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Quero GM, Guicciardi S, Penna P, Catenacci G, Brandinelli M, Bolognini L, Luna GM. Increasing trends in faecal pollution revealed over a decade in the central Adriatic Sea (Italy). WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122083. [PMID: 39067273 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Faecal contamination of the coastal sea poses widespread hazard to human and environmental health and is predicted to rise in response to global change and human pressure. For better management and risk reduction it is thus imperative to clarify and predict trends of faecal pollution over spatial and temporal scales, and to assess links with climate and other variables. Here, we investigated the spatio-temporal variation in the Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli and enterococci, over a time frame spanning 11 years (2011-2021) along a coastal area covering approximately 40 km and 59 bathing sites in the Marche region (Adriatic Sea, Italy), characterized by intense beach tourism, high riverine inputs, resident population, maritime traffic and industrial activities. Our analysis, that considers 5,183 measurements during the bathing season (April to October), shows that FIB abundance varied significantly among years. A general, although not significant, increase over time of both FIB was observed, mainly due to a general reduction of structural zeros (i.e., zeros originated from the actual absence of the response variable) over the examined time period. FIB abundances displayed their maxima and minima in different years according to the municipality, with overall peaks recorded in different months (May-June or September), whereas the lowest values were always observed in October. FIB levels were not significantly related neither to rainfalls nor to river discharge, but the activation of combined sewer overflows (CSOs), typically occurring after intense rainfall events, appeared as a necessary condition for the high faecal contamination levels. Considering climate change scenarios predicting significant increases in extreme weather events, our findings support the usefulness of analysing long-term trends to identify pollution sources, and the prioritization of control strategies to better manage the release of microbial pollutants from combined sewer overflows in coastal waters to reduce human risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Marina Quero
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Stefano Guicciardi
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Penna
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gian Marco Luna
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
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2
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Liu K, Gan C, Peng Y, Gan Y, He J, Du Y, Tong L, Shi J, Wang Y. Occurrence and source identification of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in groundwater surrounding urban hospitals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133368. [PMID: 38163408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Urban groundwater, serving as a critical reservoir for potable water, faces susceptibility to contamination from discrete sources such as hospital wastewater. This study investigates the distribution and plausible origins of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban groundwater, drawing comparisons between areas proximal to hospitals and non-hospital areas. Ofloxacin and oxytetracycline emerged as the prevalent antibiotics across all samples, with a discernibly richer array of antibiotic types observed in groundwater sourced from hospital-adjacent regions. Employing a suite of multi-indicator tracers encompassing indicator drugs, Enterococci, ammonia, and Cl/Br mass ratio, discernible pollution from hospital or domestic sewage leakage was identified in specific wells, correlating with an escalating trajectory in antibiotic contamination. Redundancy analysis underscored temperature and dissolved organic carbon as principal environmental factors influencing antibiotics distribution in groundwater. Network analysis elucidated the facilitating role of mobile genetic elements, such as int1 and tnpA-02 in propagating ARGs. Furthermore, ARGs abundance exhibited positive correlations with temperature, pH and metallic constituents (e.g., Cu, Pb, Mn and Fe) (p < 0.05). Notably, no conspicuous correlation manifested between antibiotics and ARGs. These findings accentuate the imperative of recognizing the peril posed by antibiotic contamination in groundwater proximal to hospitals and advocate for the formulation of robust prevention and control strategies to mitigate the dissemination of antibiotics and ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue'e Peng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqun Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun He
- Wuhan Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jianbo Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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3
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Ben-Haddad M, Charroud I, Mghili B, Abelouah MR, Hajji S, Aragaw TA, Rangel-Buitrago N, Alla AA. Examining the influence of COVID-19 lockdowns on coastal water quality: A study on fecal bacteria levels in Moroccan seawaters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115476. [PMID: 37677975 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Fecal bacteria in bathing seawater pose a substantial public health risk and require rigorous monitoring. The unexpected beach closures during the COVID-19 lockdowns have afforded unique opportunities to evaluate the impact of human activities on bathing water quality (BWQ). This study examined the temporal changes in fecal coliforms (FC) and streptococci (FS) within bathing seawater across a popular coastal region in Morocco during two lockdown periods (2020 L and 2021 L), comparing these data with observations from pre-lockdown years (2018, 2019) and post-lockdown periods (2020, 2021, 2022). Our findings illuminate the influential role the hiatus periods played in enhancing bathing water quality, attaining an "excellent" status with marked reductions in fecal coliform and streptococci levels. Consequently, the FC/FS analysis exposed a clear preponderance of humans as the primary sources of fecal contamination, a trend that aligns with the burgeoning coastal tourism and the escalating numbers of beach visitors. Additionally, the presence of domestic animals like camels and horses used for tourist rides, coupled with an increase in wild animals such as dogs during the lockdown periods, compounded the potential sources of fecal bacteria in the study area. Furthermore, occasional sewage discharge from tourist accommodations and wastewater treatment plants may also contribute to fecal contamination. To effectively mitigate these concerns and bolster public health, a commitment to relentless surveillance efforts, leveraging novel and innovative tools, is essential. These findings underline the crucial interplay between human activities and the health of our coastal ecosystems, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices for a safer and healthier future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ben-Haddad
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments (AQUAMAR), Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Imane Charroud
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco; Laboratory of Biology and Ecology of Deep Marine Ecosystems (BEEP), UMR 6197 (UBO, CNRS, Ifremer), Plouzané, France.
| | - Bilal Mghili
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Rida Abelouah
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments (AQUAMAR), Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Sara Hajji
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments (AQUAMAR), Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nelson Rangel-Buitrago
- Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad del Atlantico, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia.
| | - Aicha Ait Alla
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments (AQUAMAR), Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
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Gerrity D, Papp K, Dickenson E, Ejjada M, Marti E, Quinones O, Sarria M, Thompson K, Trenholm RA. Characterizing the chemical and microbial fingerprint of unsheltered homelessness in an urban watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156714. [PMID: 35709998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unsheltered homelessness is rapidly becoming a critical issue in many cities worldwide. The worsening situation not only highlights the socioeconomic plight, but it also raises awareness of ancillary issues such as the potential implications for urban water quality. The objective of this study was to simultaneously leverage diverse source tracking tools to develop a chemical and microbial fingerprint describing the relative contribution of direct human inputs into Las Vegas' tributary washes. By evaluating a wide range of urban water matrices using general water quality parameters, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), human-associated microbial markers [e.g., HF183, crAssphage, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)], 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, and concentrations of 52 anthropogenic trace organic compounds (TOrCs), this study was able to differentiate principal sources of these constituents, including contributions from unsheltered homelessness. For example, HF183 (31% vs. 0%), crAssphage (61% vs. 5%), and PMMoV (72% vs. 55%) were more frequently detected in tributary washes with higher homeless census counts vs. 'control' tributary washes. Illicit drugs or their metabolites (e.g., heroin, acetylmorphine, amphetamine, and cocaine) and select TOrCs (e.g., acetaminophen, caffeine, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were also detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in the more anthropogenically-impacted washes. These data can be used to raise awareness of the shared interests between the broader community and those who are experiencing homelessness, notably the importance of protecting environmental health and water quality. Ultimately, this may lead to more rapid adoption of proven strategies for achieving functional zero homelessness, or at least additional resources for unsheltered individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerrity
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States.
| | - Katerina Papp
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
| | - Eric Dickenson
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
| | - Meena Ejjada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Erica Marti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Oscar Quinones
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
| | - Mayra Sarria
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Kyle Thompson
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States; Carollo Engineers, 8911 N. Capital of Texas Hwy, Austin, TX 78759, United States
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
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An Overview of Microbial Source Tracking Using Host-Specific Genetic Markers to Identify Origins of Fecal Contamination in Different Water Environments. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of water constitutes a serious health risk to humans and environmental ecosystems. This is mainly due to the fact that fecal material carries a variety of enteropathogens, which can enter and circulate in water bodies through fecal pollution. In this respect, the prompt identification of the polluting source(s) is pivotal to guiding appropriate target-specific remediation actions. Notably, microbial source tracking (MST) is widely applied to determine the host origin(s) contributing to fecal water pollution through the identification of zoogenic and/or anthropogenic sources of fecal environmental DNA (eDNA). A wide array of host-associated molecular markers have been developed and exploited for polluting source attribution in various aquatic ecosystems. This review is intended to provide the most up-to-date overview of genetic marker-based MST studies carried out in different water types, such as freshwaters (including surface and groundwaters) and seawaters (from coasts, beaches, lagoons, and estuaries), as well as drinking water systems. Focusing on the latest scientific progress/achievements, this work aims to gain updated knowledge on the applicability and robustness of using MST for water quality surveillance. Moreover, it also provides a future perspective on advancing MST applications for environmental research.
