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Wu Y, Gao X, Wu J, Zhou T, Nguyen TT, Wang Y. Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Its Composites: Characteristics, Processing, and Sustainable Applications in Sports. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3096. [PMID: 37514485 PMCID: PMC10384257 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polyester polymer that is produced from renewable resources, such as corn or other carbohydrate sources. However, its poor toughness limits its commercialization. PLA composites can meet the growing performance needs of various fields, but limited research has focused on their sustainable applications in sports. This paper reviews the latest research on PLA and its composites by describing the characteristics, production, degradation process, and the latest modification methods of PLA. Then, it discusses the inherent advantages of PLA composites and expounds on different biodegradable materials and their relationship with the properties of PLA composites. Finally, the importance and application prospects of PLA composites in the field of sports are emphasized. Although PLA composites mixed with natural biomass materials have not been mass produced, they are expected to be sustainable materials used in various industries because of their simple process, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tongxi Zhou
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tat Thang Nguyen
- College of Wood Industry and Interior Design, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Xuan Mai, Hanoi 13417, Vietnam
| | - Yutong Wang
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
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2
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Guo X, Yao S, Wang Q, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zeng F, Huo L, Xing H, Jiang Y, Lv Y. The impact of packaging recyclable ability on environment: Case and scenario analysis of polypropylene express boxes and corrugated cartons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153650. [PMID: 35124059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the push for sustainable design strategies, recyclable packaging is widely favored by the public in the express delivery industry due to its potential for lowering environmental burden and solving climatic challenges. The goal of this paper was to quantify and integrate the environmental footprints of polypropylene hollow board express box (PPH-EB) and establish evaluation model between the recyclable ability and environment performance (EMRE) based on life cycle assessment. This work was carried out by multiple indicators to avoid environmental problem-shifting, and corrugated cartons express box (C-EB) was taken as control objects. The results show that integrated index of PPH-EB is 94.42% lower than that of C-EB. Industrial Water Use (IWU), Primary Energy Demand (PED) and SO2 are major factors affecting results of PPH-EB, which mainly come from polypropylene particles and water resource consumption from recycle process. The most obvious advantage of PPH-EB compared with C-EB is the nearly 1700 times difference in normalized COD index caused by direct emission of paper preparation process. Scenario analysis showed that integrated index of PPH-EB was lower than that of traditional corrugated cartons after more than twice of use, but if the recycling times of PPH-EB continued to increase, the effect on reducing environmental burden was no longer significant. Therefore, although the recyclable times plays a role in decreasing the environmental impact, it is not a permanent strategy. In the design stage of the recyclable express box, the recyclable ability should be reasonably designed through EMRE, so as to minimize the environmental burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shujun Yao
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hailong Zhao
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, Tianjin, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fuhua Zeng
- School of West European Language, Chengdu Institute Sichuan International Studies University, Chengdu 611844, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lijiang Huo
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hao Xing
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yang Jiang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yanna Lv
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Colloge of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 53004, Guangxi, PR China.
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4
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Ramesh M, Rajeshkumar L, Sasikala G, Balaji D, Saravanakumar A, Bhuvaneswari V, Bhoopathi R. A Critical Review on Wood-Based Polymer Composites: Processing, Properties, and Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:589. [PMID: 35160578 PMCID: PMC8838915 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste recycling is one of the key aspects in current day studies to boost the country's circular economy. Recycling wood from construction and demolished structures and combining it with plastics forms wood-polymer composites (WPC) which have a very wide scope of usage. Such recycled composites have very low environmental impact in terms of abiotic potential, global warming potential, and greenhouse potential. Processing of WPCs can be easily done with predetermined strength values that correspond to its end application. Yet, the usage of conventional polymer composite manufacturing techniques such as injection molding and extrusion has very limited scope. Many rheological characterization techniques are being followed to evaluate the influence of formulation and process parameters over the quality of final WPCs. It will be very much interesting to carry out a review on the material formulation of WPCs and additives used. Manufacturing of wood composites can also be made by using bio-based adhesives such as lignin, tannin, and so on. Nuances in complete replacement of synthetic adhesives as bio-based adhesives are also discussed by various researchers which can be done only by complete understanding of formulating factors of bio-based adhesives. Wood composites play a significant role in many non-structural and structural applications such as construction, floorings, windows, and door panels. The current review focuses on the processing of WPCs along with additives such as wood flour and various properties of WPCs such as mechanical, structural, and morphological properties. Applications of wood-based composites in various sectors such as automotive, marine, defense, and structural applications are also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India; (L.R.); (D.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Ganesan Sasikala
