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Zhang G, Jiang T, He Y, Wang H, Yuan X. Pre-separation combined with reduction roasting for high-quality recovery of graphite and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 187:244-251. [PMID: 39074419 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of spent lithium ion batteries is of great significance because it contains large amounts of valuable metals. But current recovery methods exhibit limited efficiency in selectively extracting lithium from spent electrode materials and spent graphite becomes metallurgical residues. In this study, we propose a novel recycling flowchart that combines flotation with multi-stage water-leaching to enhance the recovery of graphite and lithium from black mass derived from spent lithium ion batteries. Removal of organics can be conducted by pyrolysis, at the same time, the spent ternary cathode material was decomposed into CoO, NiO, and MnO at a temperature of 600 °C for 60 min using pyrolysis product-derived reductant. The sub-microlevel migration behavior of lithium ions in electrode materials was also examined. The electrode material aggregates were broken up by water crushing, and 38.67 % lithium dissolves into water for recycling. Bubble flotation was used to recycle the excess graphite from the black mass while the residual graphite was used as reductant for the carbothermal reduction. Using the developed scheme, we were able to recover 95.51 % of lithium after carbothermal reduction with 12.31 % carbon residue. Based on basic research, a novel recycling flowchart of spent lithium-ion batteries has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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Lin TT, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Ma PJ, Yang J, Chen JT, Yang BJ, Xie ZY, Li H, Liu B. One-stone, two birds: One step regeneration of discarded copper foil in zinc battery for dendrite-free lithium deposition current collector. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 668:50-58. [PMID: 38669995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The ever-growing requirement for electrochemical energy storage has exacerbated the production of spent batteries, and the recycling of valuable battery components has recently received a remarkable attention. Among all battery components, copper foil is widely utilized as a current collector for stable zinc platting and stripping in zinc metal batteries (ZMBs) due to the perfect lattice matching of between metal copper and zinc, which is accompanied by the formation of multiple copper-zinc alloy components during the cycling process. Herein, a novel "two birds with one-stone" strategy through a one simple heat treatment step to revive the discarded copper foil in zinc metal battery is reported to further obtain a lithiophilic current collector (CuxZny-Cu) with multiple copper-zinc alloy components on the surface of the discarded copper foil. Such revived CuxZny-Cu current collector greatly reduces the lithium nucleation overpotential and realizes uniform lithium deposition and further inhibits lithium dendrites growth. The formed multiple CuxZny alloy phases on the surface of discarded copper foil exhibit a low Li nucleation overpotential of only 15 mV at 0.5 mA cm-2 for the first cycle. Moreover, such a CuxZny-Cu current collector could achieve stable cycle for 220 cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2 and 110 cycles at 1 mA cm-2 with a Li plating capacity of 1 mAh cm-2. Theoretical calculations indicate that, compared with pure Cu foil, the formed multiple alloy components of CuZn5, CuZn8, Cu0.61Zn0.39 and CuZn have low adsorption energy of -2.17, -2.55, -2.16 and -2.35 eV with lithium atoms, respectively, which result in reduced lithium nucleation overpotential. The full cell composed of CuxZny alloy current collector with deposition of 5 mAh cm-2 metal Li anode coupled with LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode exhibits a reversible capacity of 125.6 mAh/g after 110 cycles at a current of 0.5 C with capacity retention of 85.1 %. This work proposed a promising strategy to regenerate the discarded copper foil in rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Lin
- College of Rare Earths and Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China; Metallurgical Division of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Battery Power and Materials Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Metallurgical Division of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Battery Power and Materials Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Jun Ma
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Tao Chen
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Yang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Liu
- Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
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Biswal BK, Zhang B, Thi Minh Tran P, Zhang J, Balasubramanian R. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for a sustainable future: recent advancements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5552-5592. [PMID: 38644694 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as power storage systems in electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Recycling of spent LIBs is of utmost importance from various perspectives including recovery of valuable metals (mostly Co and Li) and mitigation of environmental pollution. Recycling methods such as direct recycling, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, bio-hydrometallurgy (bioleaching) and electrometallurgy are generally used to resynthesise LIBs. These methods have their own benefits and drawbacks. This manuscript provides a critical review of recent advances in the recycling of spent LIBs, including the development of recycling processes, identification of the products obtained from recycling, and the effects of recycling methods on environmental burdens. Insights into chemical reactions, thermodynamics, kinetics, and the influence of operating parameters of each recycling technology are provided. The sustainability of recycling technologies (e.g., life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis) is critically evaluated. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects are presented for further development of sustainable, highly efficient, and environmentally benign recycling of spent LIBs to contribute to the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Str., Danang City, Vietnam
