1
|
Ma Y, Liu T, Yuan Z, Guo J. Single cell protein production from methane in a gas-delivery membrane bioreactor. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121820. [PMID: 38815339 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP, or microbial protein) is one of the emerging alternative protein sources to address the global challenge of food insecurity. Recently, the SCP produced from methane has attracted substantial attention since methane is a renewable resource attainable from anaerobic digestion. However, the supply of methane, an insoluble gas in water, is one of the major challenges in producing methane-based SCP. This work developed a novel bioreactor configuration, in which hollow fiber membrane was used for efficient methane supply while microorganisms were growing in the suspended form favourable for the biomass harvest. Over a 312-day operation, the impacts of three critical parameters on the SCP production were investigated, including the ratio of methane loading to ammonium loading, the ratio of methane loading to oxygen loading, and the sludge retention time (SRT). Under the condition of 4 g CH4/g NH4+, 4 g O2/g CH4, and SRT of 4 days, the highest SCP production yield was observed and determined to be 1.36 g SCP/g CH4 and 5.05 g SCP/g N, respectively. The protein content was up to 67 %, which is higher than the majority of reported values to date. Moreover, the methane and ammonium utilization efficiencies were both close to 100 %, suggesting the highly efficient utilization of substrates in this new bioreactor configuration. A high relative abundance of essential amino acids (EAA) above 42 % was achieved, representing the highest EAA content reported. These findings provide valuable insights into SCP production using methane as a feedstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Ma
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nwoba ST, Carere CR, Wigley K, Baronian K, Weaver L, Gostomski PA. Using RNA-Stable isotope probing to investigate methane oxidation metabolites and active microbial communities in methane oxidation coupled to denitrification. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142067. [PMID: 38643845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The active denitrifying communities performing methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (MOD) were investigated using samples from an aerobic reactor (∼20% O2 and 2% CH4) and a microaerobic reactor (2% O2, 2% CH4) undertaking denitrification. The methane oxidation metabolites excreted in the reactors were acetate, methanol, formate and acetaldehyde. Using anaerobic batch experiments supplemented with exogenously supplied 13C-labelled metabolites, the active denitrifying bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and RNA-stable isotope probing (RNA-SIP). With the aerobic reactor (AR) samples, the maximum NO3- removal rates were 0.43 mmol g-1 d-1, 0.40 mmol g-1 d-1, 0.33 mmol g-1 d-1 and 0.10 mmol g-1 d-1 for exogenously supplied acetate, formate, acetaldehyde and methanol batch treatments respectively, while with the microaerobic reactor (MR) samples, the maximum NO3- removal rates were 0.41 mmol g-1 d-1, 0.33 mmol g-1 d-1, 0.38 mmol g-1 d-1 and 0.14 mmol g-1 d-1 for exogenously supplied acetate, formate, acetaldehyde and methanol batch treatments respectively. The RNA-SIP experiments with 13C-labelled acetate, formate, and methanol identified Methyloversatilis, and Hyphomicrobium as the active methane-driven denitrifying bacteria in the AR samples, while Pseudoxanthomonas, Hydrogenophaga and Hyphomicrobium were the active MOD bacteria in the MR samples. Collectively, all the data indicate that formate is a key cross-feeding metabolite excreted by methanotrophs and consumed by denitrifiers performing MOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunday T Nwoba
- Dept. of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Carlo R Carere
- Dept. of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Wigley
- Dept. of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kim Baronian
- Dept. of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Gostomski
- Dept. of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu H, Nie WB, Tan X, Xie GJ, Qu H, Zhang X, Xian Z, Dai J, Yang C, Chen Y. Different oxygen affinities of methanotrophs and Comammox Nitrospira inform an electrically induced symbiosis for nitrogen loss. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121606. [PMID: 38631236 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic methanotrophs establish a symbiotic association with denitrifiers to facilitate the process of aerobic methane oxidation coupled with denitrification (AME-D). However, the symbiosis has been frequently observed in hypoxic conditions continuing to pose an enigma. The present study has firstly characterized an electrically induced symbiosis primarily governed by Methylosarcina and Hyphomicrobium for the AME-D process in a hypoxic niche caused by Comammox Nitrospira. The kinetic analysis revealed that Comammox Nitrospira exhibited a higher apparent oxygen affinity compared to Methylosarcina. While the coexistence of comammox and AME-D resulted in an increase in methane oxidation and nitrogen loss rates, from 0.82 ± 0.10 to 1.72 ± 0.09 mmol CH4 d-1 and from 0.59 ± 0.04 to 1.30 ± 0.15 mmol N2 d-1, respectively. Furthermore, the constructed microbial fuel cells demonstrated a pronounced dependence of the biocurrents on AME-D due to oxygen competition, suggesting the involvement of direct interspecies electron transfer in the AME-D process under hypoxic conditions. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that Methylosarcina efficiently oxidized methane to formaldehyde, subsequently generating abundant NAD(P)H for nitrate reduction by Hyphomicrobium through the dissimilatory RuMP pathway, leading to CO2 production. This study challenges the conventional understanding of survival mechanism employed by AME-D symbionts, thereby contributing to the characterization responsible for limiting methane emissions and promoting nitrogen removal in hypoxic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wen-Bo Nie
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Xin Tan
- The Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guo-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Han Qu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhihao Xian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jingyi Dai
