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Krewing M, Mönch E, Bolten A, Niesalla H. Resistance or tolerance? Highlighting the need for precise terminology in the field of disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2024; 150:51-60. [PMID: 38782058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The terms 'resistance' and 'tolerance' are well defined in the context of antibiotic research. However, in the field of disinfection, these terms are often used synonymously, which creates ambiguity and can lead to misunderstandings and misconceptions. In addition, this inconsistency in terminology makes it difficult to assess the risk of a disinfectant resistance. This general review aims to discuss existing definitions of the terms 'adaptation', 'susceptibility', 'tolerance', 'persistence' and 'resistance' in the light of disinfectants. The most ambiguity is found between tolerance and resistance. Whereas the former describes the not necessarily heritable survival of transient exposure to usually lethal concentrations, resistance is the strictly heritable ability to survive otherwise lethal concentrations of an antimicrobial agent, regardless of exposure time. A simple transfer of experience from antibiotic research is not recommended when assessing the risk of resistance to disinfectants, as there are important differences between antibiotics and disinfectants, although both are antimicrobials: (i) disinfectants are usually applied at concentrations that exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration by orders of magnitude, (ii) the exposure times of disinfectants are in the range of seconds, minutes, or a few hours, (iii) the mode of action of disinfectants is less specific, and (iv) disinfectants often contain more than one active agent with additive or synergistic effects. It is important to recognize that disinfectants, like other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics, have a dualistic nature and should be used correctly and with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krewing
- Hartmann Science Center, BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - E Mönch
- BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Bolten
- BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Niesalla
- Hartmann Science Center, BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Tang Y, Zhang H, Yan J, Luo N, Fu X, Wu X, Wu J, Liu C, Zhang D. Assessing the efficacy of bleaching powder in disinfecting marine water: Insights from the rapid recovery of microbiomes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120136. [PMID: 37295228 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-bleaching powder disinfection is a highly prevalent practice to disinfect source water for marine aquaculture to prevent diseases. However, due to the decay of active chlorine and the presence of disinfectant resistance bacteria (DRB), the effects of bleaching powder on prokaryotic community compositions (PCCs) and function in marine water remain unknown. In the present study, the source water in a canvas pond was treated with the normal dose of bleaching powder, and the impact on PCCs and functional profiles was investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bleaching powder strongly altered the PCCs within 0.5 h, but they began to recover at 16 h, eventually achieving 76% similarity with the initial time at 72 h. This extremely rapid recovery was primarily driven by the decay of Bacillus and the regrowth of Pseudoalteromonas, both of which are DRB. Abundant community not only help PCCs recover but also provide larger functional redundancy than rare community. During the recovery of PCCs, stochastic processes drove the community assembly. After 72 h, five out of seven identified disinfectant resistance genes related to efflux pump systems were highly enriched, primarily in Staphylococcus and Bacillus. However, 15 out of the 16 identified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remained unchanged compared to the initial time, indicating that bleaching powder does not contribute to ARGs removal. Overall, the findings demonstrate that single-bleaching powder disinfection cannot successfully meet the objective of disease prevention in marine aquaculture water due to the extremely rapid recovery of PCCs. Hence, secondary disinfection or novel disinfection strategies should be explored for source water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Marine Economic Research Center, Donghai Academy, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xuezhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Ningbo Haiwei Ecological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315141, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Xiangshan Fisheries Technical Extension Center, Ningbo 315700, China
| | - Demin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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3
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Yang ZK, Huang XL, Peng L. Transcriptome analysis reveals gene expression changes of the basidiomycetous yeast Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans in response to ochratoxin A exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114146. [PMID: 36215880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most common and deleterious mycotoxins found in food and feedstuffs worldwide; however, Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans can detoxify OTA. Our results show that A. mycotoxinivorans GUM1709 efficiently degraded OTA, but it caused the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The main aim of this study was to identify potential OTA-detoxifying enzymes and to explore the effects of OTA on A. mycotoxinivorans GMU1709. RNA-seq data revealed that 1643 and 1980 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, after OTA exposure. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that OTA exposure enhanced defense capability, protein transport, endocytosis, and energy metabolism; caused ribosomal stress; suppressed DNA replication and transcription; inhibited cell growth and division; and promoted cell death. The integration of secretome, gene expression, and molecular docking analyses revealed that two carboxypeptidase homologues (members of the metallocarboxypeptidase family) were most likely responsible for the detoxification of both extracellular and intracellular OTA. Superoxide dismutase and catalase were the main genes activated in response to oxidative stress. In addition, analysis of key genes associated with cell division and apoptosis showed that OTA exposure inhibited mitosis and promoted cell death. This study revealed the possible OTA response and detoxification mechanisms in A. mycotoxinivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kai Yang
- Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xue-Ling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Yang ZK, Li DW, Peng L, Liu CF, Wang ZY. Transcriptomic responses of the zearalenone (ZEN)-detoxifying yeast Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans to ZEN exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113756. [PMID: 35691196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a potent oestrogenic mycotoxin that is mainly produced by Fusarium species and is a serious environmental pollutant in animal feeds. Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans has been widely used as a feed additive to detoxify ZEN. However, the effects of ZEN on A. mycotoxinivorans and its detoxification mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses were used to investigate the molecular responses of A. mycotoxinivorans to ZEN exposure and the genetic basis of ZEN detoxification. We detected 1424 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 446 were upregulated and 978 were downregulated. Functional and enrichment analyses showed that ZEN-induced genes were significantly associated with xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress response, and active transport systems. However, ZEN-inhibited genes were mainly related to cell division, cell cycle, and fungal development. Subsequently, bioinformatic analysis identified candidate ZEN-detoxification enzymes. The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases and carboxylesterases, which are responsible for the formation and subsequent hydrolysis of a new ZEN lactone, respectively, were significantly upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to conjugation and transport involved in the xenobiotic detoxification pathway were significantly upregulated. Moreover, the expression levels of genes encoding enzymatic antioxidants and those related to growth and apoptosis were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, which made it possible for A. mycotoxinivorans to survive in a highly toxic environment and efficiently detoxify ZEN. This is the first systematic report of ZEN tolerance and detoxification in A. mycotoxinivorans. We identified the metabolic enzymes that were potentially involved in detoxifying ZEN in the GMU1709 strain and found that ZEN-induced transcriptional regulation of genes is key to withstanding highly toxic environments. Hence, our results provide valuable information for developing enzymatic detoxification systems or engineering this detoxification pathway in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kai Yang
- Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Fei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wang
- Innovation Centre for Translational Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Zhu J, Wang J, Chen YP, Qing T, Zhang P, Feng B. Quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics elucidate the molecular mechanism of nanostructured TiO 2-stimulated biofilm formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128709. [PMID: 35325859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing concerns regarding bacterial adaption to nanomaterials, it is critical to explore the main mechanism behind the adaptive morphogenesis of microorganisms. In this work, the biofilms formed from activated sludge exposed to 5 and 50 mg/L nTiO2 in the dark had increased biomass and selectively enriched pathogens. To further elaborate adaptive mechanism of biofilm formation induced by nTiO2, the protein response and protein phosphorylation modification of Escherichia coli K12 were determined using integrative systems biology analyses of proteomics and phosphoproteomics. Results identified that E. coli cultivated with nTiO2 considerably upregulated iron acquisition, and regulated protein phosphorylation states associated with of transcription and translation and biofilm formation relative to unexposed controls. Accordingly, bacteria increased siderophores and exopolysaccharide content (increased by about 57% and 231%, respectively), and enhanced resistance to transcriptional inhibitory antibiotics. Moreover, a dose of an iron chelator, i.e., deferoxamine mesylate salt, effectively retarded the biofilm development of bacteria exposed to 50 mg/L nTiO2. Overall, this work will provide a new insight for biofouling control, and contribute to an improved understanding of microbial adaption to nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Taiping Qing
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Bo Feng
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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6
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Does Chlorination Promote Antimicrobial Resistance in Waterborne Pathogens? Mechanistic Insight into Co-Resistance and Its Implication for Public Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050564. [PMID: 35625208 PMCID: PMC9137585 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical agents including chlorine and antibiotics are used extensively to control infectious microorganisms. While antibiotics are mainly used to treat bacterial infections, chlorine is widely used for microbial inactivation in the post-secondary disinfection steps of water treatment. The extensive use of these agents has been acknowledged as a driving force for the expansion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and has prompted discourse on their roles in the evolution and proliferation of resistant pathogens in the aquatic milieus. We live in a possible “post-antibiotic” era when resistant microbes spread at startling levels with dire predictions relating to a potential lack of effective therapeutic antibacterial drugs. There have been reports of enhancement of resistance among some waterborne pathogens due to chlorination. In this context, it is pertinent to investigate the various factors and mechanisms underlying the emergence and spread of resistance and the possible association between chlorination and AMR. We, therefore, reflect on the specifics of bacterial resistance development, the mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance with emphasis on their environmental and public health implications, the co-selection for antibiotic resistance due to chlorination, biofilm microbiology, and multidrug efflux activity. In-depth knowledge of the molecular basis of resistance development in bacteria will significantly contribute to the more rational utilization of these biocidal agents and aid in filling identified knowledge gap toward curbing resistance expansion.
