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Weiksnar KD, Ferraro CC, Kari R, Mayer N, Townsend TG. Opportunities and challenges with implementing a recycling program for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a construction aggregate: A programmatic review. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39046185 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2383651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) produces byproducts known as MSW incineration (MSWI) ash. The reuse of MSWI ash as a construction material prevails in several areas of the world, namely Europe and Asia, however, reuse in the United States (US) lags due to regulatory requirements for disposal practices. Developing a recycling program for MSWI ash provides an alternative end-of-life disposal scenario for material currently landfilled and supplements the reliability of mining of natural aggregates. This study provides a programmatic review of the past decade of challenges and opportunities a local government in the US has experienced to implement a recycling program for their MSWI bottom ash (BA) as a construction aggregate in road materials, such as hot mix asphalt, concrete pavement, and road base. The regulatory and practical challenges in the U.S. are presented, including meeting mechanical and environmental performance requirements (e.g., strength and leaching-to-groundwater). The novel approach to overcoming these challenges include blending MSWIBA from two facilities with common aggregates, creating suitable construction materials. Interfacing with local and state agencies, such as the Department of Environmental Protection and Transportation resulted in additional testing to establish the MSWIBA as a beneficial use material and obtain essential approvals for advancing reuse opportunities. This paper synthesizes available data regarding the challenges, opportunities, and implementation of this recycling program by reviewing the experiences of an MSWI facility in the US to provide fundamental guidance to those considering similar applications.Implications: The reuse of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) lags in the United States (US) due to regulatory limitations and lack of precedence. This manuscript details the steps of a local government in the US to establishing a novel recycling program for their MSWIBA, including performance evaluation, regulatory interfacing, and outreach. This critical review provides a comprehensive document containing appropriate considerations required to implement similar MSWIBA recycling programs in the US and offers lawmakers, policymakers, and MSWI operators knowledge regarding opportunities and challenges associated with pursuing this avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D Weiksnar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida , USA
| | - Christopher C Ferraro
- Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ramana Kari
- Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Nathan Mayer
- Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida , USA
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Brown KG, van der Sloot HA, Meeussen JCL, Garrabrants AC, Delapp RC, Um W, Kosson DS. Evaluating the impact of drying on leaching from a solidified/stabilized waste using a monolithic diffusion model. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:27-39. [PMID: 37080015 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The release rates of constituents of potential concern from solidified/stabilized cementitious waste forms are potentially impacted by drying, which, however, is not well understood. This study aimed to identify the impacts of drying on subsequent leaching from Cast Stone as an example of a solidified cementitious waste form. The release fluxes of constituents from monoliths after aging under 100, 68, 40, and 15 % relative humidity for 16, 32, and 48 weeks, respectively, were derived from mass transfer tank leaching tests following EPA Method 1315. A monolithic diffusion model was calibrated based on the leaching test results to simulate the leaching of major and redox-sensitive constituents from monoliths after drying. The reduction in physical retention of constituents (tortuosity-factor) in the unsaturated zone was identified as the primary impact from drying on subsequent leaching. Fluxes of both major (i.e., OH-, Na, K, Ca, Si, and Al) and redox-sensitive constituents (i.e., Tc, Cr, Fe, and S) from monoliths during leaching were well described by the model. The drying-induced reduction of tortuosity-factor and concomitant changes in porewater pH and redox conditions can significantly change the subsequent release fluxes of pH- and redox- sensitive constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Shanghai Shaanxi Coal Hi-tech Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201613, China
| | - Kevin G Brown
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Hans A van der Sloot
- Hans van der Sloot Consultancy, Glenn Millerhof 29, 1628 TS Hoorn, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew C Garrabrants
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Rossane C Delapp
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Wooyong Um
- Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA, United States; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States.
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Díaz-Perete D, Hermoso-Orzáez MJ, Carmo-Calado L, Martín-Doñate C, Terrados-Cepeda J. Energy Recovery from Polymeric 3D Printing Waste and Olive Pomace Mixtures via Thermal Gasification-Effect of Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030750. [PMID: 36772051 PMCID: PMC9920420 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the polymeric materials used in the most common 3D printers is poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG). It represents, in world terms, around 2.3% of polymeric raw material used in additive manufacturing. However, after processing this material, its properties change irreversibly. A significant amount of waste is produced around the world, and its disposal is usually destined for landfill or incineration, which can generate an important issue due to the high environmental risks. Polymer waste from 3D printing, hereinafter 3DPPW, has a relatively high calorific value and adequate characteristics to be valued in thermochemical processes. Gasification emerges as an innovative and alternative solution for recovering energy from 3DPPW, mixed with residues of lignocellulosic origin, and presents some environmental advantages compared to other types of thermochemical treatments, since the gasification process releases smaller amounts of NOx into the atmosphere, SOx, and CO2. In the case of the study, co-gasification of olive pomace (OLB) was carried out with small additions of 3DPPW (10% and 20%) at different temperatures. Comparing the different gasifications (100% OLB, 90% OLB + 10% 3DPPW, 80% OLB + 20% 3DPPW), the best results for the synthesis gas were obtained for the mixture of 10% 3DPPW and 90% olive pomace (OLB), having a lower calorific value of 6.16 MJ/m3, synthesis gas yield of 3.19%, and cold gas efficiency of 87.85% for a gasification temperature of 750 °C. In addition, the results demonstrate that the addition of 3DPPW improved the quality of syngas, especially between temperatures of 750 and 850 °C. Including polymeric 3D printing materials in the context of the circular economy and extending their life cycle helps to improve the efficiency of subsequent industrial processes, reducing process costs in general, thanks to the new industrial value acquired by the generated by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Díaz-Perete
- Department of Graphic Engineering, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez
- Department of Graphic Engineering, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy and Environment, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-610-389-020
| | - Luís Carmo-Calado
- IPPortalegre—Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Cristina Martín-Doñate
- Department of Graphic Engineering, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Julio Terrados-Cepeda
- Department of Graphic Engineering, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Wu MF, Huang WH. Evaluation of Fly Ash from Co-Combustion of Paper Mill Wastes and Coal as Supplementary Cementitious Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15248931. [PMID: 36556737 PMCID: PMC9782210 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The applications of waste-derived fuel from paper mills in industrial boilers benefit the reduction of carbon emissions. However, the co-combustion of waste-derived fuel and coal causes significant changes in the characteristics of the ash and brings about the need to find possible means of the utilization of the ash produced. In this work fly, ash samples were collected from circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers co-combusting paper mill wastes with coal and analyzed in detail. The chemical, physical, and thermal characteristics of two different co-combustion fly ashes (CCFA) were investigated using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of CCFA is largely affected by the fuel source type. Thermal analyses of CCFA show that the type of desulfurization system used by the boiler influences the form of sulfate present in the fly ash. The presence of calcium sulfite hemihydrate can cause a high loss in the ignition of CCFA. By comparing the physical requirements specified in the ASTM standard for coal fly ash to be used in concrete, the CCFA produced from paper mill wastes was found to show good potential as supplementary cementitious materials.
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