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chun Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan CY, Yan WJ, Sun FY, Tu HH, Lu JJ, Feng L, Dong WY. Management of biofilm by an innovative layer-structured membrane for membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) to efficient methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D). WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121107. [PMID: 38218075 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic methane oxidation coupled with denitrification (AME-D) has garnered significant attention as a promising technology for nitrogen removal from water. Effective biofilm management on the membrane surface is essential to enhance the efficiency of nitrate removal in AME-D systems. In this study, we introduce a novel and scalable layer-structured membrane (LSM) developed using a meticulously designed polyurethane sponge. The application of the LSM in advanced biofilm management for AME-D resulted in a substantial enhancement of denitrification performance. Our experimental results demonstrated remarkable improvements in nitrate-removal flux (92.8 mmol-N m-2 d-1) and methane-oxidation rate (325.6 mmol m-2 d-1) when using an LSM in a membrane biofilm reactor (L-MBfR) compared with a conventional membrane reactor (C-MBfR). The l-MBfR exhibited 12.4-, 6.8- and 3.4-fold increases in nitrate-removal rate, biomass-retention capacity, and methane-oxidation rate, respectively, relative to the control C-MBfR. Notably, the l-MBfR demonstrated a 3.5-fold higher abundance of denitrifying bacteria, including Xanthomonadaceae, Rhodocyclaceae, and Methylophilaceae. In addition, the denitrification-related enzyme activity was twice as high in the l-MBfR than in the C-MBfR. These findings underscore the LSM's ability to create anoxic/anaerobic microenvironments conducive to biofilm formation and denitrification. Furthermore, the LSM exhibited a unique advantage in shaping microbial community structures and facilitating cross-feeding interactions between denitrifying bacteria and aerobic methanotrophs. The results of this study hold great promise for advancing the application of MBfRs in achieving efficient and reliable nitrate removal through the AME-D pathway, facilitated by effective biofilm management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wei-Jia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Fei-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Hua Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jian-Jiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China; College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
| | - Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu X, Wu W, Li X, Zhao C, Qin Y. Metagenomics coupled with thermodynamic analysis revealed a potential way to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency of the aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification process under the hypoxic condition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168953. [PMID: 38056669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic methane (CH4) oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D) is a promising wastewater treatment process for CH4 utilization and nitrogen removal. However, it is unclear which CH4-derived carbons are suitable for the AME-D process and how these organics are metabolized. In this study, metagenomics coupled with a thermodynamic model were used to explore the microorganisms and their metabolic mechanisms in an AME-D membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) with high nitrogen removal efficiency. Results revealed that the aerobic methanotrophs of Methylomonas with the CH4-based fermentation potential were highly enriched and played an important role in CH4 conversion in the MBfR. Bacteria of Xanthomonadaceae, Methylophilaceae, Bacteroidetes, Rhodocyclaceae, Hyphomicrobium were the main denitrifiers. C1 compounds (methanol, formaldehyde and formate) and CH4-based fermentation products are promising cross-feeding intermediates of the AME-D. Specially, by means of integrating the CH4-based fermentation with denitrification, the minimum amount of CH4 required to remove per mole of nitrate can be further reduced to 1.25 mol-CH4 mol-1-NO3-, even lower than that of methanol. Compared to the choice to secrete methanol, type I aerobic methanotrophs require a 15 % reduction in the amount of oxygen required to secrete fermentation metabolites, but a 72 % increase in the amount of CH4-C released. Based on this trade-off, optimizing oxygen supply strategies will help to construct engineered microbiomes focused on aerobic methanotrophs with CH4-based fermentation potential. This study gives an insight into C and N conversions in the AME-D process and highlights the role of CH4-based fermentation in improving the nitrogen removal efficiency of the AME-D process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingkun Xu
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weixiang Wu
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changxun Zhao
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Wu M, Lai CY, Lu X, Guo J. Methane Oxidation Coupled to Selenate Reduction in a Membrane Bioreactor under Oxygen-Limiting Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21715-21726. [PMID: 38079577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial methane oxidation coupled to a selenate reduction process has been proposed as a promising solution to treat contaminated water, yet the underlying microbial mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, a novel methane-based membrane bioreactor system integrating hollow fiber membranes for efficient gas delivery and ultrafiltration membranes for biomass retention was established to successfully enrich abundant suspended cultures able to perform methane-dependent selenate reduction under oxygen-limiting conditions. The microbial metabolic mechanisms were then systematically investigated through a combination of short-term batch tests, DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) microcosm incubation, and high-throughput sequencing analyses of 16S rRNA gene and functional genes (pmoA and narG). We confirmed that the methane-supported selenate reduction process was accomplished by a microbial consortia consisting of type-II aerobic methanotrophs and several heterotrophic selenate reducers. The mass balance and validation tests on possible intermediates suggested that methane was partially oxidized into acetate under oxygen-limiting conditions, which was consumed as a carbon source for selenate-reducing bacteria. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, DNA-SIP incubation with 13CH4, and subsequent functional gene (pmoA and narG) sequencing results collectively proved that Methylocystis actively executed partial methane oxidation and Acidovorax and Denitratisoma were dominant selenate-reducing bacteria, thus forming a syntrophic partnership to drive selenate reduction. The findings not only advance our understanding of methane oxidation coupled to selenate reduction under oxygen-limiting conditions but also offer useful information on developing methane-based biotechnology for bioremediation of selenate-contaminated water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Wang
