1
|
Naseri T, Mousavi SM. Improvement of Li and Mn bioleaching from spent lithium-ion batteries, using step-wise addition of biogenic sulfuric acid by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37447. [PMID: 39315164 PMCID: PMC11417220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling procedures, which employ powerful acids and reducing agents, pose environmental risks. This work describes a unique and environmentally acceptable bioleaching method for Li and Mn recovery utilizing Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, a sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that may produce sulfuric acid biologically. The novel feature of this strategy is the step-by-step addition of biogenic sulfuric acid, which differs significantly from conventional methods that use chemical reagents. We expected that gradually introducing biogenic sulfuric acid produced by A. thiooxidans would improve metal leaching at high pulp density. To investigate this, LIBs were disassembled and bioleached with or without a step-wise addition of the biogenic sulfuric acid approach. The impact on leaching efficiency, time, and ultimate product quality was assessed. Direct bioleaching yielded modest Li (43 %) and Mn (15 %) recoveries. However, bioleaching greatly increased metal recovery with the step-wise addition of biogenic acid. Li and Mn leaching efficiency were 93 % and 53 %, respectively, at a high pulp density of 60 g/L, while leaching time was reduced from 16 to 8 days. Following bioleaching, Mn(OH)2 and Li2CO3 were successfully precipitated from the leachate at more than 90 % purity. This study shows that gradually adding biogenic sulfuric acid can efficiently recover Li and Mn from waste LIBs. This approach has several environmental and economic advantages over conventional methods. The step-wise addition optimizes the leaching environment, increasing metal recovery rates while reducing the development of hazardous byproducts. This approach is environmentally friendly because it decreases greenhouse gas emissions and chemical waste. Economically, this technology offers potential cost savings through less chemical usage, shorter processing times, and lower energy needs, making it a more sustainable and cost-effective option for LIB recycling. This study shows that the step-wise addition of biogenic sulfuric acid may efficiently recover Li and Mn from wasted LIBs. This method provides a sustainable alternative to traditional procedures by limiting environmental impact while reducing process time and energy consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Naseri
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Modares Environmental Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li G, Chen Y, Wu M, Xu Y, Li X, Tian M. High-efficiency leaching process for selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 190:141-148. [PMID: 39317059 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
With the arrival of the scrapping wave of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, a green and effective solution for recycling these waste batteries is urgently required. Reasonable recycling of spent LiFePO4 (SLFP) batteries is critical for resource recovery and environmental preservation. In this study, mild and efficient, highly selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate was achieved using potassium pyrosulfate (K2S2O7) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as leaching agents. The leaching rates of lithium and iron were 99.83 % and 0.34 %, respectively, at the optimal leaching conditions of 4 vol% 30 wt% H2O2, 0.08 mol/L K2S2O7, 25℃, 5 min, and a solid-liquid ratio of 20 g/L. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the leaching process was explored by thermodynamic, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and SEM analyses. The leaching solution was concentrated and purified, with the addition of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) to convert lithium into lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). A small amount of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is added to the saline wastewater after precipitation, which can be converted into a leaching agent for recycling after heat treatment. This study provides a sustainable green process for the recovery of lithium iron phosphate and a new idea for resource recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guidong Li
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingkun Wu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuzhi Xu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Mengkui Tian
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu Y, Xia H, Zhang Q, Zhang L. An original strategy and evaluation of a reaction mechanism for recovering valuable metals from zinc oxide dust containing intractable germanide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133766. [PMID: 38368683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A novel leaching-roasting-leaching strategy was used to recover valuable metals from zinc oxide dust containing intractable germanide. In the ultrasonic enhanced oxidation leaching stage, potassium permanganate and ultrasonication were introduced to strengthen the dissolution of sulphide. During the roasting stage, sodium carbonate and magnesium nitrate were added to promote the reaction between the insoluble tetrahedral germanium dioxide and complex forms of germanium-containing compounds. Simultaneously, the sulphur produced in the ultrasonic enhanced oxidation leaching stage was used to change the phases of tin dioxide and zinc ferrite, thereby releasing germanium into its lattice. Finally, the germanium in the roasting slag was recovered by conventional leaching, and the grades of lead and tin in the residue were enriched to 35.21% and 11.31%, respectively. Compared with the conventional acid leaching process of enterprise, the total reaction time of this method was shortened to 80 min, and the recovery rates of zinc and germanium increased by approximately 10% and 40%, respectively. The entire process is clean and environmentally friendly and does not cause adverse effects on the recovery of lead and tin. Overall, this study provides new insights into the design of valuable metal recovery methods for zinc oxide dust containing intractable germanide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Xu
