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He J, Tang M, Zhong F, Deng J, Li W, Zhang L, Lin Q, Xia X, Li J, Guo T. Current trends and possibilities of typical microbial protein production approaches: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38566484 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2332927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Global population growth and demographic restructuring are driving the food and agriculture sectors to provide greater quantities and varieties of food, of which protein resources are particularly important. Traditional animal-source proteins are becoming increasingly difficult to meet the demand of the current consumer market, and the search for alternative protein sources is urgent. Microbial proteins are biomass obtained from nonpathogenic single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and microalgae. They contain large amounts of proteins and essential amino acids as well as a variety of other nutritive substances, which are considered to be promising sustainable alternatives to traditional proteins. In this review, typical approaches to microbial protein synthesis processes were highlighted and the characteristics and applications of different types of microbial proteins were described. Bacteria, fungi, and microalgae can be individually or co-cultured to obtain protein-rich biomass using starch-based raw materials, organic wastes, and one-carbon compounds as fermentation substrates. Microbial proteins have been gradually used in practical applications as foods, nutritional supplements, flavor modifiers, and animal feeds. However, further development and application of microbial proteins require more advanced biotechnological support, screening of good strains, and safety considerations. This review contributes to accelerating the practical application of microbial proteins as a promising alternative protein resource and provides a sustainable solution to the food crisis facing the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinTao He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - FeiFei Zhong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Changsha Institute for Food and Drug Control, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seasonings Green Manufacturing, Changsha, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - QinLu Lin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seasonings Green Manufacturing, Changsha, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Xia
- Huaihua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huaihua, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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2
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Rodero MDR, Magdalena JA, Steyer JP, Escudié R, Capson-Tojo G. Potential of enriched phototrophic purple bacteria for H 2 bioconversion into single cell protein. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168471. [PMID: 37951275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP) has emerged as an alternative protein source, potentially based on the recovery of carbon and nutrients from waste-derived resources as part of the circular economy. From those resources, gaseous substrates have the advantage of an easy sterilization, allowing the production of pathogen-free SCP. Sterile gaseous substrates allow producing pathogen-free SCP. This study evaluated the use of an enriched phototrophic purple bacteria (PPB) consortium for SCP production using H2 and CO2 as electron and C sources. The influence of pH (6.0-8.5), temperature (15-50 °C) and light intensity (0-50 W·m-2) on the growth kinetics and biomass yields was investigated using batch tests. Optimal conditions were found at pH 7, 25 °C and light intensities over 30 W·m-2. High biomass and protein yields were achieved (~ 1 g CODbiomass·g CODH2consumed-1 and 3.9-4.4 g protein·g H2-1) regardless of the environmental conditions, being amongst the highest values reported from gaseous streams. These high yields were obtained thanks to the use of light as a sole energy source by the PPB consortium, allowing a total utilization of H2 for growth. Hydrogen uptake rates varied considerably, with values up to 61 ± 5 mg COD·d-1 for the overall H2 consumption rates and 2.00 ± 0.14 g COD·g COD-1·d-1 for the maximum specific uptake rates under optimal growth conditions. The latter value was estimated using a mechanistic model able to represent PPB growth on H2. The biomass exhibited high protein contents (>50 % w/w) and adequate amino acid profiles, showing its suitability as SCP for feed. PPB were the dominant bacteria during the experiments (relative abundance over 80 % in most tests), with a stable population dominated by Rhodobacter sp. and Rhodopseudomonas sp. This study demonstrates the potential of enriched PPB cultures for H2 bioconversion into SCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rosario Rodero
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Magdalena
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France; Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Renaud Escudié
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
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3