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7
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Zhang SP, Feng HZ, Wang Q, Quan SW, Yu XQ, Tao X, Wang Y, Guo DD, Peng L, Feng HY, He YX. Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism of different environmental stress-induced tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to monochloramine disinfection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126082. [PMID: 34020351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although drinking water disinfection proved to be an effective strategy to eliminate many pathogens, bacteria can still show disinfection tolerance in drinking water distribution systems. To date, the molecular mechanisms on how environmental stress affects the tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to monochloramine are not well understood. Here, we investigated how three stress conditions, namely starvation, low temperature, and starvation combined with low temperature, affected the monochloramine tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in drinking water distribution systems. All stress conditions significantly promoted monochloramine tolerance, among which starvation had the most drastic effects. Proteomic analyses suggested that the three conditions not only triggered a positive antioxidant defense against oxidative damages but also prepared the bacteria to employ a passive defense mechanism against disinfectants via dormancy. Moreover, the expression of antioxidant enzymes reached the maximum under the starvation condition and further low temperature treatment had little effect on bacterial response to oxidative stress. Instead, we found further treatment of the starved cells with low temperature decreased the osmotic stress response and the stringent response, which generally play pivotal roles in disinfection tolerance. Taken together, these findings shed light on how abiotic factors influence the bacterial disinfection tolerance and will aid design of efficient strategies to eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ping Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Han-Zhong Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Shuo-Wei Quan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Tao
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ding-Ding Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Liang Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hu-Yuan Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Yong-Xing He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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8
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Tong C, Hu H, Chen G, Li Z, Li A, Zhang J. Disinfectant resistance in bacteria: Mechanisms, spread, and resolution strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110897. [PMID: 33617866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants are widely acknowledged for removing microorganisms from the surface of the objects and transmission media. However, the emergence of disinfectant resistance has become a severe threat to the safety of life and health and the rational allocation of resources due to the reduced disinfectant effectiveness. The horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of disinfectant resistance genes has also expanded the resistant flora, making the situation worse. This review focused on the resistance mechanisms of disinfectant resistant bacteria on biofilms, cell membrane permeability, efflux pumps, degradable enzymes, and disinfectant targets. Efflux can be the fastest and most effective resistance mechanism for bacteria to respond to stress. The qac genes, located on some plasmids which can transmit resistance through conjugative transfer, are the most commonly reported in the study of disinfectant resistance genes. Whether the qac genes can be transferred through transformation or transduction is still unclear. Studying the factors affecting the resistance of bacteria to disinfectants can find breakthrough methods to more adequately deal with the problem of reduced disinfectant effectiveness. It has been confirmed that the interaction of probiotics and bacteria or the addition of 4-oxazolidinone can inhibit the formation of biofilms. Chemicals such as eugenol and indole derivatives can increase bacterial sensitivity by reducing the expression of efflux pumps. The role of these findings in anti-disinfectant resistance has proved invaluable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Tong
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Hong Hu
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Zhengyan Li
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Aifeng Li
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jianye Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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9
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Bhullar MS, Shaw A, Mendonca A, Monge A, Nabwire L, Thomas-Popo E. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in the Long-Term Survival Phase Exhibit Higher Chlorine Tolerance and Less Sublethal Injury Following Chlorine Treatment of Romaine Lettuce. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:276-282. [PMID: 33471590 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of chlorine inactivation and sublethal injury of stationary-phase (STAT) and long-term survival-phase (LTS) cells of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in vitro and in a lettuce postharvest wash model was investigated. Four STEC strains were cultured in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% (w/v) yeast extract (TSBYE; 35°C) for 24 h and 21 d to obtain STAT and LTS cells, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and dose-response assays were performed to determine chlorine's antibacterial efficacy against STAT and LTS cells. Chlorine solutions (pH 6.5) and romaine lettuce were each inoculated with STAT and LTS cells to obtain initial populations of ∼7.8 log colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. Survivors in chlorine solutions were determined after 30 s. Inoculated lettuce samples were held at 22°C ± 1°C for 2 h or 20 h and then exposed to chlorine (10-40 ppm) for 60 s. Survivors were enumerated on nonselective and selective agar media following incubation (35°C, 48 h). The MBC for STAT and LTS cells was 0.04 and 0.08 ppm, respectively. Following exposure (30 s) to chlorine at 2.5, 5.0, and 10 ppm, STAT cells were reduced to <1.0 log CFU/mL, whereas LTS survivors were at 5.10 (2.5 ppm), 3.71 (5.0 ppm), and 2.55 (10 ppm) log CFU/mL. At 20 and 40 ppm chlorine, greater log CFU reductions of STAT cells (1.64 and 1.85) were observed compared with LTS cells (0.94 and 0.83) after 2 h of cell contact with lettuce (p < 0.05), but not after 20 h. Sublethal injury in STEC after chlorine (40 ppm) treatment was lower in LTS compared with STAT survivors (p < 0.05). Compared with STAT cells, LTS cells of STEC seem to have higher chlorine tolerance as planktonic cells and as attached cells depending on cell contact time on lettuce. In addition, a higher percentage of LTS cells, compared with STAT cells, survive in a noninjured state after chlorine (40 ppm) treatment of lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manreet Singh Bhullar
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Angela Shaw
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Aubrey Mendonca
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ana Monge
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Lillian Nabwire
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Emalie Thomas-Popo
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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10
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Hall MC, Duerschner J, Gilley JE, Schmidt AM, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Eskridge KM, Li X. Antibiotic resistance genes in swine manure slurry as affected by pit additives and facility disinfectants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143287. [PMID: 33168251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Manure storage facilities are critical control points to reduce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in swine manure slurry before the slurry is land applied. However, little is known about how exogenous chemicals entering the manure storage facilities may affect the fate of ARGs. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of six commonly used pit additives and four facility disinfectants on the concentration of ARGs in swine manure slurry. Bench scale reactors, each containing approximately 50 L of liquid swine manure, were dosed with additives or disinfectants and were sampled for 40 days. Seven antibiotic resistance genes along with the intI1 gene and the 16S rRNA gene were monitored. Out of the six additives tested, Sludge Away significantly reduced the time-averaged absolute abundance of erm(C), erm(F), tet(Q), and the 16S rRNA gene as compared to the no additive control. Out of the four disinfectants tested, Tek-Trol significantly reduced the time-averaged absolute abundance of erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), intI1, tet(Q), and tet(X) than did the no-disinfectant control. According to Spearman's rank correlation, three genes erm(F), tet(Q), and tet(X) showed a strong to perfectly positive correlation and the two genes erm(B) and tet(O) showed a moderate to strong correlation in both the additive and disinfectant tests. Overall, the disinfectants were more effective in controlling the absolute abundance of ARGs than were the pit additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Hall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Jon Duerschner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | | | - Amy M Schmidt
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Daniel D Snow
- School of Natural Resources, Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Kent M Eskridge
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
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11
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Qiu S, Wang L, Chen Z, Yang M, Yu Z, Ge S. An integrated mainstream and sidestream strategy for overcoming nitrite oxidizing bacteria adaptation in a continuous plug-flow nutrient removal process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124133. [PMID: 32977093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An integrated mainstream aeration and sidestream sludge treatment was demonstrated to be effective in overcoming the adaptationof nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in an anoxic/oxic process. Results showed that by employing the alternating free nitrous acid and free ammonia (FNA/FA) sidestream sludge treatment alone, nitritation was established but varied, which was addressed by integrating alternating aeration with step feeding (ALASF) in reactor. Two critical considerations contributed to stable effluent nitrite accumulation (>83.8 %)and nitrogen removal (>83.0 %): 1) aerobic sludge rather than return sludge should be taken for FNA/FA treatment to avoid anoxic starvation which facilitated NOB recovery; 2) ALASF ensured timely denitritation and created constant anoxic disturbance for NOB inhibition. Nitrospira and Nitrobacter after 540-day operation were 0.38 % of seed sludge.A20 % reduction of operating cost was obtained in this nitritation process. This study moved nitritation one step closer to application in continuous plug-flow process from municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu, China