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongying Xia
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zeng Z, Lei H, Li J, Yuan Z, Wang B, Zhao W, Yang Y, Ge P. Designing functional Li 2CuO 2-coated separators from Cu foil towards spent LiFePO 4 cathode regeneration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3059-3062. [PMID: 38384238 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A chemical-physical investigation proved that the loss of active Li represents the main mechanism of capacity-fading in spent LiFePO4. Given this, functional Li2CuO2-coated separators were fabricated from spent Cu foil and found to contribute to the regeneration of spent LiFePO4 in a full-cell system. This study presents a novel method for cathode/Cu foil recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Hai Lei
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiexiang Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Zhengqiao Yuan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Peng Ge
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sahu S, Agrawala M, Patra SR, Devi N. Synergistic Approach for Selective Leaching and Separation of Strategic Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10556-10565. [PMID: 38463278 PMCID: PMC10918833 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Recycling spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is paramount to pursuing resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study introduces a synergistic approach for selectively leaching and separating strategic metals from waste LIBs, representing a more efficient alternative to traditional single-acid-based leaching methods. The research also thoroughly analyzes diverse extraction parameters, aiming to achieve clean metal separation through synergistic concepts rather than single-phase extraction. The outcome of this study is developing a comprehensive downstream process, advancing the cause of sustainable waste management in the LIB industry. Under specific conditions with 0.6 mol/L total acid content (0.5 mol/L tartaric acid + 0.1 mol/L ascorbic acid), 99.9% cobalt and 100% lithium were effectively leached. The subsequent extraction process achieved a clean separation, with 48.3% of cobalt extracted using a mixture of 0.1 mol/L Alamine-336-Cyanex-272 (A-336-Cy-272) from the leach liquor with no coextraction of lithium, and this efficiency was improved to 67.3% by adjusting the pH from 2.44 to 7.5. However, it is worth noting that increasing the extractant concentration led to an antagonistic effect. To further enhance cobalt enrichment in the organic phase, the McCabe-Thiele plot method was recommended, employing saponified Cy-272. Moreover, the regeneration of saponified Cy-272 was investigated, and the stripped solution was processed with NaOH to form Co(OH)2, subsequently converting it into cobalt oxide (Co3O4) through calcination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibananda Sahu
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Mili Agrawala
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Niharbala Devi
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Greil R, Chai J, Rudelstorfer G, Mitsche S, Lux S. Water as a Sustainable Leaching Agent for the Selective Leaching of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7806-7816. [PMID: 38405475 PMCID: PMC10882684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of a sustainable recycling process for lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries is an essential step to reduce the environmental impact of batteries. So far, the industrial implementation of a recycling process for lithium has been hindered by low recycling efficiencies and impurities in the recycled material. The aim of this study is thus to develop an easy-to-implement recycling concept for the selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries with water as a sustainable leaching reagent. With this highly selective process, the quantity of chemicals used can be substantially decreased. The influence of the leaching temperature, the solid/liquid-ratio, the mixing rate, and the number of stages in multistage operation were investigated utilizing NCM-material. High leaching efficiencies and a high selectivity were achieved at moderate temperatures of 40 °C and a solid/liquid-ratio of 100 g L-1. In multistage operation, a selectivity for lithium higher than 98% was achieved with 57% leaching performance of lithium. XRD-measurements showed that lithium carbonate was quantitatively leached, while lithium metal oxides remained in the black mass. Finally, the leaching kinetics were determined, proving that the first leaching period is diffusion controlled and, in the second period, the leaching rate is rate controlling. This work confirms the concept of a green leaching process by which lithium can be recycled with a high degree of purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Greil
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Inffeldgasse 25C, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Joevy Chai