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6
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Li D, Van De Werfhorst LC, Holden PA. Genetic Sequence Data Evidence that Human Fecal‐associated
HF183
sequences Are on Human Skin and in Urine. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:232-240. [PMID: 35429105 PMCID: PMC9544380 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aims The DNA marker HF183 is a partial 16S rRNA gene sequence highly specific to human‐associated Bacteroides including Bacteroides dorei. While HF183 is used to assess human faecal contamination in aquatic environments worldwide, little is known about the existence of HF183 and B. dorei in human microbiomes outside of the human gastrointestinal tract and faeces. Methods and Results Previously published human skin and urine microbiome data sets from five independent human body skin studies, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and three independent human urine studies were analysed. The HF183 gene sequence was detected in all skin data sets, with the ratios of positive samples ranging from 0.5% to 36.3%. Popliteal fossa (knee), volar forearm and inguinal (groin) creases were identified as hot spots. HF183 was detected in two of three urine data sets, with ratios of positive samples ranging from 0% to 37.5%. All HF183‐containing sequences from these data sets were classified as associated with B. dorei. Conclusions HF183 is widespread on human skin and present in urine. Significance and Impact of Study Skin and urine microbiomes could be sources of HF183 to environmental waters. Such non‐faecal sources of HF183 might explain low concentrations of HF183 in recreational waters when swimmers are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara
| | | | - Patricia A. Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara
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Zhi S, Banting G, Neumann NF. Development of a qPCR assay for the detection of naturalized wastewater E. coli strains. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:727-736. [PMID: 35482388 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the presence of naturalized populations of Escherichia coli in municipal sewage. We wanted to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay targeting the uspC-IS30-flhDC marker of naturalized wastewater E. coli and assess the prevalence of these naturalized strains in wastewater. The limit of detection for the qPCR assay was 3.0 × 10-8 ng of plasmid DNA template with 100% specificity. This strain was detected throughout the wastewater treatment process, including treated effluents. We evaluated the potential of this marker for detecting municipal sewage/wastewater contamination in water by comparing it to other human and animal markers of fecal pollution. Strong correlations were observed between the uspC-IS30-flhDC marker and the human fecal markers Bacteroides HF183 and HumM2, but not animal fecal markers, in surface and stormwater samples. The uspC-IS30-flhDC marker appears to be a potential E. coli-based marker for human wastewater contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315200, China E-mail: ; School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Graham Banting
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
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8
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Bhat SU, Khanday SA, Islam ST, Sabha I. Understanding the spatiotemporal pollution dynamics of highly fragile montane watersheds of Kashmir Himalaya, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117335. [PMID: 34051690 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of riverine ecosystems through the multidimensional impact of human footprints around the world poses a serious challenge. Research studies that communicate potential repercussions of landscape structure metrics on snowmelt riverine water quality particularly, in climatically fragile Himalayan watersheds are very scarce. Though, worldwide, grasping the influence of land-use practices on water quality (WQ) has received renewed attention yet, the relevance of spatial scale linked to landscape pattern is still elusive due to its heterogenic nature across diverse geomorphic regions. In this work, therefore, we tried to capture the insights on landscape-aquascape interface by juxtapositioning the impacts of landscape structure pattern on snowmelt stream WQ of the whole Jhelum River Basin (JRB) under three varying spatial scales viz., watershed scale, riparian corridor (1000 m wide) and reach buffer (500 m wide). The percentage of landscape pattern composition and configuration metrics in the JRB were computed in GIS utilizing Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS satellite image having 30 m resolution. To better explicate the influence of land-use metrics on riverine WQ with space and time, we used Redundancy analysis (RDA) and multilinear regression (MLR) modeling. MLR selected land-use structure metrics revealed the varied response of WQ parameters to multi-scale factors except for total faecal coliform bacteria (TC) which showed perpetual presence. The reach-scale explained slightly better (76%) variations in WQ than riparian (75%) and watershed (70%) scales. Likewise, across seasonal scale, autumn (75%), winter (83%), and summer (77%) captured the most WQ variation at catchment, riparian, and reach scales respectively. We observed impairing WQ linkages with agriculture, built-up and barren rocky areas across watersheds, besides, pastures in riparian buffer areas, and fragmentation of landscape patches at the reach scale. Due to little appearance of spatial scale differences, a multi scale perspective landscape planning is emphasized to ensure future sustainability of Kashmir Himalayan water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah Bhat
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Shabir A Khanday
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Sheikh Tajamul Islam
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Inam Sabha
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
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9
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Christensen VG, Stelzer EA, Eikenberry BC, Olds HT, LeDuc JF, Maki RP, Saley AM, Norland J, Khan E. Cyanotoxin mixture models: Relating environmental variables and toxin co-occurrence to human exposure risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125560. [PMID: 33773250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms, often containing multiple toxins, are a serious public health issue. However, there are no known models that predict a cyanotoxin mixture (anatoxin-a, microcystin, saxitoxin). This paper presents two cyanotoxin mixture models (MIX) and compares them to two microcystin (MC) models from data collected in 2016-2017 from three recurring cyanobacterial bloom locations in Kabetogama Lake, Voyageurs National Park (Minnesota, USA). Models include those using near-real-time environmental variables (readily available) and those using additional comprehensive variables (based on laboratory analyses). Comprehensive models (R2 = 0.87 MC; R2 = 0.86 MIX) explained more variability than the environmental models (R2 = 0.58 MC; R2 = 0.57 MIX). Although neither MIX model was a better fit than the MC models, the MIX models produced no false negatives in the calibration dataset, indicating that all observations above regulatory guidelines were simulated by the MIX models. This is the first known use of Virtual Beach software for a cyanotoxin mixture model, and the methods used in this paper may be applicable to other lakes or beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Christensen
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 2280 Woodale Drive, Mounds View, MN 55112, USA; North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Erin A Stelzer
- US Geological Survey Ohio Water Microbiology Laboratory, 6460 Busch Blvd STE 100, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Barbara C Eikenberry
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Hayley T Olds
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Jaime F LeDuc
- Voyageurs National Park, 360 Highway 11 East, International Falls, MN 56649, USA
| | - Ryan P Maki
- Voyageurs National Park, 360 Highway 11 East, International Falls, MN 56649, USA
| | - Alisha M Saley
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Jack Norland
- North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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10
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Sala-Comorera L, Nolan TM, Reynolds LJ, Venkatesh A, Cheung L, Martin NA, Stephens JH, Gitto A, O'Hare GMP, O'Sullivan JJ, Meijer WG. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Bathing Waters in Relation to Rivers and Urban Streams. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:718234. [PMID: 34381437 PMCID: PMC8350879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.718234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal pollution of surface water may introduce bacteria and bacteriophages harboring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the aquatic environment. Watercourses discharging into the marine environment, especially close to designated bathing waters, may expose recreational users to fecal pollution and therefore may increase the likelihood that they will be exposed to ARGs. This study compares the bacterial and bacteriophage ARG profiles of two rivers (River Tolka and Liffey) and two small urban streams (Elm Park and Trimleston Streams) that discharge close to two marine bathing waters in Dublin Bay. Despite the potential differences in pollution pressures experienced by these waterways, microbial source tracking analysis showed that the main source of pollution in both rivers and streams in the urban environment is human contamination. All ARGs included in this study, blaTEM, blaSHV, qnrS, and sul1, were present in all four waterways in both the bacterial and bacteriophage fractions, displaying a similar ARG profile. We show that nearshore marine bathing waters are strongly influenced by urban rivers and streams discharging into these, since they shared a similar ARG profile. In comparison to rivers and streams, the levels of bacterial ARGs were significantly reduced in the marine environment. In contrast, the bacteriophage ARG levels in freshwater and the marine were not significantly different. Nearshore marine bathing waters could therefore be a potential reservoir of bacteriophages carrying ARGs. In addition to being considered potential additional fecal indicators organism, bacteriophages may also be viewed as indicators of the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sala-Comorera
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tristan M Nolan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam J Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anjan Venkatesh
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lily Cheung
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh A Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jayne H Stephens
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurora Gitto
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory M P O'Hare