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Vethathirri RS, Santillan E, Thi SS, Hoon HY, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based production of single cell protein from soybean-processing wastewater of variable chemical composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162241. [PMID: 36804981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of food-processing wastewaters to produce microbial biomass-derived single cell protein (SCP) is a sustainable way to meet the global food demand. Microbial community-based approaches to SCP production have the potential benefits of lower costs and greater resource recovery compared to pure cultures, yet they have received scarce attention. Here, SCP production from soybean-processing wastewaters using their existent microbial communities was evaluated. Six sequencing batch reactors of 4.5-L working volume were operated at 30 °C for 34 d in cycles consisting of 3-h anaerobic and 9-h aerobic phases. Four reactors received no microbial inoculum and the remaining two were amended with 1.5 L of a mixed culture from a prior SCP production cycle. Reactors produced more SCP when fed with wastewaters of higher soluble total Kjeldahl nitrogen (sTKN) content. The protein yield in biomass ranged from 0.53 to 3.13 g protein/g sTKN, with a maximum protein content of 50 %. The average removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) and soluble total nitrogen (sTN) was 92 % and 73 %, respectively. Distinct microbial genera were enriched in all six bioreactors, with Azospirillum, Rhodobacter, Lactococcus, and Novosphingobium dominating. The study showed that constituents in soybean wastewater can be converted to SCP and demonstrated the effect of variable influent wastewater composition on SCP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Sara Swa Thi
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Hoon
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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4
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Capson-Tojo G, Zuo Meng Gan A, Ledezma P, Batstone DJ, Hülsen T. Resource recovery using enriched purple phototrophic bacteria in an outdoor flat plate photobioreactor: Suspended vs. attached growth. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128709. [PMID: 36754239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) can produce single-cell protein from wastewater at high yields. Growing in a biofilm vs suspended can improve product quality and consistency. This study compares suspended and attached growths of enriched PPB cultures in an outdoor flat plate photobioreactor treating poultry-processing wastewater. Attached growth had lower VFA removal efficiencies (95 ± 2.7 vs 84 ± 6.4 %) due to light limitations and low substrate diffusion rates. Nevertheless, similar overall treatment performances and productivities were achieved (16 ± 2.2 and 18 ± 2.4 gCOD·m-2·d-1 for attached and suspended) at loading rates of 1.2-1.5 gCOD·L-1·d-1. Biofilms had higher quality than suspended biomass, with lower ash contents (6.9(0.6)% vs 57(16)%) and higher PPB abundances (0.45-0.67 vs 0.30-0.45). The biofilm (20-50 % of the total biomass) might be used as feed and the suspended fraction as fertiliser, improving the economics of the process. Semi-continuous PPB growth outdoors as biofilm is technically feasible, obtaining a superior product without jeopardising performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Capson-Tojo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France.
| | - Albie Zuo Meng Gan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pablo Ledezma
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Hülsen
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Fouling Doctors, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
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5
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Capson-Tojo G, Batstone DJ, Hülsen T. Expanding mechanistic models to represent purple phototrophic bacteria enriched cultures growing outdoors. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119401. [PMID: 36450178 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The economic feasibility of purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) for resource recovery relies on using enriched-mixed cultures and sunlight. This work presents an extended Photo-Anaerobic Model (ePAnM), considering: (i) the diverse metabolic capabilities of PPB, (ii) microbial clades interacting with PPB, and (iii) varying environmental conditions. Key kinetic and stoichiometric parameters were either determined experimentally (with dedicated tests), calculated, or gathered from literature. The model was calibrated and validated using different datasets from an outdoors demonstration-scale reactor, as well as results from aerobic and anaerobic batch tests. The ePAnM was able to predict the concentrations of key compounds/components (e.g., COD, volatile fatty acids, and nutrients), as well as microbial communities (with anaerobic systems dominated by fermenters and PPB). The results underlined the importance of considering other microbial clades and varying environmental conditions. The model predicted a minimum hydraulic retention time of 0.5 d-1. A maximum width of 10 cm in flat plate reactors should not be exceeded. Simulations showed the potential of a combined day-anaerobic/night-aerobic operational strategy to allow efficient continuous operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Capson-Tojo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia 15782, Spain; INRAE, University Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne 11100, France.
