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Macura B, Metson GS, McConville JR, Harder R. Recovery of plant nutrients from human excreta and domestic wastewater for reuse in agriculture: a systematic map and evidence platform. ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE 2024; 13:21. [PMID: 39294843 PMCID: PMC11378796 DOI: 10.1186/s13750-024-00342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving a more circular and efficient use of nutrients found in human excreta and domestic (municipal) wastewater is an integral part of mitigating aquatic nutrient pollution and nutrient insecurity. A synthesis of research trends readily available to various stakeholders is much needed. This systematic map collates and summarizes scientific research on technologies that facilitate the recovery and reuse of plant nutrients and organic matter found in human excreta and domestic wastewater. We present evidence in a way that can be navigated easily. We hope this work will help with the uptake and upscaling of new and innovative circular solutions for the recovery and reuse of nutrients. METHODS The systematic map consists of an extension of two previous related syntheses. Searches were performed in Scopus and Web of Science in English. Records were screened on title and abstract, including consistency checking. Coding and meta-data extraction included bibliographic information, as well as recovery pathways. The evidence from the systematic map is embedded in an online evidence platform that, in an interactive manner, allows stakeholders to visualize and explore the systematic map findings, including knowledge gaps and clusters. RESULTS The evidence base includes a total of 10 950 articles describing 11 489 recovery pathways. Most of the evidence base is about recovery technologies (41.9%) and the reuse of recovered products in agriculture (53.4%). A small proportion of the evidence base focuses on the characteristics of recovered products (4.0%) and user acceptance and perceptions of nutrient recovery and reuse (0.7%). CONCLUSIONS Most studies we mapped focused on nutrient recovery from 'conventional' systems, that is, from centralized sewer and wastewater treatment systems that produce biosolids and a treated effluent. While we also found substantial research on nutrient recovery from source-separated urine, and to some extent also on nutrient recovery from source-separated excreta (notably blackwater), the body of research on nutrient recovery from source-separated feces was relatively small. Another knowledge gap is the relative lack of research on the recovery of potassium. More research is also needed on user acceptance of different recovery technologies and recovered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Macura
- Stockholm Environment Institute, HQ, P.O. Box 24218, Stockholm, SE-104 51, Sweden
| | - Geneviève S Metson
- Ecological and Environmental Modelling, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Department of Geography and Environment, Social Sciences Centre Rm.2403, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Jennifer R McConville
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7032, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Robin Harder
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7032, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
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Ferreira FDG, Carlon P, Fongaro G, Magri ME. Recycling composted human feces as biofertilizer for crop production: Assessment of soil and lettuce plant tissue contamination by Escherichia coli and human adenovirus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172375. [PMID: 38604372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Using waste from sewage systems, particularly human excreta, could save resources and increase soil fertility, contributing to nutrient management. However, because of the pathogenic content in human feces, this resource can pose health risks to farmers and consumers. Therefore, this work analyzed the behavior of the microorganisms: Escherichia coli ATCC13706 and human adenovirus (HAdV-2) in the soil and the internal part of the plant tissue during the vegetative stage after applying spiked composted human feces as biofertilizer. In a greenhouse, we simulated the application of the biofertilizer in lettuce cultivation by spiking three concentrations of E. coli (6.58, 7.31, and 8.01 log10 CFU.g-1) and HAdV-2 (3.81, 3.97, and 5.92 log10 PFU.g-1). As a result, we achieved faster decay in soil at higher concentrations of E. coli. We estimated linear decay rates of -0.07279, -0.09092, and -0.115 days, corresponding to T90s of 13.7, 11.0, and 8.6 days from higher to smaller concentrations of E. coli, respectively. The estimated periods for the inactivation of 4 logarithmic units of E. coli bacteria in soil are longer than the cultivation period of lettuce for all concentrations studied. Concerning the bacterial contamination in plants, we found E. coli in the internal part of the leaves at the highest concentration tested during the first three weeks of the experiment. Furthermore, HAdV-2 was found in roots at a stable concentration of 2-2.3 log10 PFU.g-1 in five of the six samples analyzed. Therefore, bacterial infection could pose a risk, even if fresh greens are washed before consumption, especially for short-term cultures. Regarding viral infection, a positive result in the roots after disinfection may pose a risk to root and tubercule vegetables. These discoveries highlight the importance of conducting comprehensive evaluations of hygiene practices in incorporating organic amendments in crops, explicitly aiming to minimize the risk of post-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Daniela Goncalves Ferreira
- Laboratory of Resource Recovery in Sanitation Systems Group - RReSSa, Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technological Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Carlon
- Laboratory of Resource Recovery in Sanitation Systems Group - RReSSa, Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technological Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Magri
