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Yun KK, Panov V, Han S. Prediction of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Supplementary Cementitious Material-Modified Shotcrete Using Rheological and Mechanical Indicators. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7645. [PMID: 38138786 PMCID: PMC10744460 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Plastic shrinkage cracking is a complex and multifaceted process that occurs in the period between placement and the final setting. During this period, the mixture is viscoplastic in nature and therefore possesses rheological properties. The investigation of the relationship between rheological behavior and its propensity to undergo cracking during the plastic phase presents an intriguing subject of study. However, many factors influence plastic cracking, and the corresponding interaction of its effects is complex in nature. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of rheological and physicomechanical properties on the occurrence of plastic cracking in high-performance shotcrete containing various supplementary cementitious materials. To achieve this, plastic cracking was evaluated employing the ASTM C 1579 standard and a smart crack viewer FCV-30, and the rheological parameters were controlled using an ICAR rheometer. In addition, a study was conducted to assess the strength development and fresh properties. Further, a relationship was established via statistical evaluation, and the best predicting models were selected. According to the study results, it can be concluded that high-yield stress and low plastic viscosity for colloidal silica mixtures are indicators of plastic cracking resistance owing to improved fresh microstructure and accelerated hydration reaction. However, earlier strength development and the presence of a water-reducing admixture allowed mixtures containing silica fume to achieve crack reduction. A higher indicator of yield stress is an indicator of the capillary pressure development of these mixtures. In addition, a series containing ultrafine fly ash (having high flow resistance and torque viscosity) exhibited a risk of early capillary pressure build-up and a decrease in strength characteristics, which could be stabilized with the addition of colloidal silica. Consequently, the mixture containing both silica fume and colloidal silica exhibited the best performance. Thus, the results indicated that rheological characteristics, compressive strength, and water-reducer content can be used to control the plastic shrinkage cracking of shotcrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Ku Yun
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaegil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Valerii Panov
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaegil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seungyeon Han
- KICT (Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology), 283 Goyang-daero, Daehwa-dong, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea
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Khan MI, Abbas YM, Fares G, Alqahtani FK. Flowability and Strength Characteristics of Binary Cementitious Systems Containing Silica Fume, Fly Ash, Metakaolin, and Glass Cullet Powder. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6436. [PMID: 37834574 PMCID: PMC10573241 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the flowability and strength development of binary mixes. This study was primarily motivated by the need to bridge the knowledge gap regarding paste and mortar mixes containing binary cement from a variety of performance perspectives. This study examined the flowability and strength development of binary mixes in their pastes and mortars when they contain various doses of silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA), metakaolin (MK), and glass cullet powder (GP) compared with the control mix. While the presence of SF and MK reduced workability because of the nature of their particles, the addition of FA and GP improved it to a certain extent because of the spherical and glassy nature of their particles, respectively. In addition, GP was used to compare its performance against SF, MK, and FA as an alternative cementitious material. In this study, the GP performed comparably to the other SCMs investigated and was found to be satisfactory. An investigation of the rheological properties, heat of hydration, thermal analysis, and pore systems of these mixes was conducted. Compared to the control mix, the presence of 5% GP improved the rheological properties and reduced the heat of hydration by 10%. The reduced workability in SF and MK mixes resulted in a lower content of pore water, while GP and FA incorporation enhanced it, owing to improved workability. The pore area is related to the pore water, which is directly related to improved workability. According to the following order, SF > MK > GP > FA, the strength was highest for mixes containing SF and MK, whereas, with GP and FA, there was a gradual reduction in the strength proportional to replacement level and improved workability. SF, GP, and FA can be identified as performance enhancers when formulating ternary and quaternary cementitious systems for low-carbon cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Iqbal Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia (G.F.); (F.K.A.)
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Xiang S, Zheng T, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Liu B, Huang L. Investigation of the Effects of Polyurethane-Modified Polycarboxylate at Ambient Temperature on the Characteristics of Cement with Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3602. [PMID: 37688228 PMCID: PMC10490525 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Via radical polymerization, three polyurethane-modified polycarboxylate molecules of various comb topologies were synthesized. This study investigated the effects of varying types and concentrations of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the surface tension, flowability, and zeta potential of cement. An elevation in the molar ratio between isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene (TPEG) and acrylic acid (AA) from 1:1 to 5:1 reduced the surface tension of the polycarboxylate molecule from 47.70 mN/m to 35.53 mN/m and increased flowability from 280 mm to 310 mm, as the results indicated. An increase in the SCM and polycarboxylate dosage proportionally decreased liquid-phase surface tension and increased flowability. A decrease in the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio from 0.5 to 0.3 corresponded to an observed increase in the zeta potential of cement pastes. However, a rise in the quantity of polycarboxylate and SCMs corresponded to a decrease in the zeta potential at a w/c ratio of 0.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncheng Xiang
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China;
| | - Tingxiang Zheng
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China;
| | - Jiake Zhang
- College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
| | - Zhen Jiang
- China West Construction Group Co., Ltd. Hunan Branch, Changsha 410082, China; (Z.J.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Liu
- China West Construction Group Co., Ltd. Hunan Branch, Changsha 410082, China; (Z.J.); (B.L.)
