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Mishra S, Hunter TN, Pant KK, Harbottle D. Green Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for Sustainable Metal Recovery from Thermally Treated PCBs: A Greener Alternative to Conventional Methods. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301418. [PMID: 38189582 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Waste PCBs the core of e-waste is rich in copper, tin, zinc, iron, and nickel. Leaching base metals from PCB used to be done in toxic, corrosive acidic/alkali mediums. In this work, an environmentally friendly method for leaching metals from thermally treated PCBs (TPCBs) of mobile phones was proposed using choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES selectivity and solubility of metals from metal oxides were the main screening criteria. FA-ChCl had the maximum solubility of Cu, Fe, and Ni, while Urea-ChCl had high Zn selectivity and solubility. Oxalic acid has high selectivity for Sn. FA-ChCl extracted Cu and Fe best at 16 h, 100 °C, and 1/30 g/mL. Urea-ChCl extracted Zn (90.4±2.9 %) from TPCBs at 100 °C, 21 h, 1/20 g/mL, and 400 rpm. Oxalic acid (1 M) removed 92.3±2.1 % Sn from TPCBs in 1 h at 80 °C and 1/20 g/mL. The shrinking core model-based kinetic investigation of FA-ChCl for Cu extraction showed a diffusion-controlled process. The proposed method is greener than mineral acids utilized for metal extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Mishra
- Green and Sustainable Engineering Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khaz, Delhi, 110016, India
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, United Kingdom
| | - T N Hunter
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, United Kingdom
| | - K K Pant
- Green and Sustainable Engineering Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khaz, Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - David Harbottle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, United Kingdom
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Ishaq A, Said MIM, Azman SB, Abdulwahab MF, Jagun ZT. Optimizing total ammonia-nitrogen concentration for enhanced microbial fuel cell performance in landfill leachate treatment: a bibliometric analysis and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86498-86519. [PMID: 37454007 PMCID: PMC10404197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Untreated landfill leachate can harm the environment and human health due to its organic debris, heavy metals, and nitrogen molecules like ammonia. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a promising technology for treating landfill leachate and generating energy. However, high concentrations of total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), which includes both ammonia and the ammonium ion, can impede MFC performance. Therefore, maintaining an adequate TAN concentration is crucial, as both excess and insufficient levels can reduce power generation. To evaluate the worldwide research on MFCs using landfill leachate as a substrate, bibliometric analysis was conducted to assess publication output, author-country co-authorship, and author keyword co-occurrence. Scopus and Web of Science retrieved 98 journal articles on this topic during 2011-2022; 18 were specifically evaluated and analysed for MFC ammonia inhibition. The results showed that research on MFC using landfill leachate as a substrate began in 2011, and the number of related papers has consistently increased every 2 years, totaling 4060 references. China, India, and the USA accounted for approximately 60% of all global publications, while the remaining 40% was contributed by 70 other countries/territories. Chongqing University emerged as one of the top contributors among this subject's ten most productive universities. Most studies found that maintaining TAN concentrations in the 400-800 mg L-1 in MFC operation produced good power density, pollution elimination, and microbial acclimatization. However, the database has few articles on MFC and landfill leachate; MFC ammonia inhibition remains the main factor impacting system performance. This bibliographic analysis provides excellent references and future research directions, highlighting the current limitations of MFC research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Ishaq
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Johr Bohr, Malaysia
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna, 1045, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Ismid Mohd Said
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Johr Bohr, Malaysia
| | - Shamila Binti Azman
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Johr Bohr, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus Abdulwahab
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zainab Toyin Jagun
- Department of Real Estate, School of Built Environment Engineering and Computing, Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds, UK.
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Jadhao PR, Mishra S, Singh A, Pant KK, Nigam KDP. A sustainable route for the recovery of metals from waste printed circuit boards using methanesulfonic acid. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 335:117581. [PMID: 36867901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in electronic waste (e-waste) generation and its unsustainable management pose a threat to the environment and human well-being. However, various valuable metals are present in e-waste, which makes it a potential secondary source to recover metals. Therefore, in the present study, efforts were made to recover valuable metals (Cu, Zn, and Ni) from waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) of computers using methanesulfonic acid (MSA). MSA is contemplated as a biodegradable green solvent and has a high solubility for various metals. The effect of various process parameters (MSA concentration, H2O2 concentration, stirring speed, liquid to solid ratio, time, and temperature) was investigated on metal extraction to optimize the process. At the optimized process conditions, 100% extraction of Cu and Zn was achieved, while Ni extraction was around 90%. The kinetic study for metal extraction was performed using a shrinking core model and findings showed that MSA-aided metal extraction is a diffusion-controlled process. Activation energies were found to be 9.35, 10.89, and 18.86 kJ/mol for Cu, Zn, and Ni extraction, respectively. Furthermore, the individual recovery of Cu and Zn was achieved using the combination of cementation and electrowinning, which resulted in 99.9% purity of Cu and Zn. The current study proposes a sustainable solution for the selective recovery of Cu and Zn from WPCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Snigdha Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - K D P Nigam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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Li L, Xiao Y, Lei Y, Xu J, Xu Z. An approach of cobalt recovery from waste copper converter slags using pig iron as capturing agent and simultaneous recovery of copper and tin. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:1-11. [PMID: 37075684 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Massive amounts of waste copper converter slags have been produced from pyrometallurgical extraction of copper from copper concentrates, and the disposal of them in landfills creates serious environmental problems. However, this converter slag contains numerous valuable heavy metals, including copper, cobalt and tin etc. In this research, due to similar properties of iron and cobalt, pig iron with a low melting point was creatively used as capturing agent for cobalt recycling in a smelting reduction. The recovery of copper and tin was also studied. The phase transformation during reduction process was clarified by X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer analyses. After the reduction performed at 1250 °C, the copper, cobalt and tin were recovered in a copper-cobalt-tin-iron alloy. The addition of pig iron improved cobalt yield, which was ascribed to the enrichment of cobalt in an iron-cobalt alloy phase. This decreased activity of the reduced cobalt and promoted reduction of cobalt oxide. As a result, the cobalt yield had a significant increase from 66.2% to 90.1% by adding 2% pig iron. Similarly, the copper also accelerated tin recovery through the formation of a copper-tin alloy. The copper and tin yields reached 94.4% and 95.0%, respectively. This work provided a high efficiency method to recover copper, cobalt and tin from waste copper converter slags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yun Lei
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Jingzhuang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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He X, Wen Y, Wang X, Cui Y, Li L, Ma H. Leaching NCM cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries with phosphate acid-based deep eutectic solvent. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:8-16. [PMID: 36512926 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) play an important role in efficient recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, we proposed an efficient and safe method by using a choline chloride-phenylphosphinic acid DES as a lixiviant for the leaching of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode active materials of spent LIBs. The leaching conditions were optimized based on the leaching time, liquid-solid ratio, and leaching temperature. Under optimal experimental conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn reached 97.7 %, 97.0 %, 96.4 %, and 93.0 %, respectively. The kinetics of the leaching process were well-fitted using the logarithmic law equation. The apparent activation energies for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn have been reported to be 60.3 kJ/mol, 78.9 kJ/mol, 99.3 kJ/mol, and 82.1 kJ/mol, respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that the coordination configurations of Ni and Co in the leaching solution were octahedral and tetrahedral, respectively. In addition, the PO bond in phenylphosphinic acid was involved in coordination during leaching. This finding may provide an effective and safe approach for leaching valuable metals from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong He
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yunpeng Wen
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Linbo Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Hongzhou Ma
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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