- Department of Mathematics, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram 603203, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Devarajan Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India; (L.R.); (D.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Arunachalam Saravanakumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R.M College of Engineering, Kadapa 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Venkateswaran Bhuvaneswari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India; (L.R.); (D.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Ramasamy Bhoopathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai 600044, Tamil Nadu, India;
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5
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Molina-Besch K, Olsson A. Innovations in food packaging—Sustainability challenges and future scenarios. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91001-9.00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Hossain MU, Ng ST, Dong Y, Amor B. Strategies for mitigating plastic wastes management problem: A lifecycle assessment study in Hong Kong. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 131:412-422. [PMID: 34247139 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Considering the volume of plastic generation and its persistence in nature, the management of plastic wastes has gained increasing attention globally. To select the most environmentally sustainable solution, insights in the environmental impacts of different management strategies are crucial. This study thus aimed to evaluate different plastic waste management strategies such as mechanical recycling, incineration, industrial incineration, construction and landfill, and exemplified with potential case demonstrations in Hong Kong. The environmental impacts of the developed strategies are comparatively evaluated by the lifecycle assessment (LCA) technique in order to identify the most environmentally preferable strategy. The LCA results indicate that industrial incineration is the most potential preferential strategy for Hong Kong, as it can potentially consume the generated waste locally and substitute the imported coal for the cement industry. Mechanical recycling is the second preferential strategy for the city, as it conserves secondary resources significantly. Grate incineration for generating electricity is the third preferable solution, while the use of recycled plastics in construction may not be a benign environmental strategy for Hong Kong. The findings of this study could help policy makers to design strategic direction for environmentally sustainable management of plastic wastes locally based on the circular economy principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Uzzal Hossain
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - S Thomas Ng
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Yahong Dong
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Center for National Climate Change Strategy Research and Carbon Market Capacity Building, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Ben Amor
- Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory on Sustainable Engineering and Ecodesign (LIRIDE), Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
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7
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Mtibe A, Motloung MP, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Synthetic Biopolymers and Their Composites: Advantages and Limitations-An Overview. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100130. [PMID: 34216411 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, polymer science and engineering research has shifted toward the development of environmentally benign polymers to reduce the impact of plastic leakage on the ecosystems. Stringent regulations and concerns regarding conventional polymers are the main driving forces for the development of renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally benign materials. Although biopolymers can alleviate plastic-related pollution, several factors dictate the utilization of biopolymers. Herein, an overview of the potential and limitations of synthetic biopolymers and their composites in the context of environmentally benign materials for a sustainable future are presented. The synthetic biopolymer market, technical advancements for different applications, lifecycle analysis, and biodegradability are covered. The current trends, challenges, and opportunities for bioplastic recycling are also discussed. In summary, this review is expected to provide guidelines for future development related to synthetic biopolymer-based sustainable polymeric materials suitable for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanda Mtibe
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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8
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Rojas-Bringas PM, De-la-Torre GE, Torres FG. Influence of the source of starch and plasticizers on the environmental burden of starch-Brazil nut fiber biocomposite production: A life cycle assessment approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144869. [PMID: 33486179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amidst the global plastic pollution crisis, bio-based polymers have been proposed as a potential substitute to tackle this issue. Owed to their biodegradability, biopolymers are generally regarded as eco-friendly during the post-consumer (disposal) stage. However, the environmental burden of the many production processes biopolymers and their components undergo better reflect the sustainable nature of these materials. Previous studies evaluating the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of starch-based composites have focused on commercially available starches, although other non-conventional starches can also be used to produce biopolymers. To address this knowledge gap, in the present study we evaluated the LCA of starch-Brazil nut fiber biocomposites prepared with starch from three different sources, Andean potato, corn, and sweet potato, and applying two different plasticizers, glycerol and sorbitol. Results indicated that the starch-based biocomposites were less impacting than conventional PLA-Brazil nut fiber and PP-glass fiber composites. The type of starch and plasticizer significantly influenced the environmental load of the production of the composites. The main drivers of these differences were the multiple agricultural practices, such as irrigation and fertilization, and the crop efficiency for starch extraction. Sorbitol was found to be many times more impacting than glycerol in most categories, which is due to the complex processing of sorbitol and high content in biocomposites with similar mechanical properties than glycerol. Additionally, Brazil nut fibers are presented as an eco-friendly and low-burden natural filler due to their easy processing and agricultural waste origin. The limitations, applications, and significance of the results were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Rojas-Bringas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | | | - Fernando G Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, 15088 Lima, Peru.