| | - Liangjun Huang
- Huaihua Dongxing Concrete Co., Ltd., Huaihua 418000, China;
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Odhiambo VO, Scheinherrová L, Abuodha SO, Mwero JN, Marangu JM. Effects of Alternate Wet and Dry Conditions on the Mechanical and Physical Performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Mortars Immersed in Sodium Sulfate Media. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8935. [PMID: 36556740 PMCID: PMC9786565 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate attack in concrete structures significantly reduces their durability. This article reports the experimental findings on the effects of sodium sulfate on limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) in an alternate wet and dry media. The samples underwent wet-dry conditions of 28 cycles. Two types of LC3 were studied, one made from clay (LC3-CL) and the other made from fired rejected clay bricks (LC3-FR). The composition of each LC3 blend by weight was 50% clinker, 30% calcined clay, 15% limestone, and 5% gypsum. The reference compressive strength was evaluated at 2, 7, and 28 days of age. Then, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and LC3-CL blends were subjected to alternate wet-dry cycle tests, immersion in a 5% sodium sulfate solution, or in water. For all exposed samples, sorptivity tests and compressive strength were done. The results showed that LC3 blends met the requirements for KS-EAS 18-1:2017 standard, which specifies the composition and conformity criteria for common cements in Kenya. The LC3 blend also had a lower rate of initial absorption compared to OPC. Additionally, LC3 blend also showed good resistance to sodium sulfate when exposed to alternating wetting and drying environment. OPC showed higher compressive strength than LC3 blends for testing ages of 2, 7, and 28 days. However, the LC3 samples utilized in the sodium sulfate attack experiment, which were later tested after 84 days, exhibited higher compressive strengths than OPC tested after the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lenka Scheinherrová
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - John Nyiro Mwero
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Joseph Mwiti Marangu
- Department of Physical Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru 60200, Kenya
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Wu MF, Huang WH. Evaluation of Fly Ash from Co-Combustion of Paper Mill Wastes and Coal as Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15248931. [PMID: 36556737 PMCID: PMC9782210 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The applications of waste-derived fuel from paper mills in industrial boilers benefit the reduction of carbon emissions. However, the co-combustion of waste-derived fuel and coal causes significant changes in the characteristics of the ash and brings about the need to find possible means of the utilization of the ash produced. In this work fly, ash samples were collected from circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers co-combusting paper mill wastes with coal and analyzed in detail. The chemical, physical, and thermal characteristics of two different co-combustion fly ashes (CCFA) were investigated using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of CCFA is largely affected by the fuel source type. Thermal analyses of CCFA show that the type of desulfurization system used by the boiler influences the form of sulfate present in the fly ash. The presence of calcium sulfite hemihydrate can cause a high loss in the ignition of CCFA. By comparing the physical requirements specified in the ASTM standard for coal fly ash to be used in concrete, the CCFA produced from paper mill wastes was found to show good potential as supplementary cementitious materials.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Gu X, Wang T, Liu B. Study on Properties and Optimization of Ternary Auxiliary Cementing Materials for IOTs. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:3851. [PMID: 35683148 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to control energy consumption and reduce pollution, the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) instead of cement to produce green cementitious materials can save energy, reduce emissions and achieve sustainable development. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing SCMs with iron tailings (IOTs), fly ash (FA) and ceramic powder (CP) ternary system, as well as the optimization and improvement scheme of gelation activation. The effects of activator dosage, mix ratio and substitution rate on mechanical properties of ternary SCMs system were investigated. The formation and evolution of hydration products were analyzed by differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the study show that there is synergy in the system. The results show that there is synergy in the system and the hydration reaction is sufficient. At the substitution rate of 30%, the doping ratio of IOTs, CP and FA is 1:2:2 and the Ca(OH)2 is 0.6%, the strength reaches 39.9 MPa and the activity index is 91.5%, which can provide a basis for the application and more in-depth study of IOTs multi SCMs.
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Khan K, Jalal FE, Iqbal M, Khan MI, Amin MN, Al-Faiad MA. Predictive Modeling of Compression Strength of Waste PET/SCM Blended Cementitious Grout Using Gene Expression Programming. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 35591409 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) alongside two supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs)—i.e., fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF)—on the 28-day compressive strength (CS28d) of cementitious grouts by using. For the gene expression programming (GEP) approach, a total of 156 samples were prepared in the laboratory using variable percentages of PET and SCM (0−10%, each). To achieve the best hyper parameter setting of the optimized GEP model, 10 trials were undertaken by varying the genetic parameters while observing the models’ performance in terms of statistical indices, i.e., correlation coefficient (R), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), comparison of regression slopes, and predicted to experimental ratios (ρ). Sensitivity analysis and parametric study were performed on the best GEP model (obtained at; chromosomes = 50, head size = 9, and genes = 3) to evaluate the effect of contributing input parameters. The sensitivity analysis showed that: CS7d (30.47%) > CS1d (28.89%) > SCM (18.88%) > Flow (18.53%) > PET (3.23%). The finally selected GEP model exhibited optimal statistical indices (R = 0.977 and 0.975, RMSE = 2.423 and 2.531, MAE = 1.918 and 2.055) for training and validation datasets, respectively. The role of PET/SCM has no negative influence on the CS28d of cementitious grouts, which renders the PET a suitable alternative toward achieving sustainable and green concrete. Hence, the simple mathematical expression of GEP is efficacious, which leads to saving time and reducing labor costs of testing in civil engineering projects.
