, and it supplies a versatile surface for preparing novel carbon-based composites with significant optical properties and conductivity. The prepared carbon nanomaterial from waste PET has also been used in fabricating strain sensor with good durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Jingrui Deng
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Rong Yang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Hubei Finance & Taxation College, Wuhan 430064, PR China
| | - Changqing Fang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Xinyu He
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Wanqing Lei
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Jingbo Hu
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
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Kairytė A, Kremensas A, Balčiūnas G, Członka S, Strąkowska A. Closed Cell Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Low Functionality Polyols: Research of Dimensional Stability and Standardised Performance Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061438. [PMID: 32245242 PMCID: PMC7143543 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, polyurethane foam producers come across the several problems when petroleum-based polyols are replaced with low functionality biomass, or waste-based, polyols. In addition, the dilemma is intensified with regulations that require full or partial replacement of blowing agents that can cause high ozone depletion with alternatives like water, which causes the formation of CO2. Therefore, these gases diffuse out of the foam so quickly that the polymeric cell walls cannot withstand the pressure, consequently causing huge dimensional changes at ambient temperature and humidity. Even though the theoretical stoichiometric balance is correct, the reality shows that it is not enough. Therefore, polyethylene terephthalate waste-based polyol was chosen as a low functionality polyol which was modified with high functionality sucrose-based polyol in order to obtain dimensionally stable polyurethane foams in the density range of 30-40 kg/m3. These more stable foams are characterized by linear changes no higher than 0.5%, short-term water absorption by partial immersion no higher than 0.35 kg/m2, and water vapor resistance factors up to 50. In order to obtain thermally efficient polyurethane foams, conventional blowing agents and water systems were implemented, thus, assuring thermal conductivity values in the range of 0.0198-0.0204 W/(m·K) and obtaining products which conform to all the requirements for performance of sprayed and factory-made polyurethane foam standards EN 14315-1 and EN 13165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-25-12301
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
| | - Giedrius Balčiūnas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (A.S.)
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Lima GR, Monteiro WF, Scheid CM, Ligabue RA, Santana RMC. Evaluation of Sodium/Protonated Titanate Nanotubes Catalysts in Virgin and Post Consumer PET Depolymerization. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Lima GR, Monteiro WF, Toledo BO, Ligabue RA, Santana RMC. Titanate Nanotubes Modified With Zinc and Its Application in Post-Consumer PET Depolymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R. Lima
- Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul − UFRGS; Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
| | - Wesley F. Monteiro
- Laboratório de Organometálicos e Resinas; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul − PUCRS; Av. Ipiranga 6681 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
| | - Bruno O. Toledo
- Laboratório de Organometálicos e Resinas; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul − PUCRS; Av. Ipiranga 6681 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
| | - Rosane A. Ligabue
- Laboratório de Organometálicos e Resinas; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul − PUCRS; Av. Ipiranga 6681 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
| | - Ruth M. C. Santana
- Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul − UFRGS; Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
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12
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Bedell M, Brown M, Kiziltas A, Mielewski D, Mukerjee S, Tabor R. A case for closed-loop recycling of post-consumer PET for automotive foams. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 71:97-108. [PMID: 29113836 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Striving to utilize sustainable material sources, polyester polyols made via glycolysis and esterification of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) scrap were used to synthesize flexible polyurethane (PU) foams typically found in automotive interior applications. The objective of this endeavor was to ascertain if a closed-loop model could be established with the discarded PET feedstock. In five separate formulations, up to 50% of the total polyol content (traditionally derived from petroleum-based feedstock) was replaced with the afore-mentioned sustainable recycled polyols. These foams underwent mechanical, thermal, morphological, and physical characterization testing to determine feasibility for use in an automotive interior. Young's modulus, tensile stress at maximum load, tear resistance, and compression modulus all increased by combined averages of 121%, 67%, 32%, and 150% over the control petroleum-based formulation, respectively, in foams possessing 50% rPET polyol content. Thermal stability also increased with sustainable polyol content; thermogravimetric analysis showed that 50% mass loss temperature increased by an average of 20 °C in foams containing 30% recycled polyol. Properties of density and SAG factor remained within 5% of the control petroleum-based reference foams. After comparing these findings to traditional polyols, a compelling argument can be made for the use of post-consumer automotive and industrial feedstocks in developing high-performing interior automotive PU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bedell
- Materials Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, MI 48124, United States
| | - Matthew Brown
- Resinate Materials Group, 801 W. Ann Arbor Trail, Suite 230, Plymouth, MI 48170, United States
| | - Alper Kiziltas
- Materials Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, MI 48124, United States.
| | - Deborah Mielewski
- Materials Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, MI 48124, United States
| | - Shakti Mukerjee
- Resinate Materials Group, 801 W. Ann Arbor Trail, Suite 230, Plymouth, MI 48170, United States
| | - Rick Tabor
- Resinate Materials Group, 801 W. Ann Arbor Trail, Suite 230, Plymouth, MI 48170, United States
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Abstract
The commercial and biobased polyurethane foams (PUF) were produced and characterized in this study. Commercial polyether polyol, crude glycerol, methanol-free crude glycerol, and pure glycerol were used as polyols. Crude glycerol is byproduct of the biodiesel production, and it is a kind of biofuel residue. Polyol blends were prepared by mixing the glycerol types and the commercial polyol with different amounts, 10 wt%, 30 wt%, 50 wt%, and 80 wt%. All types of polyol blends were reacted with polymeric diphenyl methane diisocyanates (PMDI) for the production of rigid foams. Thermal properties of polyurethane foams are examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity tests. The structures of polyurethane foams were examined by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Changes in morphology of foams were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties of polyurethane foams were determined by compression tests. This study identifies the critical aspects of polyurethane foam formation by the use of various polyols and furthermore offers new uses of crude glycerol and methanol-free crude glycerol which are byproducts of biodiesel industry.
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Modeling and Optimizing of Producing Recycled PET from Fabrics Waste via Falling Film-Rotating Disk Combined Reactor. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1062493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling and reusing of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics waste are essential for reducing serious waste of resources and environmental pollution caused by low utilization rate. The liquid-phase polymerization method has advantages of short process flow, low energy consumption, and low production cost. However, unlike prepolymer, the material characteristics of PET fabrics waste (complex composition, high intrinsic viscosity, and large quality fluctuations) make its recycling a technique challenge. In this study, the falling film-rotating disk combined reactor is proposed, and the continuous liquid-phase polymerization is modeled by optimizing and correcting existing models for the final stage of PET polymerization to improve the product quality in plant production. Through modeling and simulation, the weight analysis of indexes closely related to the product quality (intrinsic viscosity, carboxyl end group concentration, and diethylene glycol content) was investigated to optimize the production process in order to obtain the desired polymer properties and meet specific product material characteristics. The model could be applied to other PET wastes (e.g., bottles and films) and extended to investigate different aspects of the recycling process.
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