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, Formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Mengxiong Wu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, Formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Yu Lai
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, Formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xuanyu Lu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, Formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, Formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Woern C, Grossmann L. Microbial gas fermentation technology for sustainable food protein production. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108240. [PMID: 37647973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel, sustainable, and robust food production technologies represents one of the major pillars to address the most significant challenges humanity is going to face on earth in the upcoming decades - climate change, population growth, and resource depletion. The implementation of microfoods, i.e., foods formulated with ingredients from microbial cultivation, into the food supply chain has a huge potential to contribute towards energy-efficient and nutritious food manufacturing and represents a means to sustainably feed a growing world population. This review recapitulates and assesses the current state in the establishment and usage of gas fermenting bacteria as an innovative feedstock for protein production. In particular, we focus on the most promising representatives of this taxon: the hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (hydrogenotrophs) and the methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs). These unicellular microorganisms can aerobically metabolize gaseous hydrogen and methane, respectively, to provide the required energy for building up cell material. A protein yield over 70% in the dry matter cell mass can be reached with no need for arable land and organic substrates making it a promising alternative to plant- and animal-based protein sources. We illuminate the holistic approach to incorporate protein extracts obtained from the cultivation of gas fermenting bacteria into microfoods. Herein, the fundamental properties of the bacteria, cultivation methods, downstream processing, and potential food applications are discussed. Moreover, this review covers existing and future challenges as well as sustainability aspects associated with the production of microbial protein through gas fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Woern
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lutz Grossmann
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salter C, Westrick JA, Chaganti SR, Birbeck JA, Peraino NJ, Weisener CG. Elucidating microbial mechanisms of microcystin-LR degradation in Lake Erie beach sand through metabolomics and metatranscriptomics. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120816. [PMID: 37952399 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
As one of five Laurentian Great Lakes, Lake Erie ranks among the top freshwater drinking sources and ecosystems globally. Historical and current agriculture mismanagement and climate change sustains the environmental landscape for late summer cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms, and consequently, cyanotoxins such as microcystin (MC). Microcystin microbial degradation is a promising mitigation strategy, however the mechanisms controlling the breakdown of MCs in Lake Erie are not well understood. Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada is located in the western basin of Lake Erie and the bacterial community in the sand has demonstrated the capacity of metabolizing the toxin. Through a multi-omic approach, the metabolic, functional and taxonomical signatures of the Pelee Island microbial community during MC-LR degradation was investigated over a 48-hour period to comprehensively study the degradation mechanism. Cleavage of bonds surrounding nitrogen atoms and the upregulation of nitrogen deamination (dadA, alanine dehydrogenase, leucine dehydrogenase) and assimilation genes (glnA, gltB) suggests a targeted isolation of nitrogen by the microbial community for energy production. Methylotrophic pathways RuMP and H4MPT control assimilation and dissimilation of carbon, respectively and differential abundance of Methylophilales indicates an interconnected role through electron exchange of denitrification and methylotrophic pathways. The detected metabolites did not resolve a clear breakdown pathway, but rather the diversity of products in combination with taxonomic and functional results supports that a variety of strategies are applied, such as epoxidation, hydroxylation, and aromatic degradation. Annual repeated exposure to the toxin may have allowed the community to adaptatively establish a novel pathway through functional plasticity and horizontal gene transfer. The culmination of these results reveals the complexity of the Pelee Island sand community and supports a dynamic and cooperative metabolism between microbial species to achieve MC degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Salter
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Subba Rao Chaganti
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Johnna A Birbeck
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Nicholas J Peraino
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Christopher G Weisener