| | - Shijian Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Zhi S, Stothard P, Banting G, Scott C, Huntley K, Ryu K, Otto S, Ashbolt N, Checkley S, Dong T, Ruecker NJ, Neumann NF. Characterization of water treatment-resistant and multidrug-resistant urinary pathogenic Escherichia coli in treated wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115827. [PMID: 32580076 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), such as the urinary pathogenic E. coli (UPEC), are common constituents of treated wastewater, and therefore represent a potential public health risk. However, no single virulence gene, or set of virulence genes, can be used to conclusively identify this genetically diverse pathotype. As such we sought to identify and characterize the public health relevance of potential UPEC found in treated sewage/wastewater using a comparative genomics approach. Presumptive wastewater UPEC (W-UPEC) were initially identified by virulence gene screening against 5 virulence genes, and for which isolates containing ≥3 virulence genes were whole genome sequenced (n = 24). Single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) spanning tree analysis demonstrated that many of these wastewater UPEC (WUPEC) were virtually identical at the core genome (0.4 Mbp) when compared to clinical UPEC (C-UPEC) sequences obtained from NCBI, varying by as little as 1 SNP. Remarkably, at the whole genome level, W-UPEC isolates displayed >96% whole genome similarity to C-UPEC counterparts in NCBI, with one strain demonstrating 99.5% genome similarity to a particular C-UPEC strain. The W-UPEC populations were represented by sequence types (ST) known to be clinically important, including ST131, ST95, ST127 and ST640. Many of the W-UPEC carried the exact same complement of virulence genes as their most closely related C-UPEC strains. For example, O25b-ST131 W-UPEC strains possessed the same 80 virulence genes as their most closely related C-UPEC counterparts. Concerningly, W-UPEC strains also carried a plethora of antibiotic resistance genes, and O25b-ST131strains were designated as extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli by both genome profiling and phenotypic resistance testing. W-UPEC ST131 strains were found in the effluents of a single treatment plant at different times, as well as different wastewater treatment plants, suggesting a differentially ability to survive wastewater treatment. Indeed, in sewage samples treated with chlorine doses sufficient for inducing a ∼99.99% reduction in total E. coli levels, UPEC represented a significant proportion of the chlorine-resistant population. By contrast, no Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were observed in these chlorinated sewage libraries. Our results suggest that clinically-relevant UPEC exist in treated wastewater effluents and that they appear to be specifically adapted to survive wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhi
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Paul Stothard
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham Banting
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Candis Scott
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin Huntley
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kanghee Ryu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon Otto
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tao Dong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norma J Ruecker
- City of Calgary, Water Quality Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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The Locus of Heat Resistance Confers Resistance to Chlorine and Other Oxidizing Chemicals in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02123-19. [PMID: 31811037 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02123-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some chlorine-resistant Escherichia coli isolates harbor the locus of heat resistance (LHR), a genomic island conferring heat resistance. In this study, the protective effect of the LHR for cells challenged by chlorine and oxidative stress was quantified. Cloning of the LHR protected against NaClO (32 mM; 5 min), H2O2 (120 mM; 5 min), and peroxyacetic acid (105 mg/liter; 5 min) but not against 5.8 mM KIO4, 10 mM acrolein, or 75 mg/liter allyl isothiocyanate. The lethality of oxidizing treatments for LHR-negative strains of E. coli was about 2 log10 CFU/ml higher than that for LHR-positive strains of E. coli The oxidation of cytoplasmic proteins and membrane lipids was quantified with the fusion probe roGFP2-Orp1 and the fluorescent probe BODIPY581/591, respectively. The fragment of the LHR coding for heat shock proteins protected cytoplasmic proteins but not membrane lipids against oxidation. The middle fragment of the LHR protected against the oxidation of membrane lipids but not of cytoplasmic proteins. The addition of H2O2, NaClO, and peroxyacetic acid also induced green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the oxidation-sensitive reporter strain E. coli O104:H4 Δstx 2::gfp::amp Cloning of pLHR reduced phage induction in E. coli O104:H4 Δstx 2::gfp::amp after treatment with oxidizing chemicals. Screening of 160 strains of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) revealed that none of them harbors the LHR, additionally suggesting that the LHR and Stx prophages are mutually exclusive. Taking our findings together, the contribution of the LHR to resistance to chlorine and oxidative stress is based on the protection of multiple cellular targets by different proteins encoded by the genetic island.IMPORTANCE Chlorine treatments are used in water and wastewater sanitation; the resistance of Escherichia coli to chlorine is thus of concern to public health. We show that a genetic island termed the locus of heat resistance (LHR) protects E. coli not only against heat but also against chlorine and other oxidizing chemicals, adding to our knowledge of the tools used by E. coli to resist stress. Specific detection of the oxidation of different cellular targets in combination with the cloning of fragments of the LHR provided insight into mechanisms of protection and demonstrated that different fragments of the LHR protect different cellular targets. In E. coli, the presence of the LHR virtually always excluded other virulence factors. It is tempting to speculate that the LHR is maintained by strains of E. coli with an environmental lifestyle but is excluded by pathogenic strains that adapted to interact with vertebrate hosts.