- UCD School of Computer Science, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Fu J, Chiang ELC, Medriano CAD, Li L, Bae S. Rapid quantification of fecal indicator bacteria in water using the most probable number - loop-mediated isothermal amplification (MPN-LAMP) approach on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microchip. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 199:117172. [PMID: 33991777 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of water and its associated pathogens are a major public health concern in both developing and industrialized areas. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are commonly used to assess microbial water quality, but they require a relatively long period of incubation time. Currently, molecular techniques have been applied to rapidly detect FIB. However, these molecular techniques require expensive and sophisticated equipment. In this study, we developed a rapid on-chip gene quantification method based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) PCR. The LAMP assays can measure the target genes of the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including E. coli and Enterococcus spp, using the most probable number (MPN) approach. The colorimetric LAMP assay allows for naked-eye observation of the PCR reaction as few as 4 gene copies / well. When the reaction ends, MPN measurement of positive outcomes on the white-based PMMA (polymethacrylic acid) microchips provides the concentrations of the target genes of FIB with a confidence interval. We validated the feasibility of the MPN-LAMP approach by obtaining a strong correlation between the results of the MPN estimations and the qPCR analysis. Moreover, the MPN-LAMP approach was used to quantify the FIB in different environmental water collected from the freshwater reservoirs, beach, agriculture farm, and sewage. Our research demonstrates that the MPN- LAMP method enables us to easily and quickly quantifying FIB genes isolated from the environment without expensive qPCR instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-04-07, No.1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Elaine Li Ching Chiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-04-07, No.1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Carl Angelo Dulatre Medriano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-04-07, No.1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-04-07, No.1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-04-07, No.1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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12
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Reynolds LJ, Martin NA, Sala-Comorera L, Callanan K, Doyle P, O'Leary C, Buggy P, Nolan TM, O'Hare GMP, O'Sullivan JJ, Meijer WG. Identifying Sources of Faecal Contamination in a Small Urban Stream Catchment: A Multiparametric Approach. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661954. [PMID: 34267734 PMCID: PMC8276237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Small urban streams discharging in the proximity of bathing waters may significantly contribute to the deterioration of water quality, yet their impact may be overlooked. This study focuses on the Elm Park stream in the city of Dublin that is subject to faecal contamination by unidentified sources. The aim of the study was to identify a minimum number of “sentinel” sampling stations in an urban catchment that would provide the maximum amount of information regarding faecal pollution in the catchment. Thus, high-resolution sampling within the catchment was carried out over the course of 1 year at 11 stations. Faecal indicator bacteria were enumerated and microbial source tracking (MST) was employed to evaluate human pollution. In addition, ammonium, total oxidised nitrogen, and phosphorus levels were monitored to determine if these correlated with faecal indicator and the HF183 MST marker. In addition, the effect of severe weather events on water quality was assessed using automated sampling at one of the identified “sentinel” stations during baseflow and high flow conditions over a 24-h period. Our results show that this urban stream is at times highly contaminated by point source faecal pollution and that human faecal pollution is pervasive in the catchment. Correlations between ammonium concentrations and faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as well as the human MST marker were observed during the study. Cluster analysis identified four “sentinel” stations that provide sufficient information on faecal pollution in the stream, thus reducing the geographical complexity of the catchment. Furthermore, ammonium levels strongly correlated with FIB and the human HF183 MST marker under high flow conditions at key “sentinel” stations. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of pairing MST, faecal indicators, and ammonium monitoring to identify “sentinel” stations that could be more rapidly assessed using real-time ammonium readouts to assess remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh A Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Callanan
- Central Laboratory, Dublin City Council, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraig Doyle
- Drainage Planning, Policy and Development Control, Dublin City Council, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare O'Leary
- Central Laboratory, Dublin City Council, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Buggy
- Municipal Services, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tristan M Nolan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory M P O'Hare
- UCD School of Computer Science, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Kongprajug A, Denpetkul T, Chyerochana N, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Human Fecal Pollution Monitoring and Microbial Risk Assessment for Water Reuse Potential in a Coastal Industrial-Residential Mixed-Use Watershed. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647602. [PMID: 33959110 PMCID: PMC8093506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid economic development has caused industrial expansion into residential communities, leading to higher fecal pollution loads that could be discharged into aquatic environments. However, little is known regarding the potential microbial impact on human health. This study investigated microbial contamination from coastal industrial–residential community areas in nine sampling sites in waterways during three dry events. A general microbial source tracking (MST) marker, GenBac3, was detected in all samples from all three events, indicating continuing fecal pollution in the area, mostly from human sewage contamination. This was shown by the human-specific genetic marker crAssphage (88.9%) and human polyomavirus (HPyVs; 92.6%) detection. Enteric human adenovirus (HAdV40/41) showed three positive results only from residential sites in the first event. No spatial difference was observed for MST markers and traditional fecal indicators (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) in each event. Still, a significantly lower abundance of GenBac3, HPyVs, and total coliforms in the first sampling event was detected. Spearman’s rho analysis indicated a strong correlation among certain pairs of microbial parameters. Multivariate analysis revealed two clusters of samples separated by land use type (industrial vs. residential). According to factor analysis of mixed data, the land use parameter was more associated with physicochemical parameters (i.e., salinity, conductivity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen). A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was then conducted to estimate the annual infection risks of HAdV40/41 for non-potable water reuse purposes using predicted concentrations from crAssphage and HPyVs. The highest risks (95th percentiles) were ranked by food crop irrigation, aquaculture, and toilet flushing, at 10–1, 10–2, and 10–3 per person per year (pppy). Required treatment levels to achieve a 10–4 pppy annual infection risk were estimated. QMRA-based water treatment scenarios were suggested, including chlorination for toilet flushing reuse and depth filtration prior to chlorination for aquaculture and food crop irrigation. Microbial monitoring combined with a QMRA could provide better insights into fecal pollution patterns and the associated risks, facilitating effective water quality management and appropriate prior treatments for water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Chen H, Liu C, Li Y, Teng Y. Integrating Metagenomic and Bayesian Analyses to Evaluate the Performance and Confidence of CrAssphage as an Indicator for Tracking Human Sewage Contamination in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4992-5000. [PMID: 33715349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, crAssphage has been proposed as a human-specific marker for tracking fecal contamination. However, its performance has always been validated in a limited number of host samples, which may obscure our understanding of its utility. Furthermore, few studies have quantified confidence of fecal contamination when using crAssphage. Here, we evaluate the performance and confidence of crAssphage by analyzing a large panel of metagenomic data sets combined with Bayesian analyses. Results demonstrate that crAssphage exhibits superior performance with high host sensitivity and specificity, indicating its suitability for tracking human fecal sources. With the marker, a high confidence (>90%) can be obtained and particularly, multiple samples with positive results provide a near certainty of confidence. The application of crAssphage in the sediments of three Chinese urban rivers shows a high confidence of >97% of human fecal contamination, suggesting the serious challenge of sewage pollution in these environments. Additionally, significant correlation is observed between crAssphage and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), expanding the utilization of crAssphage for pollution management of ARGs. This study highlights the benefit of using metagenomic-based analysis for evaluating the performance and confidence of microbial source tracking markers in the coming era of big data with increasing resources in available metagenomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yuezhao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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15
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Large-scale comparison of E. coli levels determined by culture and a qPCR method (EPA Draft Method C) in Michigan towards the implementation of rapid, multi-site beach testing. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 184:106186. [PMID: 33766609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fecal pollution remains a challenge for water quality managers at Great Lakes and inland recreational beaches. The fecal indicator of choice at these beaches is typically Escherichia coli (E. coli), determined by culture-based methods that require over 18 h to obtain results. Researchers at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have developed a rapid E. coli qPCR methodology (EPA Draft Method C) that can provide same-day results for improving public health protection with demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, and data acceptance criteria. However, limited information is currently available to compare the occurrence of E. coli determined by cultivation and by EPA Draft Method C (Method C). This study provides a large-scale data collection effort to compare the occurrence of E. coli determined by these alternative methods at more than 100 Michigan recreational beach and other sites using the complete set of quantitative data pairings and selected subsets of the data and sites meeting various eligibility requirements. Simple linear regression analyses of composite (pooled) data indicated a correlation between results of the E. coli monitoring approaches for each of the multi-site datasets as evidenced by Pearson R-squared values ranging from 0.452 to 0.641. Theoretical Method C threshold values, expressed as mean log10 target gene copies per reaction, that corresponded to an established E. coli culture method water quality standard of 300 MPN or CFU /100 mL varied only from 1.817 to 1.908 for the different datasets using this model. Different modeling and derivation approaches that incorporated within and between-site variability in the estimates also gave Method C threshold values in this range but only when relatively well-correlated datasets were used to minimize the error. A hypothetical exercise to evaluate the frequency of water impairments based on theoretical qPCR thresholds corresponding to the E. coli water quality standard for culture methods suggested that the methods may provide the same beach notification outcomes over 90% of the time with Method C results differing from culture method results that indicated acceptable and unacceptable water quality at overall rates of 1.9% and 6.6%, respectively. Results from this study provide useful information about the relationships between E. coli determined by culture and qPCR methods across many diverse freshwater sites and should facilitate efforts to implement qPCR-based E. coli detection for rapid recreational water quality monitoring on a large scale in the State of Michigan.