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Sanjuán MÁ, Menéndez E, Recino H. Mechanical Performance of Portland Cement, Coarse Silica Fume, and Limestone (PC-SF-LS) Ternary Portland Cements. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:2933. [PMID: 35454626 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ternary Portland cements composed of coarse silica fume (SF), limestone (LS), and Portland cement (PC) can afford some environmental advantages by reducing the clinker content in Portland cements. These cements will help to reduce the clinker factor target from 0.78 to 0.60 by 2050 with the aim to be climate neutral. Silica fume (SF) possesses pozzolanic properties that enhance mechanical strength and durability. By contrast, limestone powder has three main outcomes, i.e., filler, dilution, and chemical effects. The first reduces porosity and refines the microstructure of mortars and concretes. The second decreases the amount of hydration products and increases the porosity; the third one promotes the appearance of carboaluminates and reduces porosity. This paper covers the mechanical properties of Portland cement-limestone-coarse silica fume ternary cements, and its synergetic mechanism. Compressive and flexural strength of mortar at 2, 7, 14 and 28 days was performed. Coarse silica fume has a minor contribution on the nucleation effect compared to ground limestone at early ages. The nucleation and filler effects, at early ages, are less pronounced in coarse and very fine limestone powder. The highest compressive strength at 28 days is reached with the lowest content of coarse silica fume (3%). Mortar mixes made with a high level of limestone presented a delay in the compressive strength development.
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Park S, Lee N, An GH, Koh KT, Ryu GS. Modeling the Effect of Alternative Cementitious Binders in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7333. [PMID: 34885487 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of alternative cementitious binders is necessary for producing sustainable concrete. Herein, we study the effect of using alternative cementitious binders in ultra-high-performance concrete (UPHC) by calculating the phase assemblages of UHPC in which Portland cement is replaced with calcium aluminate cement, calcium sulfoaluminate cement, metakaolin or blast furnace slag. The calculation result shows that replacing Portland cement with calcium aluminate cement or calcium sulfoaluminate cement reduces the volume of C-S-H but increases the overall solid volume due to the formation of other phases, such as strätlingite or ettringite. The modeling result predicts that using calcium aluminate cement or calcium sulfoaluminate cement may require more water than it would for plain UHPC, while a similar or lower amount of water is needed for chemical reactions when using blast furnace slag or metakaolin.
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Raghav M, Park T, Yang HM, Lee SY, Karthick S, Lee HS. Review of the Effects of Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Chemical Additives on the Physical, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Hydraulic Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7270. [PMID: 34885424 PMCID: PMC8672277 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237270%0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and chemical additives (CA) are incorporated to modify the properties of concrete. In this paper, SCMs such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume (SF), rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), and tire-derived fuel ash (TDFA) admixed concretes are reviewed. FA (25-30%), GGBS (50-55%), RHA (15-20%), and SBA (15%) are safely used to replace Portland cement. FA requires activation, while GGBS has undergone in situ activation, with other alkalis present in it. The reactive silica in RHA and SBA readily reacts with free Ca(OH)2 in cement matrix, which produces the secondary C-S-H gel and gives strength to the concrete. SF addition involves both physical contribution and chemical action in concrete. TDFA contains 25-30% SiO2 and 30-35% CaO, and is considered a suitable secondary pozzolanic material. In this review, special emphasis is given to the various chemical additives and their role in protecting rebar from corrosion. Specialized concrete for novel applications, namely self-curing, self-healing, superhydrophobic, electromagnetic (EM) wave shielding and self-temperature adjusting concretes, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Raghav
- Department of Civil Engineering, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Neelambur, Coimbatore 641 062, India;
| | - Taejoon Park
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Min Yang
- Innovative Durable Building and Infrastructure Research Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Seung-Yeop Lee
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Subbiah Karthick
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Han-Seung Lee
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Raghav M, Park T, Yang HM, Lee SY, Karthick S, Lee HS. Review of the Effects of Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Chemical Additives on the Physical, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Hydraulic Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7270. [PMID: 34885424 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and chemical additives (CA) are incorporated to modify the properties of concrete. In this paper, SCMs such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume (SF), rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), and tire-derived fuel ash (TDFA) admixed concretes are reviewed. FA (25–30%), GGBS (50–55%), RHA (15–20%), and SBA (15%) are safely used to replace Portland cement. FA requires activation, while GGBS has undergone in situ activation, with other alkalis present in it. The reactive silica in RHA and SBA readily reacts with free Ca(OH)2 in cement matrix, which produces the secondary C-S-H gel and gives strength to the concrete. SF addition involves both physical contribution and chemical action in concrete. TDFA contains 25–30% SiO2 and 30–35% CaO, and is considered a suitable secondary pozzolanic material. In this review, special emphasis is given to the various chemical additives and their role in protecting rebar from corrosion. Specialized concrete for novel applications, namely self-curing, self-healing, superhydrophobic, electromagnetic (EM) wave shielding and self-temperature adjusting concretes, are also discussed.
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Park B, Choi YC. Self-Healing Products of Cement Pastes with Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Calcium Sulfoaluminate and Crystalline Admixtures. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7201. [PMID: 34885355 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phase composition of self-healing products generated in cracks affects self-healing performance. This study investigated the self-healing products of cementitious materials using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), a calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) expansion agent, and crystalline additives (CAs). Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF) were used as SCMs, and anhydrite, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and MgCO3 were used as crystalline additives (CAs). An artificial crack method was used to collect the self-healing products in the crack of the paste. The phase composition of the self-healing products was analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD)/Rietveld refinements and thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) analysis, and their morphology and ion concentration were examined through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). From the results, the main compound of self-healing products was found to be calcite. GGBFS and FA decreased the content of portlandite, and the use of CAs led to the formation of alkali sulfate and alkali carbonate. The SEM–EDS analysis results showed that when GGBFS and FA were used, a large proportion of the self-healing products contained C-S-H and C-A-H, and the use of CSA led to the formation of monosulfate and ettringite.