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Inffeldgasse 25C, Graz 8010, Austria
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Georg Rudelstorfer
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Inffeldgasse 25C, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Stefan Mitsche
- Institute
for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Susanne Lux
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Inffeldgasse 25C, Graz 8010, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Goikolea E, Ruiz de Larramendi I, Reyes E, Lanceros-Méndez S, Zhang Q. Natural and recyclable alginate hydrogels as extracting media for recovering valuable metals of spent lithium-ion batteries from a deep eutectic solvent. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:271-280. [PMID: 37688930 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of achieving carbon neutrality, new policies to promote electric vehicle (EV) deployment have been announced in various countries. As EV sales gain market-share, the demand for batteries is growing very rapidly, and this has raised concerns about the raw-material supply. Therefore, efficient and environmentally friendly recycling methods for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are mandatory to properly implement circular economy paradigms in this field. Hydrometallurgical recycling methods are characterized by their selectivity, high product purity as well as low energy consumption. In order to accomplish a close-loop recycling method, in this work we propose the use of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and alginate hydrogels as leaching reagent and adsorbent, respectively, for their reusability, availability and biodegradability. The solubility and thermal stability of a choline chloride-ethylene glycol based DES (choline chloride: ethylene glycol = 1:2) were investigated, 180 °C being regarded as the temperature threshold for this DES, and reaching up to 1.12gCoL-1 solubility after 8 h leaching. Moreover, the DES can be reused after the eutectic state recreation with a performance over 80% with respect to the pristine DES. Calcium cross-linked sodium alginate hydrogels, which were immersed in ethylene glycol and dehydrated afterwards, were able to extract cobalt from the leachate with an efficiency of 92%. The aforementioned hydrogels can be reused after desorption and reach 91% of the performance of the pristine ones. The DES together with alginate hydrogel brings therefore a highly efficient and reusable close-loop recycling method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Eider Goikolea
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Idoia Ruiz de Larramendi
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Efraím Reyes
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Qi Zhang
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Takacova Z, Orac D, Klimko J, Miskufova A. Current Trends in Spent Portable Lithium Battery Recycling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4264. [PMID: 37374448 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current state of the field in spent portable lithium battery recycling at both the research and industrial scales. The possibilities of spent portable lithium battery processing involving pre-treatment (manual dismantling, discharging, thermal and mechanical-physical pre-treatment), pyrometallurgical processes (smelting, roasting), hydrometallurgical processes (leaching followed by recovery of metals from the leachates) and a combination of the above are described. The main metal-bearing component of interest is the active mass or cathode active material that is released and concentrated by mechanical-physical pre-treatment procedures. The metals of interest contained in the active mass include cobalt, lithium, manganese and nickel. In addition to these metals, aluminum, iron and other non-metallic materials, especially carbon, can also be obtained from the spent portable lithium batteries. The work describes a detailed analysis of the current state of research on spent lithium battery recycling. The paper presents the conditions, procedures, advantages and disadvantages of the techniques being developed. Moreover, a summary of existing industrial plants that are focused on spent lithium battery recycling is included in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Takacova
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dusan Orac
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Klimko
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Miskufova
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Yu M, Guo J, Liu S, Song H, Wu W, Zheng C, Gao X. Recover value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries via a combination of in-situ reduction pretreatment and facile acid leaching. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:193-202. [PMID: 36893713 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The pretreatment of cathode material before leaching is crucial in the spent lithium-ion battery hydro-metallurgical recycling. Here research demonstrates that in-situ reduction pretreatment could dramatically improve the leaching efficiencies for valuable metals from cathodes. Specifically, calcination under 600 °C without oxygen using alkali treated cathode can induce in-situ reduction and collapse of oxygen framework, which is ascribed to the carbon inherently contained in the sample and promote the following efficient leaching without external reductants. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Mn, Co and Ni can remarkably reach 100%, 98.13%, 97.27% and 97.37% respectively. Characterization methods, such as XRD, XPS and SEM-EDS, were employed and revealed that during in-situ reduction, high valence metals such as Ni3+, Co3+, Mn4+ can be effectively reduced to lower valence states, conducive to subsequent leaching reactions. Moreover, leaching processes of Ni, Co and Mn fit well with the film diffusion control model, and the reaction barrier is in accordance with the order of Ni, Co and Mn. In comparison, it is observed that Li was leached with higher efficiency regardless of the various pretreatments. Lastly, an integral recovery process has been proposed and economic assessment demonstrates that in-situ reduction pretreatment increases the benefit with a negligible cost increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jiangmin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Weihong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park JS, Seo S, Han K, Lee S, Kim MJ. A process using a thermal reduction for producing the battery grade lithium hydroxide from wasted black powder generated by cathode active materials manufacturing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130952. [PMID: 36860038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent lithium consumption is doubled in a decade due to the Li-ion battery (LIB) demand for electric vehicles, the energy storage system, etc. The LIBs market capacity is expected to be in strong demand due to the political drive by many nations. Wasted black powders (WBP) are generated from the manufacturing of the cathode active material and spent LIBs. The recycling market capacity is also expected to expand rapidly. This study is to propose a thermal reduction technique for recovering Li selectively. The WBP, containing 7.4 % Li, 62.1 % Ni, 4.5 % Co, and 0.3 % Al, was reduced in a vertical tube furnace using a 10 % H2 gas as a reducing agent at 750 ºC for 1 h, and 94.3 % of Li was recovered from a water leaching, while other metal values, including Ni and Co remained in the residue. A leach solution was treated in a series of crystallisations, filtering, and washing. An intermediate product was produced and re-dissolved in hot water at 80 ºC for 0.5 h to minimise Li2CO3 content into a solution. A final solution was crystallised repeatedly to produce the final product. A 99.5 % of LiOH·H2O was characterised and passed the impurity specification by the manufacturer as a marketable product. The proposed process is relatively simple to utilise to scale up for bulk production, and it can also be contributed to the battery recycling industry as the spent LIBs are expected to overabundance within the near future. A brief cost evaluation confirms the process feasibility, particularly, for the company that produces cathode active material (CAM) and generates WBP in their own supply chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Sun Park
- Department of Research and Development, EcoPro Innovation, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sangyun Seo
- Discipline of Minerals and Energy Economics, Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102, Australia
| | - Kyusung Han
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seongil Lee
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Myong Jun Kim
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou Y, Wei X, Huang L, Wang H. Worldwide research on extraction and recovery of cobalt through bibliometric analysis: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16930-16946. [PMID: 36607578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt is a strategic and critical mineral whose demand is expected to grow rapidly. This study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of cobalt extraction and recovery research from 2012 to 2021 in the form of bibliometric analysis. The work was based on the Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) and carried out using the InCites of Clarivate for bibliometric data analysis and the software VOSviewer for science mapping. By analyzing a dataset of 4967 publications, the most influential journals, countries, authors, institutions, and publications were identified, and the keyword co-occurrence networks were mapped. The China mainland produced the most publications, while the USA had the highest average number of citations per publication and the UK was the most collaborative with other countries. The keyword analysis shows that the research hotspots gradually shifted over time from early means and methods for determination of cobalt in solution to recovery of cobalt from spent lithium batteries, smelting slag, copper-cobalt ore, etc. The research will be focused on further improvement and optimization of the separation, extraction, and recovery processes of cobalt from spent batteries in recent and future years, and three approaches were promoted to facilitate economization and industrialization of the processes in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Zhou
- Geology Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiangsong Wei
- Geology Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Leiming Huang