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9
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Mondal H, Karmakar M, Chattopadhyay PK, Halder A, Singha NR. Scale-up one-pot synthesis of waste collagen and apple pomace pectin incorporated pentapolymer biocomposites: Roles of waste collagen for elevations of properties and unary/ ternary removals of Ti(IV), As(V), and V(V). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124873. [PMID: 33548741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, hazardous solid particulate waste collagenic fibers (SWCFs) of leather industries were incorporated into apple pomace pectin (APPN)-grafted-pentapolymer, i.e., APPN-g-[sodium 2-methylidenebutanedioate(SMBD)-co-N-((3-(isopropylamino)-3-oxopropoxy) methyl) butyramide (CM1)-co-N-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enamide (NHMPE)-co-N-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(N-isopropylbutyramido)butanamide (CM2)-co-N-(propan-2-yl)prop-2-enamide NPYPE)/ PENP1], i.e., APPN-g-PENP1/ PENP2, prepared via one-pot facile polymerization of APPN and synthetic monomers, i.e., SMBD, NHMPE, and NPYPE, in aqueous medium, to fabricate an optimum multifunctional hybrid biocomposite adsorbent/ HCOM3. In PENP1, PENP2, and HCOM3, fourth/ CM1 and fifth/ CM2 multifunctional comonomers were anchored in situ. The structures of PENP1, PENP2, HCOM3, CM1, CM2, and metal-ion adsorbed HCOM3; APPN-grafting; SWCF incorporation; and surface properties were analyzed through NMR, XPS, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The elevated adsorption efficiencies (AEs), reusability, thermostability, swelling, network durability, and crosslink density of HCOM3 were attributed to variable functionalities of SWCF/ APPN, explored by DLS and TGA, swelling, network, and thermodynamic parameters. Compared to SWCF, APPN, PENP1, and PENP2, the elevated AEs and reusability compelled HCOM3 as more suitable for scalable waste management. The maximum AEs, i.e., 171.79, 180.47, and 177.27 mg g-1, for Ti(IV), As(V), and V(V) at pHop = 7.0, 3.0, and 5.0, respectively, within 5-100 mg L-1 and at 298 K for 25 mg HCOM3 deteriorated during ternary adsorption by the antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himarati Mondal
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post-Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinmoy Karmakar
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post-Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Pijush Kanti Chattopadhyay
- Department of Leather Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post-Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Aparna Halder
- Department of Leather Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post-Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Nayan Ranjan Singha
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post-Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
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10
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LCA Practices of Plastics and Their Recycling: A Critical Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a bid to help address the environmental footprints associated with products and services, life cycle assessment (LCA) applications have become increasingly popular throughout the years. This review summarizes some important methodological developments in recent years, such as the advent of dynamic LCA, as well as highlighting recent LCA applications in the context of plastics/recycling with a focus on their methodological choices. Furthermore, this review aims to offer a set of possible research lines to improve the gap between LCA and decision-making (policy). It was found that the majority of reviewed papers are mostly conservative in their methodological practice, employing mostly static analyses and making little use of other methods. In order to bridge the gap between LCA and policy, it is suggested to broaden system boundaries through the integration of dynamic modelling methods, incorporating interactions between fore- and background systems, and including behavioral components where relevant. In addition, advanced sampling routines to further explore and assess the policy space are recommended. This is of paramount importance when dealing with recycling processes as the molecules/polymers constituting the output of those processes have to be benchmarked in terms of costs and, crucially, their sustainability character against virgin ones.