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Gabrijel I, Jelčić Rukavina M, Štirmer N. Influence of Wood Fly Ash on Concrete Properties through Filling Effect Mechanism. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14237164. [PMID: 34885318 PMCID: PMC8658400 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at determining the influence of wood fly ash (WFA) from three Croatian power plants on the properties of concrete. First, the chemical and physical properties of WFA’s were determined. It was found that these properties are highly influenced by combustion technology, the type and parts of wood used as fuel, and the local operating conditions. Subsequently, workability, heat of hydration, stiffness development, 28-day compressive strength, apparent porosity, and capillary absorption were determined on concrete mixes prepared with WFA as cement replacement from 5–45% by weight. Cement replacement up to 15% with the finest WFA accelerated hydration, stiffness development, and increased compressive strength of concrete up to 18%, while replacement with coarser WFA’s led to a decrease in compressive strength of up to 5% and had more gradual heat liberation. The dominant effect that could explain these findings is attributed to the filler and filling effect mechanisms. At the same time replacement content of up to 45% had very little effect on capillary absorption and could give concrete with sufficiently high compressive strength to be suitable for construction purposes.
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Kapeluszna E, Szudek W, Wolka P, Zieliński A. Implementation of Alternative Mineral Additives in Low-Emission Sustainable Cement Composites. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14216423. [PMID: 34771947 PMCID: PMC8585175 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of four naturally occurring mineral additives (zeolite, diatomite, trass and bentonite) on the hydration and properties of cement pastes and mortars was investigated. The materials change the phase composition, heat of hydration (determined by calorimetry) and mechanical properties of composites. After 28 days, the amount of Ca(OH)2 was reduced by up to 23% and up to 35% more C-S-H was formed, as proved by TG measurements. Differences were observed in the kinetics of heat release, especially for 25% of the addition. In the calorimetric curves, an additional exothermic effect is observed, related to the alteration in the hydration of C3A in cement. From the point of view of beneficial influence on mechanical properties of mortars, the additives could be ranked as follows: bentonite < diatomite, zeolite < trass after 2 days and bentonite < diatomite < trass < zeolite after 28 days of curing. The highest compressive strength (58.5 MPa) was observed for the sample with a 10% addition of zeolite. Zeolite, trass, bentonite and diatomite are all pozzolanic materials; however, their activity varies to an extent due to the differences in their specific surface area and the content of the amorphous phase, responsible for the pozzolanic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kapeluszna
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Wojciech Szudek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Paweł Wolka
- Astra Technologia Betonu Sp. z.o.o, 83-010 Straszyn, Poland;
| | - Adam Zieliński
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland;
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15
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Ahmad W, Ahmad A, Ostrowski KA, Aslam F, Joyklad P, Zajdel P. Application of Advanced Machine Learning Approaches to Predict the Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:5762. [PMID: 34640160 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The casting and testing specimens for determining the mechanical properties of concrete is a time-consuming activity. This study employed supervised machine learning techniques, bagging, AdaBoost, gene expression programming, and decision tree to estimate the compressive strength of concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash and blast furnace slag). The performance of the models was compared and assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error, mean square error, and root mean square error. The performance of the model was further validated using the k-fold cross-validation approach. Compared to the other employed approaches, the bagging model was more effective in predicting results, with an R2 value of 0.92. A sensitivity analysis was also prepared to determine the level of contribution of each parameter utilized to run the models. The use of machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the mechanical properties of concrete will be beneficial to the field of civil engineering because it will save time, effort, and resources. The proposed techniques are efficient to forecast the strength properties of concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) and pave the way towards the intelligent design of concrete elements and structures.
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16
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Jhatial AA, Goh WI, Mastoi AK, Rahman AF, Kamaruddin S. Thermo-mechanical properties and sustainability analysis of newly developed eco-friendly structural foamed concrete by reusing palm oil fuel ash and eggshell powder as supplementary cementitious materials. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:38947-38968. [PMID: 33745050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of cement contributes to 10% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution and 74 to 81% towards the total CO2 pollution by concrete. In addition to that, its low strength-to-weight ratio, high density and thermal conductivity are among the few limitations of heavy weight concrete. Therefore, this study was carried out to provide a solution to these limitations by developing innovative eco-friendly lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) of 1800 kg/m3 density incorporating 20-25% palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and 5-15% eggshell powder (ESP) by weight of total binder as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). The influence of combined utilization of POFA and ESP on the fresh state properties of eco-friendly LFC was determined using the J-ring test. To determine the mechanical properties, a total of 48 cubes and 24 cylinders were prepared for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity each. A total of 24 panels were prepared to determine the thermal properties in terms of surface temperature and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, to assess the environmental impact and eco-friendliness of the developed LFC, the embodied carbon and eco-strength efficiency was calculated. It was determined that the utilization of POFA and ESP reduced the workability slightly but enhanced the mechanical properties of LFC (17.05 to 22.60 MPa compressive strength and 1.43 to 2.61 MPa tensile strength), thus satisfies the ACI213R requirements for structural lightweight concrete and that it can be used for structural applications. Additionally, the thermal conductivity reduced ranging from 0.55 to 0.63 W/mK compared to 0.82 W/mK achieved by control sample. Furthermore, the developed LFC showed a 16.96 to 33.55% reduction in embodied carbon and exhibited higher eco-strength efficiency between 47.82 and 76.97%. Overall, the combined utilization of POFA and ESP as SCMs not only enhanced the thermo-mechanical performance, makes the sustainable LFC as structural lightweight concrete, but also has reduced the environmental impacts caused by the disposal of POFA and ESP in landfills as well as reducing the total CO2 emissions during the production of eco-friendly LFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial
- Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus, Khairpur Mirs', Sindh, Pakistan.
