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Park K, Mudgal A, Mudgal V, Sagi M, Standing D, Davies PA. Desalination, Water Re-use, and Halophyte Cultivation in Salinized Regions: A Highly Productive Groundwater Treatment System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11863-11875. [PMID: 37540002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater salinization is a problem affecting access to water in many world regions. Though desalination by conventional reverse osmosis (RO) can upgrade groundwater quality for drinking, its disadvantages include unmanaged brine discharge and accelerated groundwater depletion. Here, we propose a new approach combining RO, forward osmosis (FO), and halophyte cultivation, in which FO optimally adjusts the concentration of the RO reject brine for irrigation of Salicornia or Sarcocornia. The FO also re-uses wastewater, thus, reducing groundwater extraction and the wastewater effluent volume. To suit different groundwater salinities in the range 1-8 g/L, three practical designs are proposed and analyzed. Results include specific groundwater consumption (SGC), specific energy consumption (SEC), wastewater volume reduction, peak RO pressure, permeate water quality, efficiency of water resource utilization, and halophyte yield. Compared to conventional brackish water RO, the results show superior performance in almost all aspects. For example, SGC is reduced from 1.25 to 0.9 m3 per m3 of drinking water output and SEC is reduced from 0.79 to 0.70 kW h/m3 by a FO-RO-FO system treating groundwater of salinity 8 g/L. This system can produce 1.1 m3 of high-quality drinking water and up to 4.9 kg of edible halophyte per m3 of groundwater withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Anurag Mudgal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382426, India
| | - Varsha Mudgal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382426, India
| | - Moshe Sagi
- The Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Beersheba 8499000, Israel
| | - Dominic Standing
- The Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Beersheba 8499000, Israel
| | - Philip A Davies
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Goi Y, Liang Y, Lau W, Fimbres Weihs G. Analysis of the effect of advanced FO spacer on the specific energy consumption of hybrid RO desalination system. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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3
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Al-Sakaji BAK, Al-Asheh S, Maraqa MA. A Review on the Development of an Integer System Coupling Forward Osmosis Membrane and Ultrasound Waves for Water Desalination Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2710. [PMID: 35808754 PMCID: PMC9269142 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the forward osmosis (FO) membrane process as one of the feasible solutions for water desalination. Different aspects related to the FO process are reviewed with an emphasis on ultrasound assisted FO membrane processes. The different types of membranes used in FO are also reviewed and discussed; thus, their configuration, structure and applications are considered. Coupling ultrasound with FO enhances water flux through the membrane under certain conditions. In addition, this review addresses questions related to implementation of an ultrasound/FO system for seawater desalination, such as the impact on fouling, flow configuration, and location of fouling. Finally, the mechanisms for the impact of ultrasound on FO membranes are discussed and future research directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara A. K. Al-Sakaji
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.A.-S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Sameer Al-Asheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 2666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Munjed A. Maraqa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.A.-S.); (M.A.M.)
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 1551, United Arab Emirates
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Sanahuja-Embuena V, Frauholz J, Oruc T, Trzaskus K, Hélix-Nielsen C. Transport mechanisms behind enhanced solute rejection in forward osmosis compared to reverse osmosis mode. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Jain H, Garg MC. Fabrication of polymeric nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes for water desalination—A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION 2021; 23:101561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
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6
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Im SJ, Fortunato L, Jang A. Real-time fouling monitoring and membrane autopsy analysis in forward osmosis for wastewater reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 197:117098. [PMID: 33831777 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis process in emerging technology which can applicable in wastewater reuse and desalination simultaneously. In this study, the development of fouling on the FO membrane surface was monitored in real-time. The investigation of fouling layer physical and chemical characteristics was assessed by performance evaluation and in-depth analysis of fouling layer. Non-invasive visual monitoring and in-depth autopsy, combined with the performance and image analyses provided a better understanding of fouling phenomena. The relative roughness of the fouling layer was correlated with water flux decrease while the fouling layer thickness decreased rapidly when fouling was stabilized. From 66-day operation using the primary wastewater as the feed, membrane fouling development was classified into 4 phases: virgin performance, initial deposition, stabilization and aggregation. With the growing fouling layer and with aggregation, the removal rate of organic matter was reduced from 99 to 70%. Conversely, the removal rate of inorganic matter was maintained at a level higher than 90%. The fractionation of physical and chemical extraction had the following characteristics: TPI>HPI>HPO and HPI>TPI>HPO respectively. Also, low molecular weight and building blocks like organic matter were observed with a high composition ratio of fouling layer. Through the correlation between the process performance, real-time monitoring of fouling layer formation and deep-layer fouling analysis, it was possible to identify the major membrane contaminants and propose process optimization guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ju Im
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Luca Fortunato
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Am Jang
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea.