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16
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Paruch L, Paruch AM. Cross-tracking of faecal pollution origins, macronutrients, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in rural and urban watercourses. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:610-621. [PMID: 33600365 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study describes microbial and chemical source tracking approaches for water pollution in rural and urban catchments. Culturable faecal indicator bacteria, represented by Escherichia coli, were quantified. Microbial source tracking (MST) using host-specific DNA markers was applied to identify the origins of faecal contamination. Chemical source tracking (CST) was conducted to determine contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) of human/anthropogenic origin, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In addition, the eutrophication-causing macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus were studied. MST tests revealed both anthropogenic and zoogenic faecal origins, with a dominance of human sources in the urban stream; non-human/environmental sources were prevalent in the rural creek. CST analyses revealed a higher number of CECs in the urban stream than in the rural watercourse. Positive correlations between PPCPs and both E. coli and the human DNA marker were uncovered in the urban stream, while in the rural creek, PPCPs were only highly correlated with the anthropogenic marker. Interestingly, macronutrients were strongly associated with primary faecal pollution origins in both watercourses. This correlation pattern determines the main pollutant contributors (anthropogenic or zoogenic) to eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Paruch
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433 Ås, Norway E-mail:
| | - Adam M Paruch
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433 Ås, Norway E-mail:
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17
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Reynolds LJ, Sala-Comorera L, Martin NA, Nolan TM, Stephens JH, Gitto A, O'Hare GMP, O'Sullivan JJ, Meijer WG. Correlation between antimicrobial resistance and faecal contamination in small urban streams and bathing waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140242. [PMID: 32758961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance represents the greatest challenge to healthcare systems around the world. As antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are shed in faeces, many studies have focused on how wastewater effluent contributes to ARG pollution in rivers. However, small urban streams and bathing waters not impacted by treated wastewater have received little attention though they may be important reservoirs of ARGs. The main objective of this study was to assess the extent to which ARG and faecal pollution impact small urban streams and bathing waters and to determine if there is a relationship between these contaminants. For one year, bi-monthly water samples were collected from two urban streams and Dublin city's three designated bathing waters. The Liffey Estuary, that receives treated wastewater, was also sampled. The sul1, tet(O), qnrS, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M ARGs were quantified. E. coli and intestinal enterococci levels were determined and the source of faecal pollution (human, dog, gull) quantified by microbial source tracking. Our results show that the Liffey Estuary, the urban streams and the bathing waters are highly impacted by ARGs and human faeces. There were clear correlations between all of the studied faecal indicators and ARGs in the Liffey Estuary. In the urban streams relationships were observed for only some of the ARGs and faecal indicators, which is likely a result of non-continuous sewage leaks and overflows to the streams. Similarly, only some ARGs correlated with faecal indicators in the urban bathing waters. The source of ARGs in the bathing waters is likely to be multifaceted as we detected sporadic dog and gull faecal markers. This study demonstrates that small urban streams and bathing waters are reservoirs of ARGs and that they may pose a previously unrecognised public health risk as they have the potential to transmit enteric pathogens and antibiotic resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh A Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tristan M Nolan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jayne H Stephens
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurora Gitto
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory M P O'Hare
- UCD School of Computer Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John J O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Hinojosa J, Green J, Estrada F, Herrera J, Mata T, Phan D, Pasha ABMT, Matta A, Johnson D, Kapoor V. Determining the primary sources of fecal pollution using microbial source tracking assays combined with land-use information in the Edwards Aquifer. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116211. [PMID: 32721766 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Edwards Aquifer serves as a primary source of drinking water to more than 2 million people in south-central Texas, and as a karst aquifer, is vulnerable to human and animal fecal contamination which poses a serious risk to human and environmental health. A one-year study (Jan 2018 - Feb 2019) was conducted to determine the primary sources of fecal pollution along the Balcones and Leon Creek within the Edwards Aquifer recharge and contributing zones using general (E. coli, enterococci, and universal Bacteriodales) and host-associated (human-, dog-, cow- and chicken/duck-associated Bacteriodales) microbial source tracking (MST) assays. Additionally, sites were classified based on surrounding land use as a potential source predictor and marker levels were correlated with rain events and water quality parameters. Levels for the three general indicators were highest and exhibited similar trends across the sampling sites, suggesting that the sole use of these markers is not sufficient for specific fecal source identification. Among the host-associated markers, highest concentrations were observed for the dog marker (BacCan) in the Leon Creek area and the cow marker (BacCow) in the Balcones Creek area. Additionally, Chicken/Duck-Bac, BacCan and BacCow all exhibited higher concentrations during the spring season and the end of fall/early winter. Relatively lower concentrations were observed for the human-associated markers (HF183 and BacHum), however, levels were higher in the Leon Creek area and highest following rainfall events. Additionally, relatively higher levels in HF183 and BacHum were observed at sites having greater human population and septic tank density and may be attributed to leaks or breaks in these infrastructures. This study is the first to examine and compare fecal contamination at rural and urban areas in the recharge and contributing zones of the Edwards Aquifer using a molecular MST approach targeting Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene-based assays. The Bacteroidales marker assays, when combined with land use and weather information, can allow for a better understanding of the sources and fluxes of fecal contamination, which can help devise effective mitigation measures to protect water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hinojosa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Jemima Green
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Fabiola Estrada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Jonathan Herrera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Troy Mata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Duc Phan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - A B M Tanvir Pasha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Akanksha Matta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Drew Johnson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Vikram Kapoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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19
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COVID-19 Pandemic Consequences on Coastal Water Quality Using WST Sentinel-3 Data: Case of Tangier, Morocco. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The west coast of Tangier, in northern Morocco, has been affected by industrial wastewater discharge that reaches the ocean through the Boukhalef river. Therefore, the Jbila and Sidikacem beaches near to the Boukhalef river mouth have been classified as polluted for many years. With the aim of determining the COVID-19 pandemic consequences on the Tangier coastal environment, a linear model using Sentinel 3 water surface temperature (WST) has been tested in several locations. Data from April 2019 and April 2020, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic related emergency status in Morocco, were compared. The results from April 2019 showed high WST values and consequently, the poorest water quality in the sites closest to the Boukhalef river mouth. On the other hand, the results from April 2020 showed normal WST values and high water quality in the same study area. These results illustrate the usefulness of Sentinel 3 WST for the estimation of bathing water quality on the west coast of Tangier. The study shows the positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic consequences on the coastal environment quality in the study area and indicates the importance of decreasing the industrial discharge on the west coast of Tangier. The same methodology could be used in decision-making processes and to reduce cost, time and human resources for coastal monitoring systems. We demonstrate the potential of using the Sentinel 3 data for coastal waters monitoring, as well as the need for stricter controls of pollutant discharges into the world’s rivers.