| | - Wan Inn Goh
- Jamilus Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Aamir Khan Mastoi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amirul Faiz Rahman
- Jamilus Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sufian Kamaruddin
- Jamilus Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
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Tomczak K, Jakubowski J, Kotwica Ł. Key Factors Determining the Self-Healing Ability of Cement-Based Composites with Mineral Additives. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:4211. [PMID: 34361409 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reveals the relationships between key factors that determine the ability of cementitious composites to self-heal autogenously and specific measures for quantifying the effects of this process. The following material factors: water-to-binder ratio (w/b), uniaxial compressive strength and age of the composite at the time of defect formation were considered, as well as the method and degree of damage to the tested material. The subjects of this study were mortars and concretes in which Portland cement was partially replaced, to varying degrees, with mechanically activated fluidized bed combustion fly ash (MAFBC fly ash) and siliceous fly ash. The samples were subjected to three-point bending or cyclic compression tests after 14 or 28 days of aging, in order to induce defects and then cured in water for 122 days. Microscopic (MO) and high-resolution scanning (HRS) observations along with computer image processing techniques were used to visualize and quantify the changes occurring in the macro-crack region near the outer surface of the material during the self-sealing process. Techniques based on the measurement of the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) allowed the quantification of the changes occurring inside the damaged materials. Mechanical testing of the composites allowed quantification of the effects of the activity of the binder-supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) systems. The analysis of the results indicates a significant influence of the initial crack width on the ability to completely close the cracks; however, there are repeated deviations from this rule and local variability of the self-sealing process. It has been shown that the compressive strength of a material is an important indicator of binder activity concerning crack width reduction due to self-sealing. Regardless of the crack induction method, the internal material changes caused by self-sealing are dependent on the degree of material damage.
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18
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Caneda-Martínez L, Monasterio M, Moreno-Juez J, Martínez-Ramírez S, García R, Frías M. Behaviour and Properties of Eco-Cement Pastes Elaborated with Recycled Concrete Powder from Construction and Demolition Wastes. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14051299. [PMID: 33800479 PMCID: PMC7962962 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work analyses the influence of fine concrete fractions (<5 mm) of different natures —calcareous (HcG) and siliceous (HsT)—obtained from construction and demolition waste (C&DW) on the behaviour of blended cement pastes with partial replacements between 5 and 10%. The two C&DW fractions were characterised by different instrumental techniques. Subsequently, their lime-fixing capacity and the physico-mechanical properties of the blended cement pastes were analysed. Lastly, the environmental benefits of reusing these fine wastes in the manufacture of future eco-efficient cement pastes were examined. The results show that HsT and HcG exhibit weak pozzolanic activity, owing to their low reactive silica and alumina content. Despite this, the new cement pastes meet the physical and mechanical requirements of the existing regulations for common cements. It should be highlighted that the blended cement pastes initially showed a coarser pore network, but then they underwent a refinement process between 2 and 28 days, along with a gain in compressive strength, possibly due to the double pozzolanic and filler effect of the wastes. The environmental viability of the blended cements was evaluated in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) concluding that the overall environmental impact could be reduced in the same proportion of the replacement rate. This is in line with the Circular Economy goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caneda-Martínez
- Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences (IETcc-CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Monasterio
- Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences (IETcc-CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Jaime Moreno-Juez
- Tecnalia, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Astondo Bidea, Edificio 700, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain;
| | | | - Rosario García
- Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica, Geomateriales Unidad Asociada CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Moisés Frías
- Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences (IETcc-CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.-M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Park S, Park JK, Lee N, Kim MO. Exploring Structural Evolution of Portland Cement Blended with Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Seawater. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1210. [PMID: 33806644 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the structural evolution of Portland cement (PC) incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) exposed to seawater. The samples were made with replacing Portland cement with 10 mass-% silica fume, metakaolin or glass powder. The reaction degree of SCMs estimated by the portlandite consumption shows that metakaolin has the highest reaction degree, thus metakaolin-blended PC exhibits the highest strength. The control exposed to seawater exhibited 14.82% and 12.14% higher compressive strengths compared to those cured in tap water at 7 and 28 days. The samples incorporating metakaolin showed the highest compressive strength of 76.60 MPa at 90 days tap water curing and this was 17% higher than that of the control. Exposure to seawater is found to retard the rate of hydration in all SCM-incorporating systems, while the strength development of the neat PC system is enhanced. The main reaction product that forms during exposure to seawater is Cl-AFm and brucite, while it is predicted by the thermodynamic modelling that a significant amount of M-S-H, calcite and hydrotalcite is to form at an extended period of exposure time.
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20
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Zhang J, Ke G, Liu Y. Early Hydration Heat of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement with Influences of Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Water to Binder Ratio. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14030642. [PMID: 33573301 PMCID: PMC7866813 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA) displays very early-age strength and faster heat-releasing rate during hydration. In the present paper, the early hydration heat of CSA paste with influences of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and water to cement (or binder) ratio (w/c) is systematically studied by measuring the heat-releasing rate using a calorimeter. Three traditional SCMs—silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (SL)—were used in the study. A water to cement or binder ratio (w/c) between 0.19 and 0.73 was used in the mixtures. The results show that three exothermic peaks were presented during hydration—dissolution exothermic peak and two reaction exothermic peaks. With the w/c of 0.3, the first and second reaction peaks of the CSA paste are as high as 17.8 times and 4.1 times that of OPC paste, and the occurring time is much earlier than that of the OPC paste. The second reaction peak appears earlier, and the third reaction peak appears later in the pastes with addition of SF than in those without SF. Decreasing w/c can greatly reduce the two reaction peaks of the paste, and it looks that there is a critical value of w/c between 0.24 and 0.30. Above the critical value, the effect of w/c is minor, and below that the influence is obvious. An optimal use of SCMs in CSA pastes under different w/c can greatly decrease the heat releasing while maintaining the required strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Civil Engineering, China Education Ministry, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (G.K.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Guoju Ke
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (G.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuzhang Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (G.K.); (Y.L.)