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Practical Considerations of Wastewater-Seawater Integrated Reverse Osmosis: Design Constraint by Boron Removal. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040240. [PMID: 33800604 PMCID: PMC8066044 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The wastewater-seawater (WW-SW) integrated reverse osmosis (RO) process has gained much attention in and out of academia due to its energy saving capability, economic benefits, and sustainability. The other advantage of this process is to reduce boron concentration in the RO permeate that can exclude the post-treatment process. However, there are multiple design constraints regarding boron removal that restrict process design in the WW-SW integrated system. In this study, uncertainties in design factors of the WW-SW integrated system in consideration of boron removal have been explored. In comprehensive consideration of the blending ratio of between WW and SW, regulatory water quality standard, specific energy consumption (SEC), specific water cost, and RO recovery rate, a range of 15,000~20,000 mg/L feed turned out to be the most appropriate. Furthermore, boron rejection tests with SWRO (seawater reverse osmosis) and BWRO (brackish water reverse osmosis) membranes under actual WW-SW integration found a critical reduction in boron rejection at less than 20 bar of operating pressure. These findings emphasize the importance of caution in the use of BWRO membranes in the WW-SW integrated RO system.
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8
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Impact of osmotic and thermal isolation barrier on concentration and temperature polarization and energy efficiency in a novel FO-MD integrated module. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Kim Y, Kim LH, Vrouwenvelder JS, Ghaffour N. Effect of organic micropollutants on biofouling in a forward osmosis process integrating seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123386. [PMID: 32653793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the effect of organic micropollutants (OMPs) on biofouling in forward osmosis (FO) integrating wastewater treatment and seawater dilution. Synthetic seawater (0.6 M sodium chloride) was used as a draw solution and synthetic municipal wastewater as a feed solution. To evaluate the impact of OMPs in a replicate parallel study, wastewater was supplemented with a mixture of 7 OMPs (OMPs-feed) and without OMPs (control) during 8 batch filtration cycles with feed and draw solution replacement after each filtration. The FO performance (water flux), development and microbial composition properties of biofilm layers on the wastewater side of the FO membrane were studied. Compared to the control without OMPs, the FO fed with OMPs containing wastewater showed (i) initially the same water flux and flux decline during the first filtration cycle, (ii) with increasing filtration cycle a lower flux decline and (iii) lower concentrations for the total cells, ATP, EPS carbohydrates and proteins in biofilm layers, and (iv) a lower diversity of the biofilm microbial community composition (indicating selective pressure) and (v) increasing rejection of 6 of the 7 OMPs. In essence, biofouling on the FO membrane showed (i) a lower flux decline in the presence of OMPs in the feed water and (ii) a higher OMPs rejection, both illustrating better membrane performance. This study has a significant implication for optimizing osmotic dilution in terms of FO operation and OMPs rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sejong Campus, Korea University, 2511, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Lan Hee Kim
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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A Review of CFD Modelling and Performance Metrics for Osmotic Membrane Processes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100285. [PMID: 33076290 PMCID: PMC7602433 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simulation via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a convenient way for visualising hydrodynamics and mass transport in spacer-filled membrane channels, facilitating further developments in spiral wound membrane (SWM) modules for desalination processes. This paper provides a review on the use of CFD modelling for the development of novel spacers used in the SWM modules for three types of osmotic membrane processes: reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Currently, the modelling of mass transfer and fouling for complex spacer geometries is still limited. Compared with RO, CFD modelling for PRO is very rare owing to the relative infancy of this osmotically driven membrane process. Despite the rising popularity of multi-scale modelling of osmotic membrane processes, CFD can only be used for predicting process performance in the absence of fouling. This paper also reviews the most common metrics used for evaluating membrane module performance at the small and large scales.