- Laboratory of Resource Recovery in Sanitation Systems Group - RReSSa, Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technological Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Harder R, Metson GS, Macura B, Johannesdottir S, Wielemaker R, Seddon D, Lundin E, Aliahmad A, Kärrman E, McConville JR. Egestabase - An online evidence platform to discover and explore options to recover plant nutrients from human excreta and domestic wastewater for reuse in agriculture. MethodsX 2024; 12:102774. [PMID: 38883592 PMCID: PMC11176787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Restoring nutrient circularity across scales is important for ecosystem integrity as well as nutrient and food security. As such, research and development of technologies to recover plant nutrients from various organic residues has intensified. Yet, this emerging field is diverse and difficult to navigate, especially for newcomers. As an increasing number of actors search for circular solutions to nutrient management, there is a need to simplify access to the latest knowledge. Since the majority of nutrients entering urban areas end up in human excreta, we have chosen to focus on human excreta and domestic wastewater. Through systematic mapping with stakeholder engagement, we compiled and consolidated available evidence from research and practice. In this paper, we present 'Egestabase' - a carefully curated open-access online evidence platform that presents this evidence base in a systematic and accessible manner. We hope that this online evidence platform helps a variety of actors to navigate evidence on circular nutrient solutions for human excreta and domestic wastewater with ease and keep track of new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Harder
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Geneviève S Metson
- Ecological and Environmental Modelling, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Biljana Macura
- Stockholm Environment Institute, HQ, SE-104 51 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rosanne Wielemaker
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dan Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Departments of Biology and Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Lundin
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Abdulhamid Aliahmad
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Kärrman
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R McConville
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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Donacho DO, Tucho GT, Olani DD, Kabtiyimer HE, Hailu AB, Wolde AD. Experimental evaluation of fresh human feces biogas and compost potential: Evidence for circular economy from waste streams in Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22494. [PMID: 38046133 PMCID: PMC10686851 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogas toilets are one of the most resource-efficient sanitation technologies. The technology has dual purposes of generating energy and stabilizing waste-producing biofertilizers. In Ethiopia, knowledge of human feces' energy potential is limited to optimize the development of biogas toilet facilities. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the biogas and biofertilizer potential of human feces in Jimma City, Ethiopia, which may contribute to the development of sustainable sanitation technologies. The study was lab-based experimental design. In the lab-scale batch experiment, fresh human excreta samples were collected using a urine diversion raised toilet. Using ultimate and proximate laboratory analyses, the theoretical yield of biogas was predicted. Then a series of anaerobic digestion batch experiments were conducted to determine the practical energy yield. The bio-fertilizer potential of human feces was determined by analyzing the nutrient contents of human feces. The findings of this study showed that the bio-methane yield from the experimental results has a mean of 0.393 m3 kg-1, which is 14.16 MJ kg-1. The bio-methane meter cube per capita per head per year were 28.71 (28.03-29.27) from the experimental result and 45.26 for the theoretical yield of methane. In this study, the bio-fertilizer potential of human feces was evaluated using nutrient analysis, specifically the NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Accordingly, human feces contain potassium (2.29 mg kg-1), phosphorus (1.12 mg kg-1), and nitrogen (3.71 mg kg-1). This finding suggests the bio-methane potential of human feces can be used for energy recovery and alternative sanitation options, providing a positive remedy for the sanitation crisis in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Oljira Donacho
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
- Department of Health Informatics, Mattu University, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Terefe Tucho
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Dessalegn Dadi Olani
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abebe Beyene Hailu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Aysha Desalegn Wolde
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
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Borker SS, Thakur A, Khatri A, Kumar R. Quality assessment, safety evaluation, and microbiome analysis of night-soil compost from Lahaul valley of northwestern Himalaya. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 149:42-52. [PMID: 35714435 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayan dry toilet system prevalent in the northwestern Himalaya is a traditional practice of converting human faeces into a compost-like soil amendment. The current study evaluated night-soil compost (NSC) for agricultural use by assessing the compost quality, safety, and microbiome properties. Based on the fertility and clean indices determined by the fertility and heavy metal parameters, NSC was categorized as good quality compost with high fertilizing potential and moderate concentration of heavy metals. With respect to pathogens, the faecal coliform levels in the NSC were categorized as safe according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. The bacterial community structure based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed a diverse taxonomy with 14 phyla and 54 genera in NSC. Compared to publicly available 16S rRNA gene amplicon data, NSC exhibited predominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes) similar to human faeces, cattle manure, food waste compost, vermicompost, and activated sludge. However, statistically, NSC was distinct at the genus level from all other groups. Additionally, pathogenic bacteria with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the NSC metagenome were determined by performing a standalone BLASTN against the PATRIC database. The analysis revealed 139 pathogenic strains with most pathogens susceptible to antibiotics, indicating lower AMR in the predicted strains. The phytotoxicity of NSC with Pisum sativum var. AS-10 seeds showed a germination index of > 85%, indicating NSC's non-harmful effects on seed germination and root growth. Overall, NSC from Himalayan dry toilets can be used as a soil amendment for food and non-food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sinai Borker
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Aman Thakur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Abhishek Khatri
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.