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20
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Zhang X, Zhi X, Chen L, Shen Z. Spatiotemporal variability and key influencing factors of river fecal coliform within a typical complex watershed. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115835. [PMID: 32330732 PMCID: PMC7160644 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fecal coliform bacteria are a key indicator of human health risks; however, the spatiotemporal variability and key influencing factors of river fecal coliform have yet to be explored in a rural-suburban-urban watershed with multiple land uses. In this study, the fecal coliform concentrations in 21 river sections were monitored for 20 months, and 441 samples were analyzed. Multivariable regressions were used to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of fecal coliform. The results showed that spatial differences were mainly dominated by urbanization level, and environmental factors could explain the temporal dynamics of fecal coliform in different urban patterns except in areas with high urbanization levels. Reducing suspended solids is a direct way to manage fecal coliform in the Beiyun River when the natural factors are difficulty to change, such as temperature and solar radiation. The export of fecal coliform from urban areas showed a quick and sensitive response to rainfall events and increased dozens of times in the short term. Landscape patterns, such as the fragmentation of impervious surfaces and the overall landscape, were identified as key factors influencing urban non-point source bacteria. The results obtained from this study will provide insight into the management of river fecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Xiaosha Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China; Satellite Environment Centre, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
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21
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Abstract
The influence of climatic variables and land use on fecal coliform (FC) levels in stormwater collected from outfalls throughout southern Vancouver Island between 1995 and 2011 are examined through statistical analyses, Fourier analysis, Multiple Linear Regression (LR) and Multivariate Logistic Regression (MLR). Kendall’s τ-b demonstrated that FC levels were significantly and positively correlated with the amount of residential area within a drainage catchment generating the runoff, and that FC levels were location dependent. Climatic variables of temperature and antecedent dry period length were significantly and positively correlated with FC levels at both the sampling location level and across the region overall. Precipitation and flowrates were negatively correlated with FC levels. Fourier analysis showed that monthly FC levels shared the same 12 month cycle (peaking in July) as precipitation and temperature. MLR modelling was applied by aggregating the LogFC data by order of magnitude. The MLR model shows that the data are subject to different influences depending on the season and as well, the month of the year. The land use and climate analyses suggest that future climate change impact studies attempted on nearshore bacterial water quality should be conducted at the urban catchment scale.
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Weiskerger CJ, Brandão J, Ahmed W, Aslan A, Avolio L, Badgley BD, Boehm AB, Edge TA, Fleisher JM, Heaney CD, Jordao L, Kinzelman JL, Klaus JS, Kleinheinz GT, Meriläinen P, Nshimyimana JP, Phanikumar MS, Piggot AM, Pitkänen T, Robinson C, Sadowsky MJ, Staley C, Staley ZR, Symonds EM, Vogel LJ, Yamahara KM, Whitman RL, Solo-Gabriele HM, Harwood VJ. Impacts of a changing earth on microbial dynamics and human health risks in the continuum between beach water and sand. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:456-470. [PMID: 31301475 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although infectious disease risk from recreational exposure to waterborne pathogens has been an active area of research for decades, beach sand is a relatively unexplored habitat for the persistence of pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Beach sand, biofilms, and water all present unique advantages and challenges to pathogen introduction, growth, and persistence. These dynamics are further complicated by continuous exchange between sand and water habitats. Models of FIB and pathogen fate and transport at beaches can help predict the risk of infectious disease from beach use, but knowledge gaps with respect to decay and growth rates of pathogens in beach habitats impede robust modeling. Climatic variability adds further complexity to predictive modeling because extreme weather events, warming water, and sea level change may increase human exposure to waterborne pathogens and alter relationships between FIB and pathogens. In addition, population growth and urbanization will exacerbate contamination events and increase the potential for human exposure. The cumulative effects of anthropogenic changes will alter microbial population dynamics in beach habitats and the assumptions and relationships used in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and process-based models. Here, we review our current understanding of microbial populations and transport dynamics across the sand-water continuum at beaches, how these dynamics can be modeled, and how global change factors (e.g., climate and land use) should be integrated into more accurate beachscape-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) - Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boogo Road, Dutton Park, Old, 4102, Australia
| | - Asli Aslan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian D Badgley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Edge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay M Fleisher
- College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - James S Klaus
- Department of Marine Geosciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mantha S Phanikumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan M Piggot
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Clare Robinson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute and Departments of Soil, Water, & Climate, and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Laura J Vogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevan M Yamahara
- Monterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Whitman
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Chesterton, IN, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Nshimyimana JP, Cruz MC, Wuertz S, Thompson JR. Variably improved microbial source tracking with digital droplet PCR. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:192-202. [PMID: 31096066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study addressed whether digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) could improve sensitivity and specificity of human-associated Bacteroidales genetic markers, BacHum and B. theta, and their quantification in environmental and fecal composite samples. Human markers were quantified by qPCR and ddPCR platforms obtained from the same manufacturer. A total of 180 samples were evaluated by each platform including human and animal feces, sewage, and environmental water. The sensitivity of ddPCR and qPCR marker assays in sewage and human stool was 0.85-1.00 with marginal reduction in human stool by ddPCR relative to qPCR (<10%). The prevalence and distribution of markers across complex sample types was similar (74-100% agreement) by both platforms with qPCR showing higher sensitivity for markers in environmental and composite samples and ddPCR showing greater reproducibility for marker detection in fecal composites. Determination of BacHum prevalence in fecal samples by ddPCR increased specificity relative to qPCR (from 0.58 to 0.88) and accuracy (from 0.77 to 0.94), while the B. theta assay performed similarly on both platforms (specificity = 0.98). In silico analysis indicated higher specificity of ddPCR for BacHum was not solely attributed to reduced sensitivity relative to qPCR. Marker concentrations measured by ddPCR for all sample types were consistently lower than those measured by qPCR, by a factor of 2.6 ± 2.8 for B. theta and 18.7 ± 10.0 for BacHum. We suggest that differences in assay performance on ddPCR and qPCR platforms may be linked to the characteristics of the assay targets (that is, genes with multiple versus single copies and encoding proteins versus ribosomal RNA) however further work is needed to validate these ideas. We conclude that ddPCR is a suitable tool for microbial source tracking, however, other factors such as cost-effectiveness and assay-specific performance should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Nshimyimana
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, NTU, 60 Nanyang Dr., Singapore, 637551, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mercedes C Cruz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, NTU, 60 Nanyang Dr., Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, NTU, 60 Nanyang Dr., Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Janelle R Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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24
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Nappier SP, Ichida A, Jaglo K, Haugland R, Jones KR. Advancements in mitigating interference in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for microbial water quality monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:732-740. [PMID: 30939326 PMCID: PMC6555561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)1 2012 Recreational Water Quality Criteria included an Enterococcus spp. quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method as a supplemental indicator-method. In 2012, performance of qPCR for beach monitoring remained limited, specifically with addressing interference. A systematic literature search of peer-reviewed publications was conducted to identify where Enterococcus spp. and E. coli qPCR methods have been applied in ambient waters. In the present study, we evaluated interference rates, contributing factors resulting in increased interference in these methods, and method improvements that reduced interference. Information on qPCR methods of interest and interference controls were reported in 16 papers for Enterococcus spp. and 13 papers for E. coli. Of the Enterococcus spp. qPCR methods assessed in this effort, the lowest frequencies of interference were reported in samples using Method 1609. Low frequencies of sample interference were also reported EPA's modified E. coli qPCR method, which incorporates the same reagents and interference controls as Method 1609. The literature indicates that more work is needed to demonstrate the utility of E. coli qPCR for widespread beach monitoring purposes, whereas more broad use of Method 1609 for Enterococcus spp. is appropriate when the required and suggested controls are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon P Nappier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | | | | | - Rich Haugland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, USA
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Urbanization Impacts the Physicochemical Characteristics and Abundance of Fecal Markers and Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101739. [PMID: 31100947 PMCID: PMC6572354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization is increasing worldwide and is happening at a rapid rate in China in line with economic development. Urbanization can lead to major changes in freshwater environments through multiple chemical and microbial contaminants. We assessed the impact of urbanization on physicochemical characteristics and microbial loading in canals in Suzhou, a city that has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades. Nine sampling locations covering three urban intensity classes (high, medium and low) in Suzhou were selected for field studies and three locations in Huangshan (natural reserve) were included as pristine control locations. Water samples were collected for physicochemical, microbiological and molecular analyses. Compared to medium and low urbanization sites, there were statistically significant higher levels of nutrients and total and thermotolerant coliforms (or fecal coliforms) in highly urbanized locations. The effect of urbanization was also apparent in the abundances of human-associated fecal markers and bacterial pathogens in water samples from highly urbanized locations. These results correlated well with land use types and anthropogenic activities at the sampling sites. The overall results indicate that urbanization negatively impacts water quality, providing high levels of nutrients and a microbial load that includes fecal markers and pathogens.