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11
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Lee C, Nguyen TT, Adha RS, Shon HK, Kim IS. Influence of hydrodynamic operating conditions on organic fouling of spiral-wound forward osmosis membranes: Fouling-induced performance deterioration in FO-RO hybrid system. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116154. [PMID: 32823194 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The forward osmosis-reverse osmosis (FO-RO) hybrid process has been extensively researched as part of attempts to reduce the high energy consumption of conventional seawater reverse osmosis in recent years. FO operating conditions play a substantial role in the hybrid process, dictating not only the performance of the entire system but also the propensity for fouling, which deteriorates performance in long-term field operations. Therefore, determining the optimal FO operating conditions with regard to membrane fouling may promote sustainable operation through efficient fouling control. This study thus evaluated the influence of each hydrodynamic operating condition (feed flowrate, draw flowrate, and hydraulic pressure difference) and their synergistic effects on fouling propensity in a pilot-scale FO operation under seawater and municipal wastewater conditions. Fouling-induced variation in water flux, channel pressure drop, diluted concentration, and the resulting specific energy consumption (SEC) were comparatively analyzed and utilized to project performance variation in a full-scale FO-RO system. Fouling-induced performance reduction significantly varied depending on hydrodynamic operating conditions and the resultant fouling propensity during 15 days of continuous operation. A high feed flowrate demonstrated a clear ability to mitigate fouling-induced performance deterioration in all conditions. A high draw flowrate turned out to be detrimental for fouling propensity since its high reverse solute flux accelerated fouling growth. Applying additional hydraulic pressure during FO operation caused a faster reduction of water flux, and thus feed recovery and water production; however, these drawbacks could be compensated for by a 10% reduction in the required FO membrane area and an additional reduction in RO SEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulmin Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Thanh-Tin Nguyen
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Rusnang Syamsul Adha
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW2007, Australia
| | - In S Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea; Global Desalination Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdanwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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12
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Lee JH, Kim HS, Yun ET, Ham SY, Park JH, Ahn CH, Lee SH, Park HD. Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Membranes: Water Purification and Beyond. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100273. [PMID: 33023144 PMCID: PMC7601676 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membranes have attracted significant attention for water purification owing to their ultra-high water permeability and antibacterial properties. In this paper, we critically review the recent progresses in the synthesis of VACNT arrays and fabrication of VACNT membrane methods, with particular emphasis on improving water permeability and anti-biofouling properties. Furthermore, potential applications of VACNT membranes other than water purification (e.g., conductive membranes, electrodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and solar electricity–water generators) have been introduced. Finally, future outlooks are provided to overcome the limitations of commercialization and desalination currently faced by VACNT membranes. This review will be useful to researchers in the broader scientific community as it discusses current and new trends regarding the development of VACNT membranes as well as their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - Han-Shin Kim
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Eun-Tae Yun
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - So-Young Ham
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Korea;
| | - Chang Hoon Ahn
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - Sang Hyup Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3290-4861; Fax: +82-2-3290-5999
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13