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11
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de Araújo Veloso MCR, Scatolino MV, Gonçalves MMBP, Valle MLA, de Paula Protásio T, Mendes LM, Junior JBG. Sustainable valorization of recycled low-density polyethylene and cocoa biomass for composite production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13061-y. [PMID: 33630266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of products from wastes such as plastic and lignocellulosic materials brings great advantages from the economic and sustainable point of view. The use of waste, previously destined for disposal, enables the changes in production patterns, and prevents major environmental problems. This research investigated the inclusion of different contents of cocoa almond husk on the properties of composites with recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix. The composites were produced by extrusion process with proportions: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of cocoa waste reinforcement in the polymer matrix. The density of the composites decreased (from 0.81 to 0.61 g/cm3) with the addition of the lignocellulosic waste in the matrix. The hygroscopicity was increased, however, at considerably low levels (0.17 to 2.68 %). There was a decrease in composite strength and elongation, becoming the material more rigid. The use of the cocoa waste for composites production is feasible to use since it can be adapted to the required application and still incorporate additives requested for specific purposes. This research demonstrated that is possible the combination of recycled low-density polyethylene and lignocellulosic wastes for the production of materials with high added value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mário Vanoli Scatolino
- Department of Forest Sciences - DCF, Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Thiago de Paula Protásio
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Amazonia -UFRA, Parauapebas, PA, Brazil
| | - Lourival Marin Mendes
- Department of Forest Sciences - DCF, Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil
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12
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A Life Cycle Engineering Perspective on Biocomposites as a Solution for a Sustainable Recovery. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Composite materials, such as carbon fibre reinforced epoxies, provide more efficient structures than conventional materials through light-weighting, but the associated high energy demand during production can be extremely detrimental to the environment. Biocomposites are an emerging material class with the potential to reduce a product’s through-life environmental impact relative to wholly synthetic composites. As with most materials, there are challenges and opportunities with the adoption of biocomposites at the each stage of the life cycle. Life Cycle Engineering is a readily available tool enabling the qualification of a product’s performance, and environmental and financial impact, which can be incorporated in the conceptual development phase. Designers and engineers are beginning to actively include the environment in their workflow, allowing them to play a significant role in future sustainability strategies. This review will introduce Life Cycle Engineering and outline how the concept can offer support in the Design for the Environment, followed by a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of biocomposites throughout their life cycle.
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13
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Alberti C, Enthaler S. Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(lactide) to Lactide via Zinc‐Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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14
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Cheung E, Alberti C, Enthaler S. Chemical Recycling of End-of-Life Poly(lactide) via Zinc-Catalyzed Depolymerization and Polymerization. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1224-1228. [PMID: 33304737 PMCID: PMC7705614 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical recycling of poly(lactide) was investigated based on depolymerization and polymerization processes. Using methanol as depolymerization reagent and zinc salts as catalyst, poly(lactide) was depolymerized to methyl lactate applying microwave heating. An excellent performance was observed for zinc(II) acetate with turnover frequencies of up to 45000 h-1. In a second step the monomer methyl lactate was converted to (pre)poly(lactide) in the presence of catalytic amounts of zinc salts. Here zinc(II) triflate revealed excellent performance for the polymerization process (yield: 91 %, Mn ∼8970 g/mol). Moreover, the (pre)poly(lactide) was depolymerized to lactide, the industrial relevant molecule for accessing high molecular weight poly(lactide), using zinc(II) acetate as catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Cheung
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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Alberti C, Kricheldorf HR, Enthaler S. Application of Bismuth Catalysts for the Methanolysis of End‐of‐Life Poly(lactide). ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Hans Rytger Kricheldorf
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Bundesstr. 45 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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16
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Hidalgo-Salazar MA, Correa-Aguirre JP, García-Navarro S, Roca-Blay L. Injection Molding of Coir Coconut Fiber Reinforced Polyolefin Blends: Mechanical, Viscoelastic, Thermal Behavior and Three-Dimensional Microscopy Study. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071507. [PMID: 32645979 PMCID: PMC7408383 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the properties of a polyolefin blend matrix (PP-HDPE) were evaluated and modified through the addition of raw coir coconut fibers-(CCF). PP-HDPE-CCF biocomposites were prepared using melt blending processes with CCF loadings up to 30% (w/w). CCF addition generates an increase of the tensile and flexural modulus up to 78% and 99% compared to PP-HDPE blend. This stiffening effect is caused by a decrease in the polymeric chain mobility due to CCF, the higher mechanical properties of the CCF compared to the polymeric matrix and could be an advantage for some biocomposites applications. Thermal characterizations show that CCF incorporation increases the PP-HDPE thermal stability up to 63 °C, slightly affecting the melting behavior of the PP and HDPE matrix. DMA analysis shows that CCF improves the PP-HDPE blend capacity to absorb higher external loads while exhibiting elastic behavior maintaining its characteristics at higher temperatures. Also, the three-dimensional microscopy study showed that CCF particles enhance the dimensional stability of the PP-HDPE matrix and decrease manufacturing defects as shrinkage in injected specimens. This research opens a feasible opportunity for considering PP-HDPE-CCF biocomposites as alternative materials for the design and manufacturing of sustainable products by injection molding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Hidalgo-Salazar
- Research Group for Manufacturing Technologies GITEM, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760030, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-2-3188000
| | - Juan P. Correa-Aguirre
- Research Group for Manufacturing Technologies GITEM, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760030, Colombia;
| | - Serafín García-Navarro
- AIMPLAS, Gustave Eiffel 4 (València Parc Tecnològic), 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.G.-N.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Luis Roca-Blay
- AIMPLAS, Gustave Eiffel 4 (València Parc Tecnològic), 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.G.-N.); (L.R.-B.)