- Geology Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Wuhan Blue Fox Digital Intelligence Technology Co. LTD, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gong R, Li C, Meng Q, Dong P, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Yan J, Li Y. A sustainable closed-loop method of selective oxidation leaching and regeneration for lithium iron phosphate cathode materials from spent batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115740. [PMID: 35868192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable closed-loop method for recovering waste lithium iron phosphate batteries is developed in this paper. Li+ was selectively leached from cathode materials in a system of NaHSO4 and H2O2. Under the optimal conditions of leaching temperature of 65 °C, 1.1 times molar quantity NaHSO4, 2 vol% H2O2, solid-liquid ratio of 100 g/L and leaching time of 15 min, the leaching efficiency of Li can reach 99.84%, while Fe is only 0.048%. Meanwhile, XRD, FTIR, XPS and TEM analysis were carried out to explore the conversion mechanism in the oxidation leaching process of the original raw and leaching products. Li+ in the filtrate was precipitated with Na2CO3 and converted into Li2CO3. The precipitated salty wastewater can be converted into leaching agent for recycling by adding a certain amount of sulfuric acid. The recycled products are used to synthesize LiFePO4 materials, and regenerated LiFePO4 materials show good electrochemical properties. The discharge capacity displays 141.3 mAhg-1 at 1C, with the capacity retention rate of 99.4% after 200 cycles. This study provides a sustainable closed-loop process for recycling and reuse of waste LiFePO4 batteries, which promotes resource conservation and environmental protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Peng Dong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yong Li
- Sino-Platinum Metals Resources (Yimen) Co. Ltd., Yuxi, 651100, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li B, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Shi M, Wu C. Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19029-19051. [PMID: 35938373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical properties of DESs and their applications in recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were summarized. The viscosity, metal solubility, toxicological properties and biodegradation of DESs depend on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA). The viscosity of ChCl-based DESs increased according to the HBD in the following order: alcohols < carboxylic acids < sugars < inorganic salts. The strongly coordinating HBDs increased the solubility of metal oxide via surface complexation reactions followed by ligand exchange for chloride in the bulk solvent. Interestingly, the safety and degradability of DESs reported in the literature are superior to those of inorganic acids. Both DESs and inorganic acids have excellent metal leaching efficiencies (>99%). However, the reaction kinetics of DESs are 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than those of inorganic acids. A significant advantage of DESs is that they can be regenerated and recycled multiple times after recovering metals by electrochemical deposition or precipitation. In the future, the development of efficient and selective DESs still requires a lot of attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Obtaining and Characterization of Highly Crystalline Recycled Graphites from Different Types of Spent Batteries. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093246. [PMID: 35591580 PMCID: PMC9102964 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spent batteries recycling is an important way to obtain low-cost graphite. Nevertheless, the obtaining of crystalline graphite with a rather low density of defects is required for many applications. In the present work, high-quality graphites have been obtained from different kinds of spent batteries. Black masses from spent alkaline batteries (batteries black masses, BBM), and lithium-ion batteries from smartphones (smartphone black masses, SBM) and electric and/or hybrid vehicles (lithium-ion black masses, LBM) were used as starting materials. A hydrometallurgical process was then used to obtain recycled graphites by acidic leaching. Different leaching conditions were used depending on the type of the initial black mass. The final solids were characterized by a wide set of complementary techniques. The performance as Li ion batteries anode of the sample with better structural quality was assessed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jing X, Sun Z, Ren J, Chen J, Pan D, Chen Y. Extraction and Separation of Co2+ from Ni2+ Using the Novel Task-Specific Ionic Liquids of [C4H9NH3][P507]. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Green separation and recovery of cobalt and nickel from sulphuric acid achieved by complexation-assisted solvent extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Xu R, Xu W, Wang J, Liu F, Sun W, Yang Y. A Review on Regenerating Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Molecules 2022; 27:2285. [PMID: 35408680 PMCID: PMC9000613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted increasing attention for their great significance in environmental protection and cyclic resources utilization. Numerous studies focus on developing technologies for the treatment of spent LIBs. Among them, the regeneration of functional materials from spent LIBs has received great attention due to its short process route and high value-added product. This paper briefly summarizes the current status of spent LIBs recycling and details the existing processes and technologies for preparing various materials from spent LIBs. In addition, the benefits of material preparation from spent LIBs, compared with metals recovery only, are analyzed from both environmental and economic aspects. Lastly, the existing challenges and suggestions for the regeneration process are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Wei Xu
- Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324002, China; (W.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Jinggang Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Fengmei Liu
- Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324002, China; (W.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lei S, Sun W, Yang Y. Solvent extraction for recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127654. [PMID: 34772557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, solvent extraction not only recycle valuable metals (i.e., Ni, Co, Mn and Li) from the leach liquor of spent cathode materials, but also apply to treat spent electrolyte. This paper summarizes the development of solvent extraction in the field of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from the aspects of principle, technology and industrialization. Meanwhile, the paper also comments on the challenges and opportunities for the solvent extraction facing in the recycling of spent LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Lei
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hanada T, Seo K, Yoshida W, Fajar ATN, Goto M. DFT-Based investigation of Amic–Acid extractants and their application to the recovery of Ni and Co from spent automotive Lithium–Ion batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Yi C, Zhou L, Wu X, Sun W, Yi L, Yang Y. Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
21
|
Zheng H, Huang J, Dong T, Sha Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Zhang S. A novel strategy of lithium recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries using imidazolium ionic liquid. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
22
|
Li Y, Fu Q, Qin H, Yang K, Lv J, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Liu F, Chen X, Wang M. Separation of valuable metals from mixed cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries by single-stage extraction. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Li J, Xu T, Liu J, Wen J, Gong S. Bioleaching metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) by Aspergillus niger: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44622-44637. [PMID: 34215982 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, the increasing demand for electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has caused its quick update and the shortening of its service life span. As a consequence, a large number of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) needs to be processed and recycled. As an environmentally friendly method, biometallurgy has received extensive attention in the disposal of WEEE in recent years. Aspergillus niger is an acid-producing fungus with a potential applicability to improve metals' recycling efficiency. This review article describes the latest statistical status of WEEE and presents the latest progress of various metallurgical methods involved in WEEE recycling for metal recovery. Moreover, based on the summary and comparison towards studies have been reported for bioleaching metals from WEEE by A. niger, the bioleaching mechanisms and the bioleaching methods are explained, as well as the effects of process parameters on the performance of the bioleaching process are also discussed. Some insights and perspectives are provided for A. niger to be applied to industrial processing scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jiangxian Wen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Shuli Gong
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Improving valuable metal ions capturing from spent Li-ion batteries with novel materials and approaches. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
25
|
Chu W, Zhang Y, Chen L, Wu K, Huang Y, Jia Y. Comprehensive recycling of Al foil and active materials from the spent lithium-ion battery. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
26
|
Recovery of metals from electroactive components of spent Li-ion batteries after leaching with formic acid. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Highly selective metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries through stoichiometric hydrogen ion replacement. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-2029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
29
|
Regulating and regenerating the valuable metals from the cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries by nickel-cobalt-manganese co-extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Choubey PK, Dinkar OS, Panda R, Kumari A, Jha MK, Pathak DD. Selective extraction and separation of Li, Co and Mn from leach liquor of discarded lithium ion batteries (LIBs). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 121:452-457. [PMID: 33358248 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel route has been developed to selectively extract lithium (Li), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) from the leach liquor of discarded lithium ion batteries (LIBs) containing 1.4 g/L Cu, 1.1 g/L Ni, 11.9 g/L Co, 6.9 g/L Mn and 1.2 g/L Li. Initially, Cu and Ni were extracted by solvent extraction techniques using 10% LIX 84-IC at equilibrium (Eq.) pH 3 and 4.6, respectively. Subsequently, precipitation studies were carried out at different conditions such as pH, reaction time, precipitant concentration etc., to optimize the parameters for selective precipitation of Co from the leach liquor. Result showed that 99.2% Co was precipitated from the leach liquor (11.9 g/L Co, 6.9 g/L Mn and 1.2 g/L Li) after extraction of Cu and Ni in a range of pH 2.9 to 3.1 using un-diluted ammonium sulfide solution (10% v/v) as a precipitant at 30 °C, while only 0.89% Mn and 0.62% Li were co-precipitated. After Co precipitation, 98.9% Mn was extracted from the filtrate using 10% D2EHPA at equilibrium pH 4.5, and Li remained in raffinate. From the obtained purified solution, metals could be recovered either in a form of salt/metals by precipitation/ evaporation/ electrolysis method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Choubey
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Om Shankar Dinkar
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Rekha Panda
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Manis Kumar Jha
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India.