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qadeer K, Al-Hinai A, Chuah LF, Sial NR, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Al Abri R, Qyyum MA, Lee M. Methanol production and purification via membrane-based technology: Recent advancements, challenges, and the way forward. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139007. [PMID: 37253401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Industrail revolution on the back of fossil fuels has costed humanity higher temperatures on the planet due to ever-growing concentration of CO2 emissions in Earth's atmosphere. To tackle global warming demand for renewable energy sources continues to increase. Along renewables, there has been a growing interest in converting carbon dioxide to methanol, which can be used as a fuel or a feedstock for producing chemicals. The current review study provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects of methanol production and purification via membrane-based technology. Traditional downstream processes for methanol production, such as distillation and absorption, have several drawbacks, including high energy consumption and environmental concerns. In comparison to conventional technologies, membrane-based separation techniques have emerged as a promising alternative for producing and purifying methanol. The review highlights recent developments in membrane-based methanol production and purification technology, including using novel membrane materials such as ceramic, polymeric, and mixed matrix membranes. Additionally, integrating photocatalytic processes with membrane separation has been investigated to improve the conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol. Despite the potential benefits of membrane-based systems, several challenges need to be addressed. Membrane fouling and scaling are significant issues that can reduce the efficiency and lifespan of the membranes. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of membrane-based systems compared to traditional methods is a critical consideration that must be evaluated. In conclusion, the review provides insights into the current state of membrane-based technology for methanol production and purification and identifies areas for future research. The development of high-performance membranes and the optimization of membrane-based processes are crucial for improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of this technology and for advancing the goal of sustainable energy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Qadeer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Amer Al-Hinai
- Sustainable Energy Research Center (SERC) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Noman Raza Sial
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Ala'a H Al-Muhtaseb
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Rashid Al Abri
- Sustainable Energy Research Center (SERC) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muhammad Abdul Qyyum
- Department of Petroleum & Chemical Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Moonyong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vega MAP, Scholes RC, Brady AR, Daly RA, Narrowe AB, Vanzin GF, Wrighton KC, Sedlak DL, Sharp JO. Methane-Oxidizing Activity Enhances Sulfamethoxazole Biotransformation in a Benthic Constructed Wetland Biomat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7240-7253. [PMID: 37099683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia monooxygenase and analogous oxygenase enzymes contribute to pharmaceutical biotransformation in activated sludge. In this study, we hypothesized that methane monooxygenase can enhance pharmaceutical biotransformation within the benthic, diffuse periphytic sediments (i.e., "biomat") of a shallow, open-water constructed wetland. To test this hypothesis, we combined field-scale metatranscriptomics, porewater geochemistry, and methane gas fluxes to inform microcosms targeting methane monooxygenase activity and its potential role in pharmaceutical biotransformation. In the field, sulfamethoxazole concentrations decreased within surficial biomat layers where genes encoding for the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) were transcribed by a novel methanotroph classified as Methylotetracoccus. Inhibition microcosms provided independent confirmation that methane oxidation was mediated by the pMMO. In these same incubations, sulfamethoxazole biotransformation was stimulated proportional to aerobic methane-oxidizing activity and exhibited negligible removal in the absence of methane, in the presence of methane and pMMO inhibitors, and under anoxia. Nitrate reduction was similarly enhanced under aerobic methane-oxidizing conditions with rates several times faster than for canonical denitrification. Collectively, our results provide convergent in situ and laboratory evidence that methane-oxidizing activity can enhance sulfamethoxazole biotransformation, with possible implications for the combined removal of nitrogen and trace organic contaminants in wetland sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A P Vega
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rachel C Scholes
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam R Brady
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rebecca A Daly
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Adrienne B Narrowe
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Gary F Vanzin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kelly C Wrighton
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - David L Sedlak
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan O Sharp
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Niu Y, Qu M, Du J, Wang X, Yuan S, Zhang L, Zhao J, Jin B, Wu H, Wu S, Cao X, Pang L. Effects of multiple key factors on the performance of petroleum coke-based constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137780. [PMID: 36623598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFC), including a closed-circuit system (CCW-MFC) and an open-circuit system (OCW-MFC) with petroleum coke as electrode and substrate, were constructed to explore the effect of multiple key factors on their operation performances. Compared to a traditional CW, the CCW-MFC system showed better performance, achieving an average removal efficiency of COD, NH4+-N, and TN of 94.49 ± 1.81%, 94.99 ± 4.81%, and 84.67 ± 5.6%, respectively, when the aeration rate, COD concentration, and hydraulic retention time were 0.4 L/min, 300 mg/L, and 3 days. The maximum output voltage (425.2 mV) of the CCW-MFC system was achieved when the aeration rate was 0.2 L/min. In addition, the CCW-MFC system showed a greater denitrification ability due to the higher abundance of Thiothrix that might attract other denitrifying bacteria, such as Methylotenera and Hyphomicrobium, to participate in the denitrifying process, indicating the quorum sensing could be stimulated within the denitrifying microbial community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Niu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxiang Qu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Henan, China.