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17
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Correa-Aguirre JP, Luna-Vera F, Caicedo C, Vera-Mondragón B, Hidalgo-Salazar MA. The Effects of Reprocessing and Fiber Treatments on the Properties of Polypropylene-Sugarcane Bagasse Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071440. [PMID: 32605116 PMCID: PMC7407174 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the reprocessing behavior of polypropylene-sugarcane bagasse biocomposites using neat and chemically treated bagasse fibers (20 wt.%). Biocomposites were reprocessed 5 times using the extrusion process followed by injection molding. The mechanical properties indicate that microfibers bagasse fibers addition and chemical treatments generate improvements in the mechanical properties, reaching the highest performance in the third cycle where the flexural modulus and flexural strength increase 57 and 12% in comparison with neat PP. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and TGA characterization show that bagasse fibers addition increases the crystallization temperature and thermal stability of the biocomposites 7 and 39 °C respectively, without disturbing the melting process of the PP phase for all extrusion cycles. The rheological test shows that viscosity values of PP and biocomposites decrease progressively with extrusion cycles; however, Cole–Cole plots, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), width at half maximum of tan delta peaks and SEM micrographs show that chemical treatments and reprocessing could improve fiber dispersion and fiber–matrix interaction. Based on these results, it can be concluded that recycling potential of polypropylene-sugarcane bagasse biocomposites is huge due to their mechanical, thermal and rheological performance resulting in advantages in terms of sustainability and life cycle impact of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Correa-Aguirre
- Research Group for Manufacturing Technologies GITEM, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760030, Colombia;
| | - Fernando Luna-Vera
- Research Group for Development of Materials and Products GIDEMP, National Center for Technical Assistance to Industry (ASTIN-SENA), Cali 760003, Colombia; (F.L.-V.); (C.C.); (B.V.-M.)
| | - Carolina Caicedo
- Research Group for Development of Materials and Products GIDEMP, National Center for Technical Assistance to Industry (ASTIN-SENA), Cali 760003, Colombia; (F.L.-V.); (C.C.); (B.V.-M.)
| | - Bairo Vera-Mondragón
- Research Group for Development of Materials and Products GIDEMP, National Center for Technical Assistance to Industry (ASTIN-SENA), Cali 760003, Colombia; (F.L.-V.); (C.C.); (B.V.-M.)
| | - Miguel A. Hidalgo-Salazar
- Research Group for Manufacturing Technologies GITEM, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760030, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-2-3188-000
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Hofmann M, Alberti C, Scheliga F, Meißner RRR, Enthaler S. Tin(ii) 2-ethylhexanoate catalysed methanolysis of end-of-life poly(lactide). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The depolymerisation of end-of-life poly(lactide) (PLA) goods was studied as part of the chemical recycling of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hofmann
- Universität Hamburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Christoph Alberti
- Universität Hamburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Universität Hamburg
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Hamburg
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Roderich R. R. Meißner
- Universität Hamburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität Hamburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
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Alberti C, Damps N, Meißner RRR, Enthaler S. Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(lactide) via 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine‐Catalyzed Methanolysis. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D– 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicole Damps
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D– 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Roderich R. R. Meißner
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D– 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D– 20146 Hamburg Germany
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