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Kongprajug A, Booncharoen N, Jantakee K, Chyerochana N, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Sewage-specific enterococcal bacteriophages and multiple water quality parameters for coastal water quality assessment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:799-807. [PMID: 31025958 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coastal water quality is deteriorating worldwide. Water quality monitoring is therefore essential for public health risk evaluation and the management of water bodies. This study investigated the feasibility of using bacteriophages of Enterococcus faecalis as sewage-specific faecal indicators, together with physicochemical (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and total suspended solids) and biological parameters, to assess coastal water quality using multivariate analysis incorporating non-detects. The principal component and cluster analyses demonstrated that coastal water quality was mostly influenced by biological parameters, including Escherichia coli and total coliforms, which were found in all 31 sampling sites, and enterococci, which was found in all but two sampling sites. The enterococcal bacteriophages AIM06 and SR14 were detected in 17 and 18 samples at concentrations up to 1,815 and 2,790 PFU/100 mL, respectively. Both bacteriophages co-presented in approximately 80% of phage-positive samples, and the concentrations at each site were not significantly different. Overall, either bacteriophage could be used to differentiate high- and low-level coastal water pollution, as grouped by cluster analysis. This study is the first to investigate the suitability of sewage-specific bacteriophages of E. faecalis for monitoring coastal water quality and emphasises the importance of a multivariate analysis with non-detects to facilitate coastal water quality monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Talat Bang Khen, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Namfon Booncharoen
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences: Environmental Health, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Kanyaluck Jantakee
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Talat Bang Khen, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Talat Bang Khen, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Talat Bang Khen, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand E-mail: ; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Talat Bang Khen, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand E-mail: ; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Roca MA, Brown RS, Solo-Gabriele HM. Fecal indicator bacteria levels at beaches in the Florida Keys after Hurricane Irma. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 138:266-273. [PMID: 30660273 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hurricanes cause infrastructure failures which can lead to contamination of impacted areas. The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether Hurricane Irma contributed towards sewage contamination of coastal beaches. Through this study we evaluated indicators of fecal pollution (fecal indicator bacteria [FIB], enterococci and fecal coliform) and physico-chemical parameters (salinity, pH, turbidity, and temperature) in coastal waters of the Florida Keys shortly after the hurricane. To augment available county sampling data, two sets of sampling efforts were conducted; one focused on collecting samples spatially throughout the Keys to assess whether areas closer to hurricane landfall were more highly impacted. The second was to collect temporally intensive samples at one location during falling tide to evaluate the hypothesis of groundwater contamination. Samples were analyzed for FIB using a new method called timed appearance of culture signal (TACS), which was subsequently calibrated using traditional membrane filter and chromogenic substrate methods. Results showed that coastal beach waters were characterized by elevated but sporadic levels of fecal indicator bacteria up to two months after the hurricane. Spikes were not correlated with physico-chemical characteristics of the water. Our temporally intensive sampling effort did not support the hypothesis that groundwater was a source of elevated FIB. Competing factors could have played a role in the sporadic nature of the FIB levels after the hurricane. We suggest that beach erosion may have flushed out sediments at beaches closer to the hurricane landfall location thereby improving water quality during dry conditions. We also suggest that during wet conditions a source of FIB could include runoff from debris staging areas. Preemptive beach closures immediately after the hurricane were justified due to the sporadic nature of FIB contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Roca
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - R Stephen Brown
- School of Environmental Studies & Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Center for Oceans and Human Health, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Key Biscayne, FL, USA.
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Barreras H, Kelly EA, Kumar N, Solo-Gabriele HM. Assessment of local and regional strategies to control bacteria levels at beaches with consideration of impacts from climate change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 138:249-259. [PMID: 30660270 PMCID: PMC6342290 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between local factors (beach geomorphology and management) and regional factors (infrastructure improvements and temperature changes) against levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) at recreational beaches. Data were evaluated for 17 beaches located in Monroe County, Florida (Florida Keys), USA, including an assessment of sanitary infrastructure improvements using equivalent dwelling unit (EDU) connections. Results show that elevated FIB levels were associated with beach geomorphologies characterized by impeded flow and by beaches with lax management policies. The decrease in EDUs not connected coincided with a decrease in the fraction of days when bacteria levels were out of compliance. Multivariate factor analysis also identified beach management practices (presence of homeless and concession stands) as being associated with elevated FIB. Overall, results suggest that communities can utilize beach management strategies and infrastructure improvements to overcome the negative water quality impacts anticipated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Barreras
- University of Miami, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Environment & Public Health, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- University of Miami, Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, Coral Gables, FL, USA; NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami, College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- University of Miami, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Environment & Public Health, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- University of Miami, Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, Coral Gables, FL, USA; NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami, College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, USA.