| | - Xilin Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaikang Yuan
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Henan, China
| | - Baodan Jin
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Henan, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Xia Cao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Henan, China.
| | - Long Pang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie T, Liu X, Xu Y, Bryson S, Zhao L, Huang K, Huang S, Li X, Yang Q, Dong H, Winkler MKH. Coupling methanotrophic denitrification to anammox in a moving bed biofilm reactor for nitrogen removal under hypoxic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158795. [PMID: 36115405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous removal of ammonium and nitrate was achieved in a methane-fed moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). In the reactor, methanotrophic microorganisms oxidized methane under hypoxic conditions likely to methanol, hence providing an electron donor to denitrifiers to reduce nitrate to nitrite that then allowed anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (Anammox) to remove excess ammonium as N2. The ammonium and nitrate removal rates reached 72.09 ± 5.81 mgNH4+-N/L/d and 62.61 ± 4.17 mgNO3--N/L/d when the MBBR was operated in continuous mode. Nitrate removal by the methane-fed mixed consortia was confirmed in a batch test revealing a CH4/NO3- molar removal ratio of 1.15. The functional populations were unveiled by FISH analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which showed that the biofilm was dominated by Anammox bacteria (Candidatus Kuenenia) and diverse taxa associated with the capacity for denitrification: aerobic methanotrophs (Methylobacter, Methylomonas, and unclassified Methylococcaceae), methylotrophic denitrifiers (Opitutaceae and Methylophilaceae), and other heterotrophic denitrifiers (Ignavibacteriaceae, Anaerolineaceae, Comamonadaceae, Rhodocyclaceae and Thauera). Neither DAMO archaea nor DAMO bacteria were found in the sequencing analysis, indicating that more unknown community members possess the metabolic capacity of methanotrophic denitrification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Materials and New Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Materials and New Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Materials and New Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Samuel Bryson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98105, USA
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98105, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Materials and New Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Materials and New Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo X, Lai CY, Hartmann EM, Zhao HP. Heterotrophic denitrification: An overlooked factor that contributes to nitrogen removal in n-DAMO mixed culture. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114802. [PMID: 36375502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) has been recognized as a sustainable process for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and methane. The metabolisms of denitrifying anaerobic methanotrophs, including Candidatus Methanoperedens and Candidatus Methylomirabilis, have been well studied. However, potential roles of heterotrophs co-existing with these anaerobic methanotrophs are generally overlooked. In this study, we pulse-fed methane and nitrate into an anaerobic laboratory sequencing batch bioreactor and enriched a mixed culture with stable nitrate removal rate (NRR) of ∼28 mg NO3--N L-1 d-1. Microbial community analysis indicates abundant heterotrophs, e.g., Arenimonas (5.3%-18.9%) and Fimbriimonadales ATM1 (6.4%), were enriched together with denitrifying anaerobic methanotrophs Ca. Methanoperedens (10.8%-13.2%) and Ca. Methylomirabilis (27.4%-34.3%). The results of metagenomics and batch tests suggested that the denitrifying anaerobic methanotrophs were capable of generating methane-derived intermediates (i.e., formate and acetate), which were employed by non-methanotrophic heterotrophs for denitrification and biomass growth. These findings offer new insights into the roles of heterotrophs in n-DAMO mixed culture, which may help to optimize n-DAMO process for nitrogen removal from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chun-Yu Lai
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Erica M Hartmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, IL, 60208, USA
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu C, Cheng K. Molasses fermentation to produce low-cost carbon source for denitrification. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2138781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lu JJ, Zhang H, Li W, Yi JB, Sun FY, Zhao YW, Feng L, Li Z, Dong WY. Biofilm stratification in counter-diffused membrane biofilm bioreactors (MBfRs) for aerobic methane oxidation coupled to aerobic/anoxic denitrification: Effect of oxygen pressure. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119243. [PMID: 36270147 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic methane oxidation coupled with denitrification (AME-D) executed in membrane biofilm bioreactors (MBfRs) provides a high promise for simultaneously mitigating methane (CH4) emissions and removing nitrate in wastewater. However, systematically experimental investigation on how oxygen partial pressure affects the development and characteristics of counter-diffusional biofilm, as well as its spatial stratification profiles, and the cooperative interaction of the biofilm microbes, is still absent. In this study, we combined Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) to in-situ characterize the development of counter-diffusion biofilm in the MBfR for the first time. It was revealed that oxygen partial pressure onto the MBfR was capable of manipulating biofilm thickness and spatial stratification, and then managing