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Brown J. Invited Perspective: Sanitation Innovation Holds Promise but Must Consider Risks to Users. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:11301. [PMID: 34985306 PMCID: PMC8729224 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Ryals R, Bischak E, Porterfield KK, Heisey S, Jeliazovski J, Kramer S, Pierre S. Toward Zero Hunger Through Coupled Ecological Sanitation-Agriculture Systems. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.716140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) systems capture and sanitize human excreta and generate organic nutrient resources that can support more sustainable nutrient management in agricultural ecosystems. An emerging EcoSan system that is implemented in Haiti and several other contexts globally couples container-based household toilets with aerobic, thermophilic composting. This closed loop sanitation system generates organic nutrient resources that can be used as part of an ecological approach to soil nutrient management and thus has the potential to contribute to Sustainable Development Goals 2 (zero hunger), 6 (clean water and sanitation for all), and 13 (climate change solutions). However, the role of organic nutrient resources derived from human excreta in food production is poorly studied. We conducted a greenhouse experiment comparing the impact of feces-derived compost on crop production, soil nutrient cycling, and nutrient losses with two amendments produced from wastewater treatment (pelletized biosolids and biofertilizer), urea, and an unfertilized control. Excreta-derived amendments increased crop yields 2.5 times more than urea, but had differing carry-over effects. After a one-time application of compost, crop production remained elevated throughout all six crop cycles. In contrast, the carry-over of crop response lasted two and four crop cycles for biosolids and biofertilizer, respectively, and was absent for urea. Soil carbon concentration in the compost amended soils increased linearly through time from 2.0 to 2.5%, an effect not seen with other treatments. Soil nitrous oxide emissions factors ranged from 0.3% (compost) to 4.6% (biosolids), while nitrogen leaching losses were lowest for biosolids and highest for urea. These results indicate that excreta-derived compost provides plant available nutrients, while improving soil health through the addition of soil organic carbon. It also improved biogeochemical functions, indicating the potential of excreta-derived compost to close nutrient loops if implemented at larger scales. If captured and safely treated through EcoSan, human feces produced in Haiti can meet up to 13, 22, and 11% of major crop needs of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively.
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Harder R, Mullinix K, Smukler S. Assessing the Circularity of Nutrient Flows Across Nested Scales for Four Food System Scenarios in the Okanagan Bioregion, BC Canada. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.661870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of continued nutrient pollution in water bodies and anticipated insecurities related to future nutrient supplies, there is an increasing awareness of the need to use nutrients in a more circular way. As part of a food system design study in the Okanagan bioregion, BC Canada we set out to evaluate different food system scenarios for the year 2050 in terms of nutrient circularity. In doing so, the objective was to evaluate the circularity of nutrient flows not only in the Okanagan, but also in relation to exogenous regions, insofar as nutrient flows relate to feed and food consumption and production in the Okanagan. This is important because feed and food trade means that nutrient inputs to crop production in the Okanagan may make their way into organic residuals outside the Okanagan, and vice versa. If not accounted for, this may lead to a distorted picture when analyzing nutrient circularity. To this effect, we applied an analytical framework and calculation model that explicitly tracks nutrients from crop production to organic residual generation. The results of the study suggest that assessing nutrient circularity across nested scales was critical for two reasons. First, changes in overall nutrient flows in response to population increase and dietary change were found to be more pronounced outside the Okanagan. Second, our analysis clearly revealed the extent to which feed and food trade boost nutrient self-reliance in the Okanagan at the expense of nutrient self-reliance outside the Okanagan. This kind of analysis should therefore be useful to explore, ideally together with food system and organic residual management actors, how different food system and organic residual management scenarios perform in terms of nutrient circularity, in the geographical area being considered, but also how it impacts nutrient flows and circularity in the places with which feed and food are traded.