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21
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Anastasiou EK. Effect of High Calcium Fly Ash, Ladle Furnace Slag, and Limestone Filler on Packing Density, Consistency, and Strength of Cement Pastes. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14020301. [PMID: 33430139 PMCID: PMC7827666 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental considerations and technical benefits have directed research towards reducing cement clinker content in concrete, and one of the best ways to do this is to replace cement with supplementary cementitious materials. High calcium fly ash, ladle furnace slag, and limestone filler were investigated as supplementary cementitious materials in cement pastes, and binary mixtures were produced at 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement rates for each material. The water requirement for maximum packing and for normal consistency were obtained for each paste, and strength development was determined at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days for the 20% replacement rate. Furthermore, two ternary mixtures at 30% cement replacement were also prepared for maximum packing density and tested for compressive strength development. The results showed that high calcium fly ash decreased cement paste packing and increased water demand but contributed to strength development through reactivity. Ladle furnace slag and limestone filler, on the other hand, were less reactive and seemed to contribute to strength development through the filler effect. The ternary paste with 70% cement, 20% high calcium fly ash, and 10% limestone filler showed equivalent strength development to that of the reference cement paste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios K Anastasiou
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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22
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Flegar M, Serdar M, Londono-Zuluaga D, Scrivener K. Regional Waste Streams as Potential Raw Materials for Immediate Implementation in Cement Production. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13235456. [PMID: 33266163 PMCID: PMC7730881 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to apply available technologies to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry. One of the possible solutions that can be implemented immediately is the industrial symbiosis between the waste-producing industries on the one hand and the cement industry, which consumes enormous amounts of raw materials for its production, on the other. In order for the industry to accelerate the use of these available materials and technologies, the potential of these materials must be disclosed. The present study shows a systematic approach to assess the potential of waste materials, by-products, and other raw materials available in the South East Europe that can be used in cement production. Their evaluation included the analysis of their availability, their chemical and physical properties, their chemical reactivity, and their contribution to the mortar’s strength. Based on the results and the analyses carried out, a recommendation for immediate use in the construction sector is given for each of the materials collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Flegar
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marijana Serdar
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Diana Londono-Zuluaga
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.L.-Z.); (K.S.)
| | - Karen Scrivener
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.L.-Z.); (K.S.)
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23
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Jaskulski R, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D, Yakymechko Y. Calcined Clay as Supplementary Cementitious Material. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13214734. [PMID: 33113987 PMCID: PMC7660299 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcined clays are the only potential materials available in large quantities to meet the requirements of eco-efficient cement-based materials by reducing the clinker content in blended cements or reducing the cement content in concrete. More than 200 recent research papers on the idea of replacing Portland cement with large amounts of calcined clay are presented and discussed in detail. First, the fundamental information about the properties and structure of clay minerals is described. Then, the process of activation and hydration of clays is discussed, including the methods of pozzolanic activity assessment. Additionally, various testing methods of clays from different worldwide deposits are presented. The application of calcined clay in cement and concrete technology is then introduced. A separate chapter is devoted to lime calcined clay cement. Then an influence of calcined clay on durability of concrete is summarized. Finally, conclusions are formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jaskulski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Łukasiewicza 14, 09-400 Płock, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Daria Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Yaroslav Yakymechko
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Łukasiewicza 14, 09-400 Płock, Poland;
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24
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Thiedeitz M, Schmidt W, Härder M, Kränkel T. Performance of Rice Husk Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material after Production in the Field and in the Lab. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E4319. [PMID: 32998325 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) can reduce the total amount of Portland cement clinker in concrete production. Rice husk ashes (RHA) can be converted from an agricultural by-product to a high-performance concrete constituent due to a high amount of reactive silica with pozzolanic properties if they are burnt under controlled conditions. The way and duration of combustion, the cooling process as well as the temperature have an effect on the silica form and thus, the chemical and physical performance of the RHA. Various studies on the best combustion technique have been published to investigate the ideal combustion techniques. Yet, the process mostly took place under laboratory conditions. Investigating the difference between the performance of RHA produced in a rural environment and laboratory conditions is useful for the assessment and future enhancement of RHA production, and its application both as building material, for example in rural areas where it is sourced in large quantities, and as additive for high performance concrete. Thus, the paper presents a comparison between RHA produced under rudimentary conditions in a self-made furnace in the rural Bagamoyo, Tanzania and under controlled laboratory conditions at the Technical University of Munich, Germany, with different combustion methods and temperatures. In a second step, RHA was ground to reach particle size distributions comparable to cement. In a third step, cement pastes were prepared with 10%, 20% and 40% of cement replacement, and compared to the performance of plain and fly ash blended cement pastes. The results show that controlled burning conditions around 650 °C lead to high reactivity of silica and, therefore, to good performance as SCM. However, also the RHA burnt under less controlled conditions in the field provided reasonably good properties, if the process took place with proper burning parameters and adequate grinding. The knowledge can be implemented in the field to improve the final RHA performance as SCM in concrete.