the distribution of functional microbes. With the optimized oxygen partial pressure of 5.5 psig (25% oxygen content), the manipulated counter-diffusional biofilm in the AME-D process obtained the highest denitrification efficiency, due mainly to that this biofilm had the proper dynamic balance between the aerobic-layer and anoxic-layer where suitable O2 gradient and sufficient aerobic methanotrophs were achieved in aerobic-layer to favor methane oxidation, and complete O2 depletion and accessible organic sources were kept to avoid constraining denitrification activity in anoxic-layer. By using metagenome analysis and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) staining, the spatial distribution of the functional microbes within counter-diffused biofilm was successfully evidenced, and Rhodocyclaceae, one typical aerobic denitrifier, was found to survive and gradually enriched in the aerobic layer and played a key role in denitrification aerobically. This in-situ biofilm visualization and characterization evidenced directly for the first time the cooperative path of denitrification for AME-D in the counter-diffused biofilm, which involved aerobic methanotrophs, heterotrophic aerobic denitrifiers, and heterotrophic anoxic denitrifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jiang Lu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yi
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University (Xili Campus), Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fei-Yun Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yi-Wei Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Yi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu X, Qin Y, Li X, Ma Z, Wu W. Heterogeneity of CH 4-derived carbon induced by O 2:CH 4 mediates the bacterial community assembly processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154442. [PMID: 35288141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which O2:CH4 controls microbial community assembly in the process of aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AMED) remains largely uncharacterized, which hinders the design of engineering microbiomes for the AMED. In this study, the changes in the bacterial community in fed-batch serum bottle reactors under different O2:CH4 ratios were systematically characterized. The ratios of CH4 consumption to the amount of nitrate removal in the treatment with O2:CH4 = 1.5:1, O2:CH4 = 0.5:1, and O2:CH4 = 0.25:1 were 13.1 ± 3.4, 4.7 ± 1.1, and 5.9 ± 3.0 mol-CH4 mol-1-NO3-, respectively. The α-diversity of the bacterial community increased as O2:CH4 decreased. Significantly different selection patterns were found for the high and low O2:CH4 ratios. The coherence process dominated the selection at high O2:CH4 ratios, while the diversification process played a role when O2:CH4 was low. Differences were also observed in the composition of CH4-derived carbon between treatments with O2:CH4 = 1.5:1 and O2:CH4 = 0.5:1. Compared with the treatments with O2:CH4 = 1.5:1, the concentrations of methanol, formaldehyde, acetate, and ethanol in the treatment with O2:CH4 = 0.5:1 were significantly higher, while the concentration of formate was significantly lower. The heterogeneity of CH4-derived carbon induced by O2:CH4 was likely to be responsible for the differences in the selection patterns. Our findings bridge the gaps between the observations of bacterial community perturbations and ecological community assembly theories, highlighting the potential of the bottom-up design approach to improve the nitrate removal rate of the AME-D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingkun Xu
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xinyu Li
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Zhejiang Transper Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weixiang Wu
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Li YY, Liu J. Emerging onsite electron donors for advanced nitrogen removal from anammox effluent of leachate treatment: A review and future applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125905. [PMID: 34523566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Partial nitrification-anammox process is promising in leachate treatment, but the 11% residue nitrate limits the total nitrogen removal efficiency. Denitrification or partial denitrification and anammox are both practical polishing processes of anammox effluent, requiring extra electron donors. Fortunately, there are organic matter, sulfide and methane in leachate or produced by leachate treatment, which can serve as onsite electron donors. In this review, the mechanisms and processes using these three kinds of electron donors for residue nitrate reduction in anammox effluent of leachate are systematically summarized and discussed. It can be concluded that, biodegradable organic matter is an effective electron donor, sulfide is a promising electron donor, methane is a potential electron donor. Two possible applications in future based on anammox treatment of fresh and mature leachate using sulfide and methane as onsite electron donors are proposed. Through sulfide reutilization, energy-saving with about 14% of aeration reduction can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanxu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinghuan Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu D, Yang Y, Ai J, Li Y, Xing Y, Li J. Research on microbial structures, functions and metabolic pathways in an advanced denitrification system coupled with aerobic methane oxidation based on metagenomics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 332:125047. [PMID: 33839509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methanotrophs can oxidize methane as the sole carbon and energy, and the resulting intermediate products can be simultaneously utilized by coexistent denitrifying bacteria to remove the nitrogen, which named Aerobic Methane Oxidation Coupled to Denitrification (AME-D). In this paper, an AME-D system was built in an improved denitrification bio-filter, to analyze the nitrogen removal efficiency and mechanism. The maximum TN removal rate reached 95.05%. As shown in Raman spectroscopy, in the effluent wave crests generated by the symmetric expansion and contraction of NO3- disappeared, and the distortion of olefin CH2 and C-OH stretching of alcohols appeared. Metagenomics revealed Methylotenera and Methylobacter were the dominated methanotrophs. There was a completed methane and nitrogen metabolism pathway with the synergism of nxrAB, narGHI, nasAB, pmo-amoABC and mmo genes. Dissimilatory reduction pathway was the primary nitrate removal pathway. Moreover, Bradyrhizobium could participate in methane and nitrogen metabolism simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengping Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China; Sinopec Great Wall Energy and Chemical (Guizhou) Co., LTD, Zhijin, Guizhou 552100, China
| | - Jia Ai
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China
| | - Yancheng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Yi Xing
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiang Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Díaz-García C, Martínez-Sánchez JJ, Maxwell BM, Franco JA, Álvarez-Rogel J. Woodchip bioreactors provide sustained denitrification of brine from groundwater desalination plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112521. [PMID: 33839611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Woodchip bioreactors are widely known as a best management practice to reduce excess nitrate loads that are discharged with agricultural leachates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of citrus woodchip bioreactors for denitrification of brine (electrical conductivity ≈ 17 mS cm-1) from groundwater desalination plants with high nitrate content (NO3--N ≈ 48 mg L-1) in the Campo de Cartagena agricultural watershed, one of the main providers of horticultural products in Europe. The performance was evaluated relative to seasonal changes in temperature, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) provided by woodchips, hydraulic residence time (HRT) and woodchip aging. Bioreactors (capacity 1 m3) operated for 2.5 years (121 weeks) in batch mode (24 h HRT) with three batches per week. Denitrification efficiency was modulated by DOC concentration, temperature, hydraulic residence time and the drying-rewetting cycles. High salinity of brine did not prevent nitrate removal from occurring. The high DOC availability (>25 mg C L-1) during the first ≈48 weeks resulted in high nitrate removal rate (>75%) and nitrate removal efficiency (until ≈ 25 g N m-3 d-1) regardless of temperature. Moreover, the high DOC contents in the effluents during this period may present environmental drawbacks. Denitrification was still high after 2.5 years (reaching ≈9.3 g N m-3 d-1 in week 121), but dependence on warm temperature became more apparent with woodchips aging from week ≈49 onwards. Nitrate removal efficiency was highest on the first weekly batch, immediately after woodchips had been unsaturated for four days. It was attributable to a flush of DOC produced by aerobic microbial metabolism during drying that stimulated denitrification following re-saturation. Hence, alternance of drying-rewetting cycles is an operation practice that increase bioreactors nitrate removal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Díaz-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, E.T.S. de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, Cartagena, 30203, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan J Martínez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, E.T.S. de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, Cartagena, 30203, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Bryan M Maxwell
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, E.T.S. de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, Cartagena, 30203, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Franco
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, E.T.S. de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, Cartagena, 30203, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Álvarez-Rogel
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, E.T.S. de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, Cartagena, 30203, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao X, Jiang J, Zhou Z, Zheng Y, Shao Y, Zuo Y, Ren Y, An Y. Responses of microbial structures, functions and metabolic pathways for nitrogen removal to different hydraulic retention times in anaerobic side-stream reactor coupled membrane bioreactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124903. [PMID: 33662853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous sludge reduction and nitrogen removal have attracted increasing attention, while the underlying mechanisms of diverse nitrogen metabolism within the complicated processes remain unclear. Four anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactors, three of which were upgraded by anaerobic side-stream reactors (ASSR) and carriers (APSSR-MBRs), were operated to determine effects of hydraulic retention time of ASSRs. APSSR-MBRs achieved more significant nitrogen removal and higher nitrate uptake rate because of more denitrifying bacteria and the supernumerary release of secondary substrates. Ammonia uptake rate showed the diverse Nitrospira preceded over anaerobic decay and sulfide inhibition in the ASSR, and made the reactor exhibit higher nitrification capacity. Metagenomic analysis indicated that APSSR-MBRs showed higher abundances of genes related to nitrogen consumption processes, and higher abundances on the carriers, confirming their pivotal roles in nitrogen metabolism. This study provided novel perspectives to build a bridge between process model and nitrogen metabolism in the sludge reduction system..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yue Zheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yanjun Shao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yi Zuo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ying An