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Krause A, Häfner F, Augustin F, Udert KM. Qualitative Risk Analysis for Contents of Dry Toilets Used to Produce Novel Recycling Fertilizers. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 1:1107-1146. [PMID: 34888571 PMCID: PMC8280996 DOI: 10.1007/s43615-021-00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human excreta are a sustainable, economical source of nutrients, and can be used to produce recycling fertilizer for horticulture by collecting and processing the contents of dry toilets. Herein, we discuss the key categories of risk associated with the main groups of materials commonly found in dry toilets. The study was part of the development of a German product standard for marketable and quality-assured recycling fertilizers from human excreta for use in horticulture. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that the fertilizer is epidemiologically and environmentally harmless and that the quality of the recycling fertilizer is adequate in terms of low pollution and nutrient availability. In sum, the risk of transmissible human pathogens lies within the human excreta, particularly feces; plant materials added during composting are of particular phytosanitary relevance; pharmaceutical residues in excrements and chemical additives are potential sources of pollutants; non-biodegradable contaminants can cause pollution and injury; and the horticultural risks involve mainly the ammonia emission potential and in some cases the salinity effects of urine. These risks can be reduced significantly (i) with education of users around proper operation of dry toilets and the consequences of adding inappropriate waste, (ii) with facilitation of proper use with general waste bins and clear instructions, and importantly (iii) by using modern sanitization and cleaning processes and testing for harmful substances under the guidance of local laws and regulations, ensuring safe and high-quality fertilizers. In conclusion, the benefits of using dry toilet contents to produce fertilizers for use in horticulture are unquestionable. Our analysis highlights the need to support recycling optimization and awareness for the purpose of a sustainable circular economy and to minimize the risk of harm to humans and the environment overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Krause
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., program area ‘Next-Generation Horticultural Systems’ (HORTSYS), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Franziska Häfner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., program area ‘Next-Generation Horticultural Systems’ (HORTSYS), Großbeeren, Germany
| | | | - Kai M. Udert
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zürich, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Oishi W, Kadoya SS, Nishimura O, B Rose J, Sano D. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling for predictive environmental microbiology toward a safe use of human excreta: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 284:112088. [PMID: 33582482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen concentration in human excreta needs to be managed appropriately, but a predictive approach has yet to be implemented due to a lack of kinetics models for pathogen inactivation that are available under varied environmental conditions. Our goals were to develop inactivation kinetics models of microorganisms applicable under varied environmental conditions of excreta matrices and to identify the appropriate indicators that can be monitored during disinfection processes. We conducted a systematic review targeting previous studies that presented time-course decay of a microorganism and environmental conditions of matrices. Defined as a function of measurable factors including treatment time, pH, temperature, ammonia concentration and moisture content, the kinetic model parameters were statistically estimated using hierarchical Bayesian modeling. The inactivation kinetics models were constructed for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Enterococcus, Ascaris eggs, bacteriophage MS2, enterobacteria phage phiX174 and adenovirus. The inactivation rates of a microorganism were predicted using the established model. Ascaris eggs were identified as the most tolerant microorganisms, followed by bacteriophage MS2 and Enterococcus. Ammonia concentration, temperature and moisture content were the critical factors for the Ascaris inactivation. Our model predictions coincided with the current WHO guidelines. The developed inactivation kinetics models enable us to predict microbial concentration in excreta matrices under varied environmental conditions, which is essential for microbiological risk management in emerging resource recovery practices from human excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Oishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8597, Japan
| | - Syun-Suke Kadoya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8597, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8597, Japan
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8597, Japan; Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8597, Japan.
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11
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Trimmer JT, Miller DC, Byrne DM, Lohman HAC, Banadda N, Baylis K, Cook SM, Cusick RD, Jjuuko F, Margenot AJ, Zerai A, Guest JS. Re-Envisioning Sanitation As a Human-Derived Resource System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10446-10459. [PMID: 32867485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sanitation remains a global challenge, both in terms of access to toilet facilities and resource intensity (e.g., energy consumption) of waste treatment. Overcoming barriers to universal sanitation coverage and sustainable resource management requires approaches that manage bodily excreta within coupled human and natural systems. In recent years, numerous analytical methods have been developed to understand cross-disciplinary constraints, opportunities, and trade-offs around sanitation and resource recovery. However, without a shared language or conceptual framework, efforts from individual disciplines or geographic contexts may remain isolated, preventing the accumulation of generalized knowledge. Here, we develop a version of the social-ecological systems framework modified for the specific characteristics of bodily excreta. This framework offers a shared vision for sanitation as a human-derived resource system, where people are part of the resource cycle. Through sanitation technologies and management strategies, resources including water, organics, and nutrients accumulate, transform, and impact human experiences and natural environments. Within the framework, we establish a multitiered lexicon of variables, characterized by breadth and depth, to support harmonized understanding and development of models and analytical approaches. This framework's refinement and use will guide interdisciplinary study around sanitation to identify guiding principles for sanitation that advance sustainable development at the nature-society interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Trimmer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel C Miller
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Diana M Byrne
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hannah A C Lohman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Noble Banadda
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Katherine Baylis
- Department of Agricultural & Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sherri M Cook
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Roland D Cusick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Fulgensio Jjuuko
- Community Integrated Development Initiatives, P.O. Box 692, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew J Margenot
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 S. Dorner Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Assata Zerai
- Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jeremy S Guest
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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