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Arabi S, Pellegrin ML, Aguinaldo J, Sadler ME, McCandless R, Sadreddini S, Wong J, Burbano MS, Koduri S, Abella K, Moskal J, Alimoradi S, Azimi Y, Dow A, Tootchi L, Kinser K, Kaushik V, Saldanha V. Membrane processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1447-1498. [PMID: 32602987 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides a review for publications in 2018 and 2019 and includes information membrane processes findings for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review for Treatment Systems section. The following topics are covered in this literature review: industrial wastewater and membrane. Bioreactor (MBR) configuration, membrane fouling, design, reuse, nutrient removal, operation, anaerobic membrane systems, microconstituents removal, membrane technology advances, and modeling. Other sub-sections of the Treatment Systems section that might relate to this literature review include the following: Biological Fixed-Film Systems, Activated Sludge, and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes, Anaerobic Processes, and Water Reclamation and Reuse. This publication might also have related information on membrane processes: Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Wong
- Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeff Moskal
- Suez Water Technologies & Solutions, Oakville, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrew Dow
- Donohue and Associates, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Zhang M, Jin W, Yang F, Duke M, Dong Y, Tang CY. Engineering a Nanocomposite Interlayer for a Novel Ceramic-Based Forward Osmosis Membrane with Enhanced Performance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7715-7724. [PMID: 32401501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of a high-performance defect-free polyamide (PA) layer on a robust ceramic substrate is challenging for forward osmosis (FO) water treatment applications. In this study, we first demonstrated a robust ceramic-based thin-film composite (TFC) FO membrane by engineering a novel nanocomposite interlayer of titanium dioxide and carbon nanotube (TiO2/CNT). The structural morphologies and properties were systematically characterized for different substrates (without interlayer, with TiO2 interlayer, or with TiO2/CNT interlayer) and the corresponding ceramic-based TFC-FO membranes. Introduction of low roughness nanocomposite interlayers with decreased pore size created an interface with improved surface characteristics, favoring the formation of a defect-free nanovoid-containing PA layer with high cross-linking degree. The resulting ceramic-based FO membrane had a water permeability of approximately 2 L/(m2 h bar) and a NaCl rejection of 98%, showing simultaneous enhancements in both compared to the control membrane without an interlayer. Mechanism analysis indicates that such a special nanocomposite interlayer not only provided more active sites for the formation of a thinner defect-free nanovoid-containing PA layer without penetration into substrate but also acted as a highly porous three-dimensional network structure for rapid water transport. This work provides a novel protocol for rational design and fabrication of a high-performance multilayered inorganic FO membrane as well as extended applications in water treatment with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fenglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mikel Duke
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yingchao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Abstract
Organic fouling in the forward osmosis process is complex and influenced by different parameters in the forward osmosis such as type of feed and draw solution, operating conditions, and type of membrane. In this article, we reviewed organic fouling in the forward osmosis by focusing on wastewater treatment applications. Model organic foulants used in the forward osmosis literature were highlighted, which were followed by the characteristics of organic foulants when real wastewater was used as feed solution. The various physical and chemical cleaning protocols for the organic fouled membrane are also discussed. The study also highlighted the effective pre-treatment strategies that are effective in reducing the impact of organic fouling on the forward osmosis (FO) membrane. The efficiency of cleaning methods for the removal of organic fouling in the FO process was investigated, including recommendations on future cleaning technologies such as Ultraviolet and Ultrasound. Generally, a combination of physical and chemical cleaning is the best for restoring the water flux in the FO process.