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Gilfillan D, Joyner TA, Scheuerman P. Maxent estimation of aquatic Escherichia coli stream impairment. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5610. [PMID: 30225180 PMCID: PMC6139247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leading cause of surface water impairment in United States' rivers and streams is pathogen contamination. Although use of fecal indicators has reduced human health risk, current approaches to identify and reduce exposure can be improved. One important knowledge gap within exposure assessment is characterization of complex fate and transport processes of fecal pollution. Novel modeling processes can inform watershed decision-making to improve exposure assessment. METHODS We used the ecological model, Maxent, and the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli to identify environmental factors associated with surface water impairment. Samples were collected August, November, February, and May for 8 years on Sinking Creek in Northeast Tennessee and analyzed for 10 water quality parameters and E. coli concentrations. Univariate and multivariate models estimated probability of impairment given the water quality parameters. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiving operating characteristic (AUC) and prediction accuracy, defined as the model's ability to predict both true positives (impairment) and true negatives (compliance). Univariate models generated action values, or environmental thresholds, to indicate potential E. coli impairment based on a single parameter. Multivariate models predicted probability of impairment given a suite of environmental variables, and jack-knife sensitivity analysis removed unresponsive variables to elicit a set of the most responsive parameters. RESULTS Water temperature univariate models performed best as indicated by AUC, but alkalinity models were the most accurate at correctly classifying impairment. Sensitivity analysis revealed that models were most sensitive to removal of specific conductance. Other sensitive variables included water temperature, dissolved oxygen, discharge, and NO3. The removal of dissolved oxygen improved model performance based on testing AUC, justifying development of two optimized multivariate models; a 5-variable model including all sensitive parameters, and a 4-variable model that excluded dissolved oxygen. DISCUSSION Results suggest that E. coli impairment in Sinking Creek is influenced by seasonality and agricultural run-off, stressing the need for multi-month sampling along a stream continuum. Although discharge was not predictive of E. coli impairment alone, its interactive effect stresses the importance of both flow dependent and independent processes associated with E. coli impairment. This research also highlights the interactions between nutrient and fecal pollution, a key consideration for watersheds with multiple synergistic impairments. Although one indicator cannot mimic theplethora of existing pathogens in water, incorporating modeling can fine tune an indicator's utility, providing information concerning fate, transport, and source of fecal pollution while prioritizing resources and increasing confidence in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gilfillan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Joyner
- Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scheuerman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
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Boehm AB, Graham KE, Jennings WC. Can We Swim Yet? Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Risk Assessment of Aging Sewage in Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9634-9645. [PMID: 30080397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the risk of gastrointestinal illness associated with swimming in surface waters with aged sewage contamination. First, a systematic review compiled 333 first order decay rate constants ( k) for human norovirus and its surrogates feline calicivirus and murine norovirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium, and human-associated indicators in surface water. A meta-analysis investigated effects of sunlight, temperature, and water matrix on k. There was a relatively large number of k for bacterial pathogens and some human-associated indicators ( n > 40), fewer for protozoans ( n = 14-22), and few for human norovirus and its Caliciviridae surrogates ( n = 2-4). Average k ranked: Campylobacter > human-associated markers > Salmonella> E. coli O157:H7 > norovirus and its surrogates > Giardia > Cryptosporidium. Compiled k values were used in a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to simulate gastrointestinal illness risk associated with swimming in water with aged sewage contamination. The QMRA used human-associated fecal indicator HF183 as an index for the amount of sewage present and thereby provided insight into how risk relates to HF183 concentrations in surface water. Because exposure to norovirus contributed the majority of risk, and HF183 k is greater than norovirus k, the risk associated with exposure to a fixed HF183 concentration increases with the age of contamination. Swimmer exposure to sewage after it has aged ∼3 days results in median risks less than 30/1000. A risk-based water quality threshold for HF183 in surface waters that takes into account uncertainty in contamination age is derived to be 4100 copies/100 mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Katherine E Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Wiley C Jennings
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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31
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Park Y, Kim M, Pachepsky Y, Choi SH, Cho JG, Jeon J, Cho KH. Development of a Nowcasting System Using Machine Learning Approaches to Predict Fecal Contamination Levels at Recreational Beaches in Korea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1094-1102. [PMID: 30272778 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.11.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination in beach water poses a public health threat due to waterborne diseases. To reduce the risk of exposure to fecal contamination, informing beachgoers in advance about the microbial water quality is important. Currently, determining the level of fecal contamination takes 24 h. The objective of this study is to predict the current level of fecal contamination (enterococcus [ENT] and ) using readily available environmental variables. Artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) models were constructed using data from the Haeundae and Gwangalli Beaches in Busan City. The input variables included the tidal level, air and water temperature, solar radiation, wind direction and velocity, precipitation, discharge from the wastewater treatment plant, and suspended solid concentration in beach water. The dependence of fecal contamination on the input variables was statistically evaluated; precipitation, discharge from the wastewater treatment plant, and wind direction at the two beaches were positively correlated to the changes in the two bacterial concentrations ( < 0.01), whereas solar radiation was negatively correlated ( < 0.01). The performance of the ANN model for predicting ENT and at Gwangalli Beach was significantly higher than that of the SVR model with the training dataset ( < 0.05). Based on the comparison of residual values between the predicted and observed fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in two models, the ANN demonstrated better performance than SVR. This study suggests an effective prediction method to determine whether a beach is safe for recreational use.
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Ko HY, Cho K, Park S, Kim JH, Kang JH, Jeong YS, Choi JD, Sin Y, Lee C, Ko G. Host-Specific Bacteroides Markers-Based Microbial Source Tracking in Aquaculture Areas. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:151-161. [PMID: 29863059 PMCID: PMC6031393 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various waterborne pathogens originate from human or animal feces and may cause severe gastroenteric outbreaks. Bacteroides spp. that exhibit strong host- or group-specificities are promising markers for identifying fecal sources and their origins. In the present study, 240 water samples were collected from two major aquaculture areas in Republic of Korea over a period of approximately 1 year, and the concentrations and occurrences of four host-specific Bacteroides markers (human, poultry, pig, and ruminant) were evaluated in the study areas. Host-specific Bacteroides markers were detected widely in the study areas, among which the poultry-specific Bacteroides marker was detected at the highest concentration (1.0-1.2 log10 copies L-1). During the sampling period, high concentrations of host-specific Bacteroides markers were detected between September and December 2015. The host-specific Bacteroides marker-combined geospatial map revealed the up-to-downstream gradient of fecal contamination, as well as the effects of land-use patterns on host-specific Bacteroides marker concentrations. In contrast to traditional bacterial indicators, the human-specific Bacteroides marker correlated with human specific pathogens, such as noroviruses (r=0.337; P<0.001). The present results indicate that host-specific Bacteroides genetic markers with an advanced geospatial analysis are useful for tracking fecal sources and associated pathogens in aquaculture areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University
| | - Kyuseon Cho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University
| | - SungJun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University.,N-Bio, Seoul National University
| | - Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University
| | - Joo-Hyon Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University
| | - Yong Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jong Duck Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Yongsik Sin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology, Mokpo National Maritime University
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University.,Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University.,N-Bio, Seoul National University.,Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Seoul National University
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Malcangio D, Donvito C, Ungaro N. Statistical Analysis of Bathing Water Quality in Puglia Region (Italy). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15051010. [PMID: 29772838 PMCID: PMC5982049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Geostatistic analysis was applied to the dataset from multi-year monitoring, in the Apulian marine-coastal zone (Mediterranean Sea, Italy), on the presence and abundance of intestinal Enterococci and Escherichia coli, microbiological indicators of faecal contamination at the sea. The same faecal contamination can be considered as the main cause of pollution phenomenon under current Italian and European regulations for the bathing waters (Italian Government Decree 116/2008, European Directive 2006/7/CE). The main objective of the study is to verify, taking into the account the anthropic pressures acting on the coastal zone, the efficiency of the Apulian regional monitoring plan currently in force for the assessment of bathing waters quality, with a view to a hypothetical reduction of sample collection points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Malcangio
- DICATECh, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona n.4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Kelly EA, Feng Z, Gidley ML, Sinigalliano CD, Kumar N, Donahue AG, Reniers AJHM, Solo-Gabriele HM. Effect of beach management policies on recreational water quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 212:266-277. [PMID: 29448181 PMCID: PMC5844856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When beach water monitoring programs identify poor water quality, the causes are frequently unknown. We hypothesize that management policies play an important role in the frequency of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) exceedances (enterococci and fecal coliform) at recreational beaches. To test this hypothesis we implemented an innovative approach utilizing large amounts of monitoring data (n > 150,000 measurements per FIB) to determine associations between the frequency of contaminant exceedances and beach management practices. The large FIB database was augmented with results from a survey designed to assess management policies for 316 beaches throughout the state of Florida. The FIB and survey data were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, factor analysis, and linear regression. Results show that beach geomorphology (beach type) was highly associated with exceedance of regulatory standards. Low enterococci exceedances were associated with open coast beaches (n = 211) that have sparse human densities, no homeless populations, low densities of dogs and birds, bird management policies, low densities of seaweed, beach renourishment, charge access fees, employ lifeguards, without nearby marinas, and those that manage storm water. Factor analysis and a linear regression confirmed beach type as the predominant factor with secondary influences from grooming activities (including seaweed densities and beach renourishment) and beach access (including charging fees, employing lifeguards, and without nearby marinas). Our results were observable primarily because of the very large public FIB database available for analyses; similar approaches can be adopted at other beaches. The findings of this research have important policy implications because the selected beach management practices that were associated with low levels of FIB can be implemented in other parts of the US and around the world to improve recreational beach water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kelly
- University of Miami, Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, Coral Gables, FL, USA; NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami, College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, USA
| | - Zhixuan Feng
- NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Maribeth L Gidley
- NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Key Biscayne, FL, USA
| | - Christopher D Sinigalliano
- NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Key Biscayne, FL, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- University of Miami Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Environment & Public Health, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Allison G Donahue
- NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami, Department of Biology, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Adrianus J H M Reniers
- NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; Delft University of Technology, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- University of Miami, Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, Coral Gables, FL, USA; NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; University of Miami, College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, USA.