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Hülsen
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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6
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Nitrogen influence on suspended vs biofilm growth and resource recovery potential of purple non-sulfur bacteria treating fuel synthesis wastewater. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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7
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Biotechnological Production of Sustainable Microbial Proteins from Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010107. [PMID: 36613323 PMCID: PMC9818480 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial proteins, i.e., single-cell proteins or microbial biomass, can be cultivated for food and animal feed due to their high protein content and the fact that they represent a rich source of carbohydrates, minerals, fats, vitamins, and amino acids. Another advantage of single-cell proteins is their rapid production due to the growth rate of microorganisms and the possibility of using agro-industrial waste, residues and by-products for production through this renewable technology. Agro-industrial residues and by-products represent materials obtained from various processes in agriculture and agriculture-related industries; taking into account their composition and characteristics, as well as vast amounts, they have an enormous potential to generate sustainable bioproducts, such as microbial proteins. This review aims to summarize contemporary scientific research related to the production of microbial proteins on various agro-industrial residues and by-products, as well as to emphasize the current state of production of single-cell proteins and the importance of their production to ease the food crisis and support sustainable development.
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8
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Han F, Zhou W. Nitrogen recovery from wastewater by microbial assimilation - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127933. [PMID: 36100188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increased nitrogen (N) input with low utilization rate in artificial N management has led to massive reactive N (Nr) flows, putting the Earth in a high-risk state. It is essential to recover and recycle Nr during or after Nr removal from wastewater to reduce N input while simultaneously mitigate Nr pollution in addressing the N stress. However, mechanisms for efficient Nr recovery during or after Nr removal remain unclear. Here, the occurrence of N risk and progress in wastewater treatment in recent years as well as challenges of the current technologies for N recovery from wastewater were reviewed. Through analyzing N conversion fluxes in biogeochemical N-cycling networks, microbial N assimilation through photosynthetic and heterotrophic microorganisms was highlighted as promising alternative for synergistic N removal and recovery in wastewater treatment. In addition, the prospects and gaps of Nr recovery from wastewater through microbial assimilation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Weizhi Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250002, China.
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9
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Grassino M, Batstone DJ, Yong KW, Capson-Tojo G, Hülsen T. Method development for PPB culture screening, pigment analysis with UPLC-UV-HRMS vs. spectrophotometric methods, and spectral decomposition-based analysis. Talanta 2022; 246:123490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Hülsen T, Barnes AC, Batstone DJ, Capson-Tojo G. Creating value from purple phototrophic bacteria via single-cell protein production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 76:102726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Wang Q, Li H, Shen Q, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Yuan T, Shimizu K, Liu Y, Lee DJ. Biogranulation process facilitates cost-efficient resources recovery from microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems and the creation of a circular bioeconomy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154471. [PMID: 35288130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy self-sufficient wastewater treatment designs can reduce net energy consumption and achieve resources recovery. Microalgae are regarded as a promising candidate for developing a circular bioeconomy in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to its potential for simultaneous wastewater remediation and high value-added materials production. Much effort has been made to overcome the high production costs for microalgae; however, biomass harvesting still remains as the bottleneck for its large-scale application. In this study, the novel biogranulation system facilitating easier and faster microalgae harvesting was firstly compared with the conventional suspended culture for energy-efficiency and sustainability assessment on microalgae (Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. acicularis) cultivation using the synthetic anaerobic digestion liquor. Results demonstrated that the biogranulation system enhanced volumetric biomass productivity (223.17 ± 11.82 g/m3/day) by about 4.4 times compared to that from the suspended system (41.57 ± 2.08 g/m3/day) under the same environmental conditions. It was noticed that lipids, carbohydrates and proteins were accumulated in microalgae cells along with nutrients remediation, and the microalgae granules with much higher proteins content (313.28 ± 26.67 mg/g-VSS) could be easily harvested through 2 min gravity sedimentation with little impact on the contents of carbohydrates and lipids. In the whole cultivation and harvesting process, the biomass mass-based electricity consumption and footprint demand by the biogranulation system were reduced by 58% and 76%, respectively. Results from this study provide a cost-effective and sustainable approach for microalgae in the treatment of nutrients rich digestion liquor with simultaneous production of valuable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Qingyue Shen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jixiang Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Tian Yuan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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12