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16
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Lee C, Jang J, Tin NT, Kim S, Tang CY, Kim IS. Effect of Spacer Configuration on the Characteristics of FO Membranes: Alteration of Permeation Characteristics by Membrane Deformation and Concentration Polarization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6385-6395. [PMID: 32310656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane deformation is a significant problem in osmotically driven membrane processes, as it restricts practical operating conditions and reduces overall process performance due to unfavorable alteration of membrane permeation characteristics. In this respect, a spacer plays a crucial role, as it dictates the form and extent of membrane deformation in association with concentration polarization (CP), which is also influenced by spacer-induced hydrodynamic behavior near the membrane surface. These two roles of spacers on membrane permeation characteristics are inherently inseparable with the coexistence of hydraulic and osmotic pressures. Here, we suggest a novel analytical method to differentially quantify the proportions of effective osmotic pressure drop caused by membrane deformation and CP. Furthermore, we tested two different FO membranes with three different spacer configurations to define and discuss different forms of membrane deformation and their effects on membrane permeation characteristics. The differential analysis revealed the effect of spacer configuration on effective osmotic pressure drop in membrane deformation (up to ∼201% of variation) is much greater than that in CP (up to ∼20.1% of variation). In addition, a combined configuration of a feed spacer and tricot spacer demonstrated its ability of mitigating membrane deformation with lower selectivity loss and channel pressure drop under pressurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulmin Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Jang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Suhun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical 9 Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 12 University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - In S Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
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Teklu H, Gautam DK, Subbiah S. Axial flow hollow fiber forward osmosis module analysis for optimum design and operating conditions in desalination applications. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ang WL, Mohammad AW, Johnson D, Hilal N. Unlocking the application potential of forward osmosis through integrated/hybrid process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:136047. [PMID: 31864996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Study of forward osmosis (FO) has been increasing steadily over recent years with applications mainly focusing on desalination and wastewater treatment processes. The working mechanism of FO lies in the natural movement of water between two streams with different osmotic pressure, which makes it useful in concentrating or diluting solutions. FO has rarely been operated as a stand-alone process. Instead, FO processes often appear in a hybrid or integrated form where FO is combined with other treatment technologies to achieve better overall process performance and cost savings. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the need for hybridization/integration for FO membrane processes, with emphasis given to process enhancement, draw solution regeneration, and pretreatment for FO fouling mitigation. In general, integrated/hybrid FO processes can reduce the membrane fouling propensity; prepare the solution suitable for subsequent value-added uses and production of renewable energy; lower the costs associated with energy consumption; enhance the quality of treated water; and enable the continuous operation of FO through the regeneration of draw solution. The future potential of FO lies in the success of how it can be hybridized or integrated with other technologies to minimize its own shortcomings, while enhancing the overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lun Ang
- Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Wahab Mohammad
- Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Centre for Water Advanced Technologies and Environmental Research (CWATER), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Nidal Hilal
- Centre for Water Advanced Technologies and Environmental Research (CWATER), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK; NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Park K, Kim J, Yang DR, Hong S. Towards a low-energy seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant: A review and theoretical analysis for future directions. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kim Y, Li S, Phuntsho S, Xie M, Shon HK, Ghaffour N. Understanding the organic micropollutants transport mechanisms in the fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109240. [PMID: 31310933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the transport mechanisms of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in a fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) membrane process. Four representative OMPs, i.e., atenolol, atrazine, primidone, and caffeine, were chosen for their different molecular weights and structural characteristics. All the FDFO experiments were conducted with the membrane active layer on the feed solution (FS) side using three different fertilizer draw solutions (DS): potassium chloride (KCl), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP) due to their different properties (i.e., osmotic pressure, diffusivity, viscosity and solution pH). Using KCl as the DS resulted in both the highest water flux and the highest reverse solute flux (RSF), while MAP and DAP resulted in similar water fluxes with varying RSF. The pH of the FS increased with DAP as the DS due to the reverse diffusion of NH4+ ions from the DS toward the FS, while for MAP and DAP DS, the pH of the FS was not impacted. The OMPs transport behavior (OMPs flux) was evaluated and compared with a simulated OMPs flux obtained via the pore-hindrance transport model to identify the effects of the OMPs structural properties. When MAP was used as DS, the OMPs flux was dominantly influenced by the physicochemical properties (i.e., hydrophobicity and surface charge). Those OMPs with positive charge and more hydrophobic, exhibited higher forward OMP fluxes. With DAP as the DS, the more hydrated FO membrane (caused by increased pH) as well as the enhanced RSF hindered OMPs transport through the FO membrane. With KCl as DS, the structural properties of the OMPs were dominant factors in the OMPs flux, however the higher RSF of the KCl draw solute may likely hamper the OMPs transport through the membrane especially those with higher MW (e.g., atenolol). The pore-hindrance model can be instrumental in understanding the effects of the hydrodynamic properties and the surface properties on the OMPs transport behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Kim