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Yang S, Yang G, Lan M, Zou J, Zhang X, Lai F, Xiang D, Wang H, Liu K, Li Q. Green Synergy Conversion of Waste Graphite in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries to GO and High-Performance EG Anode Material. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305785. [PMID: 38143289 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for graphite and the higher lithium content than environment abundance make the recycling of anode in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) also become an inevitable trend. This work proposes a simple pathway to convert the retired graphite to high-performance expanded graphite (EG) under mild conditions. After the oxidation and intercalation by FeCl3 for the retired graphite, H2O2 molecules are more likely to penetrate into the extended layers. And the gas phase diffusion caused by the produced O2 from the redox reaction between FeCl3 and H2O2 further promotes lattice expansion of interlayers (0.535 nm), which is beneficial to the stripping of graphene oxide (GO) with fewer layers. The EG exhibits excellent electrochemical performances in both LIBs and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). It delivers 331.5 mAh g-1 at 3C (1C = 372 mA g-1) in LIBs, while it achieves 176.8 mAh g-1 at 3C (1C = 120 mA g-1) in SIBs. Then the capacity retains 753.6 (LIBs) and 201.6 (SIBs) mAh g-1 after a long-term cycling of 500 times at 1C, respectively. The full cells with the EG electrodes after prelithium/presodiation also show excellent cycle stability. Thus, this work offers another referable strategy for the recycling of waste graphite in spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Guangchang Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Maoting Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou, 542899, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou, 542899, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Feiyan Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou, 542899, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Dinghan Xiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Qingyu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou, 542899, China
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Zha Y, Li Y, Fei Z, Fan C, Meng Q, Peng X, Dong P. Leaching Li from mixed cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries via carbon thermal reduction. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5592-5600. [PMID: 38436061 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02971a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of a carbon thermal reduction roasting method to recover lithium resources from spent lithium-ion batteries (S-LIBs) provides an important opportunity for recycling S-LIBs. The preferential extraction of Li via reduction roasting has been widely studied; however, the extraction of Li from mixed cathode materials has been rarely reported. Herein, we propose a method based on carbon thermal reduction to preferentially extract Li from mixed cathode materials. It was confirmed that there are differences in carbon thermal reduction products at 700 °C-850 °C by the thermodynamic analysis of the carbon thermal reduction process. At the same time, the effects of factors such as roasting temperature, roasting time, and material ratio on Li leaching efficiency were investigated. The Li recovery rate reached 98.86% under the optimal conditions of holding at 750 °C for 4 h with a molar ratio of mixed cathode materials to graphite of 1 : 0.25. Recovered Li2CO3 can be directly used as a lithium source for the regeneration of cathode materials. This study will provide new opportunities for the efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (S-LIB) mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchun Zha
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Yuyun Li
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Zitong Fei
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Changyi Fan
- Lithium Resources and Lithium Materials Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
- Tianqi Lithium New Energy Technology Research (Meishan) Co., Ltd, Meishan, Sichuan, 620564, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Xingyi Peng
- Lithium Resources and Lithium Materials Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
- Tianqi Lithium New Energy Technology Research (Meishan) Co., Ltd, Meishan, Sichuan, 620564, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
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Zhu XH, Li YJ, Gong MQ, Mo R, Luo SY, Yan X, Yang S. Recycling Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbothermal Shock Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300074. [PMID: 36781386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrometallurgy technique is usually applied as a pretreatment to enhance the leaching efficiencies in the hydrometallurgy process for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. However, traditional pyrometallurgy processes are energy and time consuming. Here, we report a carbothermal shock (CTS) method for reducing LiNi0.3 Co0.2 Mn0.5 O2 (NCM325) cathode materials with uniform temperature distribution, high heating and cooling rates, high temperatures, and ultrafast reaction times. Li can be selectively leached through water leaching after CTS process with an efficiency of >90 %. Ni, Co, and Mn are recovered by dilute acid leaching with efficiencies >98 %. The CTS reduction strategy is feasible for various spent cathode materials, including NCM111, NCM523, NCM622, NCM811, LiCoO2 , and LiMn2 O4 . The CTS process, with its low energy consumption and potential scale application, provides an efficient and environmentally friendly way for recovering spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Juan Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Qi Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Ran Mo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Shun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
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