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Hülsen T, Züger C, Gan ZM, Batstone DJ, Solley D, Ochre P, Porter B, Capson-Tojo G. Outdoor demonstration-scale flat plate photobioreactor for resource recovery with purple phototrophic bacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118327. [PMID: 35339970 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To make purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB)-based technologies a reality for resource recovery, research must be demonstrated outdoors, using scaled reactors. In this study, a 10 m long PPB-enriched flat plate photobioreactor (FPPBR) with a volume of 0.95 m3 was operated for 253 days, fed with poultry processing wastewater. Different operational strategies were tested, including varying influent types, retention times, feeding strategies, and anaerobic/aerobic conditions in a novel mixed metabolic mode concept. The overall results show that regardless of the fermented wastewater fed (raw or after solid removal via dissolved air flotation) and the varying environmental conditions (e.g., light exposure and temperatures), the FPPBR provided effective volatile fatty acids (VFAs), N, and P removals (average efficiencies of >90%, 34-77%, and 28-45%, respectively). The removal of N and P was limited by the availability of biodegradable COD. Biomass (C, N and P) could be harvested at ∼90% VS/TS ratio, 58% crude protein content and a suitable amino acid profile for potential feed applications. During fully anaerobic operation with semicontinuous/day-only feeding, the FPPBR showed biomass productivities between 25 and 84 g VS m-2 d-1 (high due to solid influx; the productivities estimated from COD removal rates were 6.0-24 g VS•m-2•d-1 (conservative values)), and soluble COD removal rates of up to 1.0 g•L-1•d-1 (overall average of 0.34 ± 0.16 g•L-1•d-1). Under these conditions, the relative abundance of PPB in the harvested biomass was up to 56%. A minimum overall HRT of 2-2.4 d (1.0-1.2 d when only fed during the day) is recommended to avoid PPB washout, assuming no biomass retention. A combined daily-illuminated-anaerobic/night-aerobic operation (supplying air during night-time) exploiting photoheterotrophy during the day and aerobic chemoheterotrophy of the same bacteria at night improved the overall removal performance, avoiding VFA accumulation during the night. However, while enabling enhanced treatment, this resulted in a lower relative abundance of PPB and reduced biomass productivities, highlighting the need to balance resource recovery and treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hülsen
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christian Züger
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Zuo Meng Gan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - Brett Porter
- Inghams Enterprises, Murarrie, QLD 4172, Australia
| | - Gabriel Capson-Tojo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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13
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Beaver K, Gaffney EM, Minteer SD. Understanding metabolic bioelectrocatalysis of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus through substrate modulation. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Hülsen T, Stegman S, Batstone DJ, Capson-Tojo G. Naturally illuminated photobioreactors for resource recovery from piggery and chicken-processing wastewaters utilising purple phototrophic bacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118194. [PMID: 35196622 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Resource recovery from wastewater, preferably as high value products, has become an integral part of modern wastewater treatment. This work presents the potential to produce single cell protein (SCP) from pre-settled piggery wastewater (PWW) and meat chicken processing wastewater (CWW), utilising anaerobic purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB). PPB were grown as biofilm in outdoors 60 L, 80 L and 100 L flat-plate reactors, operated in sequential batch mode. PPB biofilm was recovered from reactor walls at a total solid (TS) content ∼90 g•L - 1, and the harvested biomass (depending on the wastewater) had a consistent quality, with high protein contents (50-65%) and low ash, potentially applicable as SCP. The COD, N and P removal efficiencies were 71±5.3%, 22±6.6%, 65±5.6% for PWW and 78±1.8%, 67±2.7% and 37±4.0% for CWW, respectively, with biofilm areal productivities up to 14 g TS•m - 2•d - 1. This was achieved at ammonium-N concentrations over 1.0 g•L - 1 and temperatures up to 55 °C and down to 6 °C (daily fluctuations of 20-30 °C). The removal performances and biomass productivities were mostly dependent on the bioavailable COD in the form of volatile fatty acids (VFA). At sufficient VFA availability, the irradiance became limiting, capping biofilm formation. Harvesting of the suspended fraction resulted in increased productivities and recovery efficiencies, but lowered the product quality (e.g., containing undesired inerts). The optimum between quantity and quality of product is dependent on the wastewater characteristics (i.e., organic degradable fraction) and potential pre-treatment. This study shows the potential to utilise sunlight to treat agri-industrial wastewaters while generating protein-rich PPB biomass to be used as a feed, feed additive or feed supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hülsen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Samuel Stegman