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheng Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Haibin Road #1121, Nansha District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Ouyang W, Chen T, Shi Y, Tong L, Chen Y, Wang W, Yang J, Xue J. Physico-chemical processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1350-1377. [PMID: 31529571 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The review scans research articles published in 2018 on physico-chemical processes for water and wastewater treatment. The paper includes eight sections, that is, membrane technology, granular filtration, flotation, adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, capacitive deionization, ion exchange, and oxidation. The membrane technology section further divides into six parts, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis/forward osmosis, and membrane distillation. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Totally 266 articles on water and wastewater treatment have been scanned; The review is sectioned into 8 major parts; Membrane technology has drawn the widest attention from the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Ouyang
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianhao Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yihao Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liangyu Tong
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yangyu Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiajun Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinkai Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Role of Operating Conditions in a Pilot Scale Investigation of Hollow Fiber Forward Osmosis Membrane Modules. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9060066. [PMID: 31163624 PMCID: PMC6631378 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although forward osmosis (FO) membranes have shown great promise for many applications, there are few studies attempting to create a systematization of the testing conditions at a pilot scale for FO membrane modules. To address this issue, hollow fiber forward osmosis (HFFO) membrane modules with different performances (water flux and solute rejection) have been investigated at different operating conditions. Various draw and feed flow rates, draw solute types and concentrations, transmembrane pressures, temperatures, and operation modes have been studied using two model feed solutions—deionized water and artificial seawater. The significance of the operational conditions in the FO process was attributed to a dominant role of concentration polarization (CP) effects, where the selected draw solute and draw concentration had the biggest impact on membrane performance due to internal CP. Additionally, the rejection of the HFFO membranes using three model solutes (caffeine, niacin, and urea) were determined under both FO and reverse osmosis (RO) conditions with the same process recovery. FO rejections had an increase of 2% for caffeine, 19% for niacin, and 740% for urea compared to the RO rejections. Overall, this is the first extensive study of commercially available inside-out HFFO membrane modules.
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Bao X, Wu Q, Shi W, Wang W, Yu H, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Cui F. Polyamidoamine dendrimer grafted forward osmosis membrane with superior ammonia selectivity and robust antifouling capacity for domestic wastewater concentration. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:1-10. [PMID: 30684821 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing a forward osmosis (FO) membrane with superior ammonia selectivity and robust antifouling performance is important for treating domestic wastewater (DW) but challenging due to the similar polarities and hydraulic radii of NH4+ and water molecules. Herein, we investigated the feasibility of using polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer to simultaneously enhance the ammonia rejection rate and antifouling capacity of the thin-film composite (TFC) FO membrane. PAMAM dendrimer with abundant, easily-protonated, terminal amine groups was grafted on TFC-FO membrane surface via covalent bonds, which inspired the TFC-FO membrane surface with appreciable Zeta potential (isoelectric point: pH = 5.5) and outstanding hydrophilicity (water contact angle: 39.83 ± 0.57°). Benefiting from the electrostatic repulsion between the protonated amine layer and NH4+-N as well as the concentration-induced diffusion resistance, the introduction of PAMAM dendrimer endowed the grafted membrane with a superior NH4+-N rejection rate of 98.23% and a significantly reduced the reverse solute flux when using NH4Cl solutions as feed solution. Meanwhile, the perfect balance between the electrostatic repulsion to positively-charged micromoleculer ions (metal ions and NH4+-N) and the electrostatic attraction to negatively-charged macromolecular organic foulants together with the hydrophilic nature of amine groups facilitated the enhancement of the grafted membranes in antifouling capacity and hence the NH4+-N selectivity (rejection rate of 91.81%) during the concentration of raw DW. The overall approach of this work opens up a frontier for preparation of ammonia-selective and antifouling TFC-FO membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Qinglian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wenxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Huarong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zhigao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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Ghaemi N, Khodakarami Z. Nano-biopolymer effect on forward osmosis performance of cellulosic membrane: High water flux and low reverse salt. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 204:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ali SM, Kim JE, Phuntsho S, Jang A, Choi JY, Shon HK. Forward osmosis system analysis for optimum design and operating conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:429-441. [PMID: 30189398 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Low energy consumption and less fouling propensity of forward osmosis (FO) processes have been attractive as a promising water filtration technology. The performance of this process is however significantly influenced by its operating conditions. Moreover, these operating parameters have both favourable and adverse effects on its performance. Therefore, it is very important to optimize its performance for efficient and economic operation. This study aims to develop a software to analyze a full-scale FO system for optimum performance. A comprehensive theoretical framework was developed to estimate the performance of FO system. Analysis results were compared with the experimental results to validate the models. About 5% deviation of simulation results and the experimental findings shows a very good agreement between them. A novel optimization algorithm was then developed to estimate the minimum required draw solution (DS) inlet flowrate and the number of elements in a pressure vessel to attain the design objectives (i.e. desired final DS concentration and recovery rate at a specific feed solution (FS) flowrate). A detailed parametric study was also conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions for different objectives. It showed that for a specific design objective, higher recovery rate can be achieved by increasing the DS flowrate and number of elements in a pressure vessel. In contrast, lower final concentration can be obtained by lowering the DS flowrate and increasing the number of elements. Finally, a MATLAB based software with graphical user interface was developed to make the analysis process easier and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muztuza Ali
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Am Jang
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Choi
- Hyorim Industries Inc., Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-city, 513-2, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Hoslett J, Massara TM, Malamis S, Ahmad D, van den Boogaert I, Katsou E, Ahmad B, Ghazal H, Simons S, Wrobel L, Jouhara H. Surface water filtration using granular media and membranes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:1268-1282. [PMID: 29929294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Significant growth of the human population is expected in the future. Hence, the pressure on the already scarce natural water resources is continuously increasing. This work is an overview of membrane and filtration methods for the removal of pollutants such as bacteria, viruses and heavy metals from surface water. Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) can be highly effective in eliminating bacteria and/or act as pre-treatment before Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis (NF/RO) to reduce the possibility of fouling. However, MF/UF membranes are produced through relatively intensive procedures. Moreover, they can be modified with chemical additives to improve their performance. Therefore, MF/UF applicability in less developed countries can be limited. NF shows high removal capability of certain contaminants (e.g. pharmaceutically active compounds and ionic compounds). RO is necessary for desalination purposes in areas where sea water is used for drinking/sanitation. Nevertheless, NF/RO systems require pre-treatment of the influent, increased electrical supply and high level of technical expertise. Thus, they are often a highly costly addition for countries under development. Slow Sand Filtration (SSF) is a simple and easy-to-operate process for the retention of solids, microorganisms and heavy metals; land use is a limiting factor, though. Rapid Sand Filtration (RSF) is an alternative responding to the need for optimized land use. However, it requires prior and post treatment stages to prevent fouling. Especially after coating with metal-based additives, sand filtration can constitute an efficient and sustainable treatment option for developing countries. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbs organic compounds that were not filtered in previous treatment stages. It can be used in conjunction with other methods (e.g. MF and SSF) to face pollution that results from potentially outdated water network (especially in less developed areas) and, hence, produce water of acceptable drinking quality. Future research can focus on the potential of GAC production from alternative sources (e.g. municipal waste). Given the high production/operation/maintenance cost of the NF/RO systems, more cost-effective but equally effective alternatives can be implemented: e.g. (electro)coagulation/flocculation followed by MF/UF, SSF before/after MF/UF, MF/UF before GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hoslett
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Theoni Maria Massara
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Simos Malamis
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Darem Ahmad
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Inge van den Boogaert
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Evina Katsou
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Balsam Ahmad
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Heba Ghazal
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Stefaan Simons
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Luiz Wrobel
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hussam Jouhara
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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