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Label free-based proteomic analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 subjected to ohmic heating. Food Res Int 2020; 128:108815. [PMID: 31955771 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the inactivation mechanism of ohmic heating (OH) on Escherichia coli O157:H7 at the same inactivation levels, a label-free quantitative proteomic approach was employed in this study. Quantification of 2633 proteins was obtained with high confidence. Compared to untreated samples (CT), a total of 169, 84, and 26 proteins showed significantly differential abundance after high voltage OH (HVOH, 10 V/cm), low voltage OH (LVOH, 5 V/cm), and water bath heating (WB), respectively. Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, ABC transporters, biosynthesis of amino acids, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ribosome pathway were the main KEGG pathways mediated by OH, but only ribosome pathway was greatly affected by WB. The significant differences in proteome changes of E. coli O157:H7 among HVOH, LVOH, and WB treatments, especially the greater number of differential proteins in HVOH, indicated that OH might exert additional effects on proteome of E. coli O157:H7 due to the electric current, particularly in HVOH with higher electric field. This result enriched our understanding of molecular changes of E. coli O157:H7 induced by OH and provided data reference for further research into the inactivation mechanism of OH.
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15
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Saprykina MN. Assessment of Drinking Water Quality: Mycological Aspects. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x19040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Chai L, Ding C, Li J, Yang Z, Shi Y. Multi-omics response of Pannonibacter phragmitetus BB to hexavalent chromium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:63-73. [PMID: 30878863 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The release of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] into water bodies poses a major threat to the environment and human health. However, studies of the biological response to Cr(VI) are limited. In this study, a toxic bacterial mechanism of Cr(VI) was investigated using Pannonibacter phragmitetus BB (hereafter BB), which was isolated from chromate slag. The maximum Cr(VI) concentrations with respect to the resistance and reduction by BB are 4000 mg L-1 and 2500 mg L-1, respectively. In the BB genome, more genes responsible for Cr(VI) resistance and reduction are observed compared with other P. phragmitetus strains. A total of 361 proteins were upregulated to respond to Cr(VI) exposure, including enzymes for Cr(VI) uptake, intracellular reduction, ROS detoxification, DNA repair, and Cr(VI) efflux and proteins associated with novel mechanisms involving extracellular reduction mediated by electron transfer, quorum sensing, and chemotaxis. Based on metabolomic analysis, 174 metabolites were identified. Most of the upregulated metabolites are involved in amino acid, glucose, lipid, and energy metabolisms. The results show that Cr(VI) induces metabolite production, while metabolites promote Cr(VI) reduction. Overall, multi-enzyme expression and metabolite production by BB contribute to its high ability to resist/reduce Cr(VI). This study provides details supporting the theory of Cr(VI) reduction and a theoretical basis for the efficient bioremoval of Cr(VI) from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Chai
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China; National Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metals Pollution Control and Treatment, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlian Ding
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China; National Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metals Pollution Control and Treatment, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China; National Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metals Pollution Control and Treatment, 410083, Changsha, China.