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lu JJ, Yan WJ, Shang WT, Sun FY, Li A, Sun JX, Li XY, Mu JL. Simultaneous enhancement of nitrate removal flux and methane utilization efficiency in MBfR for aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification by using an innovative scalable double-layer membrane. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 194:116936. [PMID: 33640753 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endevours on the enhancement of nitrate removal efficiency during methane oxidation coupled with denitrification (AME-D) has always overlooked the role of membrane employed. It would be highly beneficial to enrich the biomass content and to manage biofilm on the membrane, in the utilization of methane and denitrification. In this study, an innovative and scalable double-layer membrane (DLM) was designed and prepared for a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), to simultaneously enhance nitrate removal flux and methane utilization efficiency during aerobic methane oxidation coupled with the denitrification (AME-D) process. The DLM allowed quick bacterial attachment and biomass accumulation for biofilm growth, which would be then self-regulated for well distribution of functional microbes on/within the DLM. Upon a high biofilm density of over 70 g-VSS m-2 achieved on the DLM, the methane utilization efficiency of the MBfR was enhanced significantly to over 1.3 times than the control MBfR with conventional polypropylene membrane. The MBfR employed DLM also demonstrated the maximum nitrate removal flux of 740 mg-NO3--N m-2 d-1 that was approximately 1.64 times of that in control MBfR at continuous-mode operation. This DLM indeed favored the enrichment of Type II aerobic methanotrophs of Methylocystaceae, and methanol-utilization denitrifiers of Rhodocyclaceae that preferentially utilize methanol as the cross-feeding intermediates to promote the methane utilization efficiency, and thus to enhance the nitrate removal flux. These results raised from new designed DLM confirmed the importance of membrane surface properties on the effectiveness of MBfR, and offered great potential to address challenging problems of MBfRs during engineering application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jiang Lu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jia Yan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Tao Shang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Yun Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xu Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Le Mu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dang CC, Xie GJ, Liu BF, Xing DF, Ding J, Ren NQ. Heavy metal reduction coupled to methane oxidation:Mechanisms, recent advances and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124076. [PMID: 33268204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methane emission has contributed greatly to the global warming and climate change, and the pollution of heavy metals is an important concern due to their toxicity and environmental persistence. Recently, multiple heavy metals have been demonstrated to be electron acceptors for methane oxidation, which offers a potential for simultaneous methane emission mitigation and heavy metal detoxification. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of heavy metals reduction coupled to methane oxidation, and identifies knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research. The functional microorganisms and possible mechanisms are detailed in groups under aerobic, hypoxic and anaerobic conditions. The potential application and major environmental significances for global methane mitigation, the elements cycle and heavy metals detoxification are also discussed. The future research opportunities are also discussed to provide insights for further research and efficient practical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guo-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu Y, Li X, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhu G, Zeng RJ. The indispensable role of assimilation in methane driven nitrate removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141089. [PMID: 32745852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methane is a greenhouse gas that can be released from sludge anaerobic fermentation in wastewater treatment plants. Methane is also an alternative additional carbon source for deep nitrate removal of secondary effluent. A sequencing experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of nitrate removal with methane as the sole carbon source. The maximum nitrate removal rate was 17.2 mg-N·L-1·d-1. Nitrate removal was confirmed to arise via two pathways: aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D) contributed to 55% of the nitrate removal with the rest stemming from assimilation by methanotrophs. Additional study revealed that nitrate assimilated by methanotrophs was used for the synthesis of proteins, resulting in a protein content of 52.2% dry weight. Metagenomic sequencing revealed a high abundance of nitrate assimilation and glutamine synthetase genes, which were primarily provided by methanotrophs (mainly Methylomonas). Assimilatory nitrate removal by methanotrophs has a high potential for advanced nitrogen removal and for alleviating methane emissions. The nitrogen-rich biomass produced by nitrate absorption could also be used as a biofertilizer for nitrogen recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongze Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xin Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Yongzhen Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|