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Maldonado-Bandala E, Higueredo-Moctezuma N, Nieves-Mendoza D, Gaona-Tiburcio C, Zambrano-Robledo P, Hernández-Martínez H, Almeraya-Calderón F. Corrosion Behavior of AISI 1018 Carbon Steel in Localized Repairs of Mortars with Alkaline Cements and Engineered Cementitious Composites. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3327. [PMID: 32726900 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selection of materials for repairs of reinforced concrete structures is a serious concern. They are chosen for the mechanical capacity that the repair mortar achieves. However, several important characteristics have been left aside, such as the adhesion of the repair mortar with the concrete substrate, the electrical resistivity and—hugely important—the protection against corrosion that the repair material can provide to the reinforcing steel. The aim of this work was to study the corrosion behavior of AISI 1018 carbon steel (CS) in mortars manufactured with alkaline cements, engineered cementitious composites (ECC), and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Two types of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 30R and 40R were used. The constituent materials for the mortars with ECC mixture mortars they use OPC 40R, class F fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and polypropylene (PP) fibers. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) were used as activating agents in alkali activated cements. The reinforced specimens were immersed in two different electrolytes, exposed to a 3.5 wt % of NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions, for 12 months and their electrochemical behavior was studied by half-cell potential (Ecorr) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) according to ASTM C876-15 and ASTM G59-97, respectively. The results obtained indicated that, the mortar they have the best performance and durability, is the conventional MCXF mortar, with OPC 30R and addition of 1% polypropylene PP fiber improves the behavior against the attack of chlorides and sulfates.
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Tomczak K, Jakubowski J, Kotwica Ł. Self-Sealing Process Evaluation Method Using Ultrasound Technique in Cement Composites with Mineral Additives. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3336. [PMID: 32727006 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The self-sealing process, associated with chemical and microstructural changes inside damaged cement-based composites, leads to the recovery of the original material integrity. Assessing the magnitude of internal changes in samples using non-destructive techniques to capture only the self-sealing effects is difficult. The challenge is evaluating the differences between subsequent observations in time and between samples with different properties. This paper proposes a new approach to the use of an ultrasonic technique for self-sealing investigation. The method allows the quantification of material changes strictly related to self-sealing processes, excluding changes caused by the naturally progressing hydration of binders. The applied ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) data processing procedure allows the investigation of material changes inside and near the cracks, the effects of stimulating the self-sealing of cement composites with mineral additives, and the assessment of changes over time. An important aspect of the method is the sample preparation procedure and testing conditions that reduce the impact of moisture content on the UPV measurements. New parameters allowing the quantitative characterization of the self-sealing process are proposed. The method was evaluated using cement mortars modified with siliceous fly ash with induced cracks 0 to 750 µm wide, which were then cured in water for 152 days. The maximum degree of effective crack filling as a result of autogenous self-sealing in the tested mortars was determined to range from 33% to 57%. Observations of the microstructure of the crack surface confirmed that apart from the volume of the newly formed products, the density of these products may have a key impact on the ultrasonic measurements of the self-sealing performance. The studies were supplemented by the examination of the compression strength of mortars, mortar sample scanning and computer image processing, and observations using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy.
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27
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Wu YY, Zhang J, Liu C, Zheng Z, Lambert P. Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets on Physical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with High Volume Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13081929. [PMID: 32325893 PMCID: PMC7216208 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been increasingly employed for improving the mechanical properties and durability of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with high volume supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Recently, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets have appeared as one of the most promising nanomaterials for enhancing the properties of cementitious composites. To date, a majority of studies have concentrated on cement pastes and mortars with fewer investigations on normal concrete, ultra-high strength concrete, and ultra-high-performance cement-based composites with a high volume of cement content. The studies of UHPC with high volume SCMs have not yet been widely investigated. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the mini slump flow and physical properties of such a UHPC containing GO nanosheets at additions from 0.00 to 0.05% by weight of cement and a water-cement ratio of 0.16. The study demonstrates that the mini slump flow gradually decreases with increasing GO nanosheet content. The results also confirm that the optimal content of GO nanosheets under standard curing and under steam curing is 0.02% and 0.04%, respectively, and the corresponding compressive and flexural strengths are significantly improved, establishing a fundamental step toward developing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly UHPC for more sustainable infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-You Wu
- School of Transportation, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.W.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Donghuan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.W.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Changjiang Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.W.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Zhoulian Zheng
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 40000, China;
| | - Paul Lambert
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.W.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (P.L.)
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Lu D, Tang Z, Zhang L, Zhou J, Gong Y, Tian Y, Zhong J. Effects of Combined Usage of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Thermal Properties and Microstructure of High-Performance Concrete at High Temperatures. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1833. [PMID: 32295001 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concrete has low porosity and compact microstructure, and thus can be vulnerable to high temperature, and the increasing application of various types of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete makes its high-temperature resistant behavior more complex. In this study, we investigate the effects of four formulations with typical SCMs combinations of fly ash (FA), ultra-fine fly ash (UFFA) and metakaolin (MK), and study the effects of SCMs combinations on the thermal performance, microstructure, and the crystalline and amorphous phases evolution of concrete subjected to high temperatures. The experimental results showed that at 400 °C, with the addition of 20% FA (wt %), the thermal conductivity of the sample slightly increased to 1.5 W/(m·K). Replacing FA with UFFA can further increase the thermal conductivity to 1.7 W/(m·K). Thermal conductivity of concrete slightly increased at 400 °C and significantly reduced at 800 °C. Further, combined usage of SCMs delayed and reduced micro-cracks of concrete subjected to high temperatures. This study demonstrates the potential of combining the usage of SCMs to promote the high-temperature performance of concrete and explains the micro-mechanism of concrete containing SCMs at high temperatures.