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17
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Nan X, Ma B, Qian W, Zhu H, Li X, Zhang Q, Peng Y. Achieving nitritation by treating sludge with free nitrous acid: The effect of starvation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:159-165. [PMID: 30268010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Side-stream sludge treatment using free nitrous acid (FNA) is a novel strategy to achieve nitritation in mainstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To optimize nitritation, the effect of starvation on this strategy was investigated in this study. The results showed that pre-starvation, which is the starvation before FNA treatment, enhanced the resistance of sludge to FNA. This led to a decrease in the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR), which dropped from 70% to 27% after aerobic pre-starvation. This was further confirmed in the FNA treatment using the sludge collected from the secondary settling tank (anoxic pre-starvation) and the aerobic zone (without starvation) of an Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic system. The post-starvation, which was the starvation after FNA treatment, decreased NAR from 63% to 14%. To obtain a higher NAR, the sludge used for FNA treatment should be collected from aerobic zone, and be returned to aerobic zone after treatment to avoid pre-starvation and post-starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Nan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Bin Ma
- College of Environment and Ecology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Wenting Qian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiyao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Kotlarz N, Rockey N, Olson TM, Haig SJ, Sanford L, LiPuma JJ, Raskin L. Biofilms in Full-Scale Drinking Water Ozone Contactors Contribute Viable Bacteria to Ozonated Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2618-2628. [PMID: 29299927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of viable microbial cells were monitored using culture-based and culture-independent methods across multichamber ozone contactors in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. Membrane-intact and culturable cell concentrations in ozone contactor effluents ranged from 1200 to 3750 cells/mL and from 200 to 3850 colony forming units/mL, respectively. Viable cell concentrations decreased significantly in the first ozone contact chamber, but rose, even as ozone exposure increased, in subsequent chambers. Our results implicate microbial detachment from biofilms on contactor surfaces, and from biomass present within lime softening sediments in a hydraulic dead zone, as a possible reason for increasing cell concentrations in water samples from sequential ozone chambers. Biofilm community structures on baffle walls upstream and downstream from the dead zone were significantly different from each other ( p = 0.017). The biofilms downstream of the dead zone contained a significantly ( p = 0.036) higher relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Mycobacterium and Legionella than the upstream biofilms. These results have important implications as the effluent from ozone contactors is often treated further in biologically active filters and bacteria in ozonated water continuously seed filter microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kotlarz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nicole Rockey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Terese M Olson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Sarah-Jane Haig
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Larry Sanford
- Drinking Water Treatment Utility, Ann Arbor , Michigan 48103 , United States
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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Goncharuk VV, Rudenko AV, Saprykina MN, Bolgova ES. Detection of Microorganisms in Nonculturable State in Chlorinated Water. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x18010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Leng Y, Bao J, Song D, Li J, Ye M, Li X. Background Nutrients Affect the Biotransformation of Tetracycline by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as Revealed by Genomics and Proteomics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10476-10484. [PMID: 28837770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Certain bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and can even transform antibiotics in the environment. It is unclear how the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance and biotransformation processes vary under different environmental conditions. The objective of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms of tetracycline resistance and biotransformation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain DT1 under various background nutrient conditions. Strain DT1 was exposed to tetracycline for 7 days with four background nutrient conditions: no background (NB), peptone (P), peptone plus citrate (PC), and peptone plus glucose (PG). The biotransformation rate follows the order of PC > P > PG > NB ≈ 0. Genomic analysis showed that strain DT1 contained tet(X1), a gene encoding an FAD-binding monooxygenase, and eight peroxidase genes that could be relevant to tetracycline biotransformation. Quantitative proteomic analyses revealed that nodulation protein transported tetracycline outside of cells; hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase facilitated the activation of the ribosomal protection proteins to prevent the binding of tetracycline to the ribosome and superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin-modified tetracycline molecules. Comparing different nutrient conditions showed that the biotransformation rates of tetracycline were positively correlated with the expression levels of superoxide dismutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Leng
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- School of Environment Studies, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Bao
- School of Environment Studies, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Song
- School of Environment Studies, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environment Studies, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Mao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Proteomic analysis of food borne pathogens following the mode of action of the disinfectants based on pyridoxal oxime derivatives. Food Res Int 2017; 99:560-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Saprykina MN, Bolgova ES, Goncharuk VV. Formation of viable noncultural state of Candida Albicans. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x16030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Bolgova ES, Saprykina MN, Goncharuk VV. Identification of Escherichia Coli in the viable nonculturable state under exposure to chlorine. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x15060016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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