| | - Devendra Deo Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Binder JO, Culver SP, Zeier WG, Janek J. A Rapid and Facile Approach for the Recycling of High-Performance LiNi 1-x-y Co x Mn y O 2 Active Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:441-448. [PMID: 32860491 PMCID: PMC7821189 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for lithium-ion batteries has risen dramatically over the years. Unfortunately, many of the essential component materials, such as cobalt and lithium, are both costly and of limited abundance. For this reason, the recycling of lithium-ion battery electrodes is crucial to ensuring the availability of such resources and protecting the environment. Herein, a simple and scalable recycling process was developed for the prototypical cathode active material Li1.02 (Ni0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 )0.98 O2 (NCM-811). By a combination of thermal decomposition and dissolution steps, spent NCM could be converted into Li2 CO3 and a transition metal oxalate blend, which served as precursors for new NCM. Importantly, it was also possible to individually separate each transition metal during the recycling process, thereby extending the utility of this method to a wide variety of NCM compositions. Each intermediate in the process was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the elemental composition of the recycled NCM-811 was confirmed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the recycled NCM-811 exhibited up to 80 % of the initial capacity of pristine NCM-811. The method presented herein serves as an efficient and environmentally benign alternative to existing recycling methods for lithium-ion battery electrode materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan O. Binder
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus-Liebig-University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus-Liebig-University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
| | - Sean P. Culver
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus-Liebig-University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus-Liebig-University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
| | - Wolfgang G. Zeier
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MuensterCorrenstrasse 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus-Liebig-University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus-Liebig-University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu J, Lin M, Tan Q, Li J. High-value utilization of graphite electrodes in spent lithium-ion batteries: From 3D waste graphite to 2D graphene oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123715. [PMID: 33113723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The graphite electrodes of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have a good crystalline composition and layered structure, and the recovery potential is promising. However, the internal and external surfaces of the waste graphite are often polluted with various organic and inorganic impurities, which seriously restrict its high-value utilization. Herein, the microstructure and surface analysis of waste graphite at variable scales were carried out systematically to reveal the types and occurrence status of impurities and their influence on the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) using a modified Hummers method. The results show that the graphite surface contaminants are polyvinylidene fluoride binder, LiPF6 electrolyte and LiF residue from the solid electrolyte interface, while residual lithium (Li2CO3) and CuO were found to have invaded the crystal structure of graphite. Fortunately, the modified Hummers method can effectively remove these complicated associated impurities and prevent their re-contamination on the GO surface. More importantly, the modified Hummers method can not only destroy the longitudinal molecular bonds between graphite layers, but also splice them horizontally to form 2D GO, which is verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) images. This paper provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the high-value utilization of waste graphite in spent LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Minsong Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang X, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Dong P, Ning P, Li Q. Recovery of valuable metals from mixed spent lithium-ion batteries by multi-step directional precipitation. RSC Adv 2020; 11:268-277. [PMID: 35423005 PMCID: PMC8690296 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel strategy of multi-step directional precipitation is proposed for recovering valuable metals from the leachate of cathode material obtained by mechanical disassembly from mixed spent lithium-ion batteries. Based on thermodynamics and directional precipitation, Mn2+ is selectively precipitated under conditions of MRNM (molar ratio of (NH4)2S2O8 to Mn2+) = 3, pH = 5.5 and 80 °C for 90 min. Ni2+ was then selectively precipitated using C4H8N2O2 under conditions of pH = 6, MRCN (molar ratio of C4H8N2O2 to Ni2+) = 2, 30 °C and 20 min. Then, the pH was adjusted to 10 to precipitate Co2+ as Co(OH)2. Finally, Li+ was recovered by Na2CO3 at 90 °C. The precipitation rates of Mn, Ni, Co, and Li reached 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.2% and 90%, respectively. The precipitation products with high purity can be used as raw materials for industrial production based on characterization. The economical and efficient recovery process can be applied in industrialized large-scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China .,Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qi Meng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Peng Dong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Peichao Ning
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qingxiang Li
- Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen 518118 China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shuya L, Yang C, Xuefeng C, Wei S, Yaqing W, Yue Y. Separation of lithium and transition metals from leachate of spent lithium-ion batteries by solvent extraction method with Versatic 10. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
35
|
An efficient extractant (2-ethylhexyl)(2,4,4′-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (USTB-1) for cobalt and nickel separation from sulfate solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
A review with 132 references. Societal and regulatory pressures are pushing industry towards more sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, while the growing popularity of portable cordless electronic devices continues. These trends necessitate the ability to store large amounts of power efficiently in rechargeable batteries that should also be affordable and long-lasting. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have recently gained renewed interest for their potential low cost and high energy density, potentially over 2600 Wh kg−1. The current review will detail the most recent advances in early 2020. The focus will be on reports published since the last review on Li-S batteries. This review is meant to be helpful for beginners as well as useful for those doing research in the field, and will delineate some of the cutting-edge adaptations of many avenues that are being pursued to improve the performance and safety of Li-S batteries.
Collapse
|