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Zhou J, Lu D, Yang Y, Gong Y, Ma X, Yu B, Yan B. Physical and Mechanical Properties of HighStrength Concrete Modified with Supplementary Cementitious Materials after Exposure to Elevated Temperature up to 1000 °C. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13030532. [PMID: 31979024 PMCID: PMC7040831 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental findings of a study on the influence of combining usage of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the performance of highstrength concrete (HSC) subjected to elevated temperatures. In this study, four types of HSC formulations were prepared: HSC made from cement and fly ash (FA), HSC made from cement and ultrafine fly ash (UFFA), HSC made from cement and UFFAmetakaolin (MK), and HSC made from cement and FAUFFAMK. Mechanical and physical properties of HSC subjected to high temperatures (400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C) were studied. Furthermore, the relation between residual compressive strength and physical properties (loss mass, water absorption, and porosity) of HSC was developed. Results showed that the combined usage of SCMs had limited influence on the earlyage strength of HSC, while the 28d strength had been significantly affected. At 1000 °C, the residual compressive strength retained 18.7 MPa and 23.9 MPa for concretes containing 30% UFFA5% MK and 10% FA20% UFFA5% MK, respectively. The specimen containing FAUFFAMK showed the best physical properties when the temperature raised above 600 °C. Combined usage of SCMs (10% FA20% UFFA5% MK) showed the lowest mass loss (9.2%), water absorption (10.9%) and porosity (28.6%) at 1000 °C. There was a strongly correlated relation between residual strength and physical properties of HSC exposed to elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhou
- Building Materials Science Academy of China West Construction Group Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610213, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Y.Y.); (X.M.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Dong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (D.L.); (Y.G.); (B.Y.)
- School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Y.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Yue Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (D.L.); (Y.G.); (B.Y.)
| | - Xudong Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Y.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Baoying Yu
- Building Materials Science Academy of China West Construction Group Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610213, China;
| | - Baobao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (D.L.); (Y.G.); (B.Y.)
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Reiterman P, Holčapek O, Davidová V, Jaskulski R, Keppert M. Estimation of Hydration Degree of Blended Cements with the Help of k-Values. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E2420. [PMID: 31362454 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing utilization of various mineral additives in the building industry has caused concern worldwide to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide from Portland cement (OPC) production. The present paper is focused on the determination of the degree of hydration of blended binding systems based on Portland cement. Blast furnace slag, fly ash, and ceramic powder are used in the study; they are applied by 12.5 wt.% up to 50% of OPC replacement. The evolution of the hydration process is monitored using thermogravimetry in selected time intervals to determine the degree of hydration; its ultimate value is obtained from numerical estimation using the Michaelis-Menten equation. However, due to the application of active mineral additives, the correction in terms of equivalent binder is conducted. Corrected values of the degree of hydration exhibit good fit with compressive strength.
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Lin WT, Tsai CJ, Chen J, Liu W. Feasibility and Characterization Mortar Blended with High-Amount Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag. Materials (Basel) 2018; 12:E6. [PMID: 30577482 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) was ground to three levels of fineness as a replacement for cement at weight proportions of 10, 30, 50, and 70 wt.%. Fineness and weight proportion were shown to have significant effects on the flowability and setting time of the mortars. The expansion of BOFS mortars increased with an increase in the proportion of cement replaced, thereby exacerbating the effects of cracking. Optimal mechanical properties were achieved when 10 wt.% of the cement was replaced using BOFS with fineness of 10,000 cm2/g. The compressive strength of BOFS mortar is similar to that of ordinary Portland mortar, which makes BOFS suitable for the partial replacement of cement as a supplementary cementitious material. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the reaction of CaO with H2O results in the formation of C–S–H colloids, whereas the reaction of SiO2 with Al2O3 produces C–A–S–H colloids. The use of BOFS as a partial replacement for Portland cement could make a tremendous contribution to the steel industry and help to lower CO2 emissions.
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Zunino F, Bentz DP, Castro J. Reducing setting time of blended cement paste containing high-SO 3 fly ash (HSFA) using chemical/physical accelerators and by fly ash pre-washing. Cem Concr Compos 2018; 90:14-26. [PMID: 29881143 PMCID: PMC5986105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the carbon footprint of the cement industry has become one of the main concerns of researchers in the field. This study explores different strategies to reduce the setting retardation effect of high-SO3 fly ash (HSFA) on cement paste. The SO3 phase was found to correspond to hannebachite (CaSO3·0.5H2O). Chemical (calcium chloride), physical (fine limestone powder), and pre-washing strategies were investigated as means to reduce or eliminate the retardation. Each of these strategies showed some potential to decrease the retardation effect. A combination of fine limestone powder and HSFA pre-washing showed almost the same accelerating power as the calcium chloride, offering a good alternative when chloride incorporation is restricted. The retardation effect can be associated with a combined extension of the induction period and a depression of the initial silicate reactions of the clinker phases. A methodology to assess the hannebachite content based on a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique is proposed, allowing a good alternative control approach for field conditions or for where X-ray (XRD or XRF) equipment is not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Zunino
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, EPFL STI IMX LMC Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dale P Bentz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Javier Castro
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
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