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Jennings WC, Chern EC, O'Donohue D, Kellogg MG, Boehm AB. Frequent detection of a human fecal indicator in the urban ocean: environmental drivers and covariation with enterococci. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:480-492. [PMID: 29404550 PMCID: PMC6686843 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution of surface waters presents a global human health threat. New molecular indicators of fecal pollution have been developed to address shortcomings of traditional culturable fecal indicators. However, there is still little information on their fate and transport in the environment. The present study uses spatially and temporally extensive data on traditional (culturable enterococci, cENT) and molecular (qPCR-enterococci, qENT and human-associated marker, HF183/BacR287) indicator concentrations in marine water surrounding highly-urbanized San Francisco, California, USA to investigate environmental and anthropogenic processes that impact fecal pollution. We constructed multivariable regression models for fecal indicator bacteria at 14 sampling stations. The human marker was detected more frequently in our study than in many other published studies, with detection frequency at some stations as high as 97%. The odds of cENT, qENT, and HF183/BacR287 exceeding health-relevant thresholds were statistically elevated immediately following discharges of partially treated combined sewage, and cENT levels dissipated after approximately 1 day. However, combined sewer discharges were not important predictors of indicator levels typically measured in weekly monitoring samples. Instead, precipitation and solar insolation were important predictors of cENT in weekly samples, while precipitation and water temperature were important predictors of HF183/BacR287 and qENT. The importance of precipitation highlights the significance of untreated storm water as a source of fecal pollution to the urban ocean, even for a city served by a combined sewage system. Sunlight and water temperature likely control persistence of the indicators via photoinactivation and dark decay processes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiley C Jennings
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Science, Stanford University, 94305-4020, USA.
| | - Eunice C Chern
- San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Water Quality Laboratory, 1000 El Camino Real, Millbrae, CA 94030, USA and EPA Region 10 Laboratory, 7411 Beach Dr E, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
| | - Diane O'Donohue
- San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Oceanside Biology Laboratory, 3500 Great Highway, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Michael G Kellogg
- San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Oceanside Biology Laboratory, 3500 Great Highway, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Science, Stanford University, 94305-4020, USA.
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Gibson KE, Lee JA, Jackson JM, Smith LN, Almeida G. Identification of Factors Affecting Fecal Pollution in Beaver Lake Reservoir. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:1048-1056. [PMID: 28991970 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.03.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Standard methods for the evaluation of recreational water quality rely on generic bacterial indicators such as . However, does not provide enough information to determine fecal source or public health risk. The stsudy objective was to determine factors influencing the presence of and host-specific markers (HSM) from upstream to downstream in Beaver Lake Reservoir (BLR). From February 2014 to September 2015, 420 base flow and rain event samples were collected from seven sites-two sites from streams (White River [WR] and War Eagle Creek) draining into BLR and five sites from within BLR. Each sample was analyzed for and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for HSM related to human, bovine, and poultry. The data indicate that overall levels of were significantly greater in the WR and significantly lower at the most downstream sampling location in BLR. is more likely present during spring (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.86), at the WR sampling site (aOR = 3.39), or during a rain event (aOR = 2.73). Moreover, the HSM HumM2 is more likely present (aOR = 1.99) when is present. These same factors were associated with concentrations >126 most probable number 100 mL (aOR = 2.76-12.48), except the poultry marker CL was more likely associated (aOR = 3.81) than HumM2. This study revealed that both seasonal and locational factors are important variables for fecal pollution in BLR. Moreover, these same factors may apply to fecal pollution in manmade reservoirs within similar types of watersheds across the United States, as well as internationally.
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Current Status of Marker Genes of Bacteroides and Related Taxa for Identifying Sewage Pollution in Environmental Waters. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8060231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mayer RE, Bofill-Mas S, Egle L, Reischer GH, Schade M, Fernandez-Cassi X, Fuchs W, Mach RL, Lindner G, Kirschner A, Gaisbauer M, Piringer H, Blaschke AP, Girones R, Zessner M, Sommer R, Farnleitner AH. Occurrence of human-associated Bacteroidetes genetic source tracking markers in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin and comparison to standard and alternative indicators of faecal pollution. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:265-276. [PMID: 26745175 PMCID: PMC4884448 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This was a detailed investigation of the seasonal occurrence, dynamics, removal and resistance of human-associated genetic Bacteroidetes faecal markers (GeBaM) compared with ISO-based standard faecal indicator bacteria (SFIB), human-specific viral faecal markers and one human-associated Bacteroidetes phage in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin. Characteristics of the selected activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from Austria and Germany were studied in detail (WWTPs, n = 13, connected populations from 3 to 49000 individuals), supported by volume-proportional automated 24-h sampling and chemical water quality analysis. GeBaM were consistently detected in high concentrations in raw (median log10 8.6 marker equivalents (ME) 100 ml(-1)) and biologically treated wastewater samples (median log10 6.2-6.5 ME 100 ml(-1)), irrespective of plant size, type and time of the season (n = 53-65). GeBaM, Escherichia coli, and enterococci concentrations revealed the same range of statistical variability for raw (multiplicative standard deviations s* = 2.3-3.0) and treated wastewater (s* = 3.7-4.5), with increased variability after treatment. Clostridium perfringens spores revealed the lowest variability for raw wastewater (s* = 1.5). In raw wastewater correlations among microbiological parameters were only detectable between GeBaM, C. perfringens and JC polyomaviruses. Statistical associations amongst microbial parameters increased during wastewater treatment. Two plants with advanced treatment were also investigated, revealing a minimum log10 5.0 (10th percentile) reduction of GeBaM in the activated sludge membrane bioreactor, but no reduction of the genetic markers during UV irradiation (254 nm). This study highlights the potential of human-associated GeBaM to complement wastewater impact monitoring based on the determination of SFIB. In addition, human-specific JC polyomaviruses and adenoviruses seem to be a valuable support if highly specific markers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Mayer
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a/166-5-2, A-1060, Vienna, Austria; InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria
| | - S Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - L Egle
- Institute for Water Quality Resources and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria; Center of Water Resource Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - G H Reischer
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a/166-5-2, A-1060, Vienna, Austria; InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria
| | - M Schade
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179, Augsburg, Germany
| | - X Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - W Fuchs
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology at IFA, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - R L Mach
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a/166-5-2, A-1060, Vienna, Austria; InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria
| | - G Lindner
- InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria; Medical University Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kirschner
- InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria; Medical University Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Gaisbauer
- Schreiber-AWATEC Umwelttechnik GmbH, Bergmillergasse 3/1, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Piringer
- VRVis Research Center, Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - A P Blaschke
- InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria; Center of Water Resource Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Girones
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - M Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality Resources and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria; Center of Water Resource Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Sommer
- InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria; Medical University Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a/166-5-2, A-1060, Vienna, Austria; InterUniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Austria
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Two-phase integrated sludge thickening and digestion (TISTD) reactor microbial diversity and community structure succession rules. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:3137-47. [PMID: 25240871 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A two-phase integrated sludge thickening and digestion (TISTD) reactor composed of an inner and an outer reactor was developed. Acidification of natural organic material was the primary process in the outer reactor, whilst methane production was the dominant bioreaction occurring in the inner one. The special structure of TISTD thus enables the effective separation of the acid production phase and methane production phase during sludge processing. Molecular biological technology, including 16S rRNA gene and PCR-TGGE, was utilized to investigate the overall microbial community structure and diversity, as well as the processes of dynamic change. Analysis was also conducted on succinate dehydrogenase and coenzyme F420 change trends at each dosing ratio. The microbial community structure of the system exhibited disorder gradually and led to collapse when the dosing ratio increased above 30 %.
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