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gabriel Capson-Tojo
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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15
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Vethathirri RS, Santillan E, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based protein production from wastewater for animal feed applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125723. [PMID: 34411939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP) derived from microbial biomass represents a promising source of protein for animal feed additives. While microbial community-based approaches to SCP production using nutrient-rich wastewaters incur lower costs than traditional single organism-based approaches, they have received little attention. This review focuses on SCP production using wastewaters with an emphasis on food-processing wastewaters. An elemental carbon-to-nitrogen ratio ranging from 10 to 20 is recommended to promote a high microbial biomass protein yield. Proteobacteria was identified as the most prevalent phylum within SCP-producing microbial communities. More research is needed to determine the composition of the microbial community best suited for SCP production, as well as its relationship with the microbial community in influent food-processing wastewaters. Remaining challenges are target protein and essential amino acids content, protein quantification and biomass yield assessment. The review presents bioreactor design considerations towards defining suitable operating conditions for SCP production through microbial community-based fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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16
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Montiel-Corona V, Buitrón G. Polyhydroxyalkanoates from organic waste streams using purple non-sulfur bacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124610. [PMID: 33429315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms can produce intracellular and extracellular biopolymers, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Despite PHA's benefits, their widespread at the industrial level has not occurred due mainly to high production costs. PHA production under a biorefinery scheme is proposed to improve its economic viability. In this context, purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are ideal candidates to produce PHA and other substances of economic interest. This review describes the PHA production by PNSB under different metabolic pathways, by using a wide range of wastes and under diverse operational conditions such as aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, irradiance level, light or dark conditions. Some strategies, such as controlling the feed regime, biofilm reactors, and open photobioreactors in outdoor conditions, were identified from the literature review as the approach needed to improve the process's economic viability when using mixed cultures of PNSB and wastes as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Montiel-Corona
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., División de Ciencias Ambientales, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, C.P. 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Germán Buitrón
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
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17
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Stegman S, Batstone DJ, Rozendal R, Jensen PD, Hülsen T. Purple phototrophic bacteria granules under high and low upflow velocities. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116760. [PMID: 33360616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of granular biomass has enabled energy efficient, high-rate wastewater treatment systems. While initially designed for high-strength wastewater treatment, granular systems can also play a major role in resource recovery. This study focused on the formation of purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) granular biomass during synthetic wastewater treatment. Liquid upflow velocity was applied as the driving force for granulation. Separate reactors were operated at either low (2-5m h-1) or high (6-9m h-1) upflow velocities, with sludge retention times (SRTs) ranging from 5-15d. Reactors produced anaerobic, photo-granules within ~50d. The sludge volume index (SVI30) of the granules was 10mL g-1 and average settling rates were greater than 30m h-1, both metrics being similar to existing granular technologies. Granule sizes of 2-3mm were recorded, however the particle size distribution was bimodal with a large floc fraction (70-80% volume fraction). The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and alginate-like extract (ALE) contents were similar to those in aerobic granular biomass. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) imaging identified PPB bacteria dispersed throughout the granules with very few methanogens and an active core. Outer layer morphology was substantially different in the two reactors. The high-upflow reactor had an outer layer of Chromatiales and an inner layer of Rhodobacteriales, while the low-upflow reactor had lower abundances of both, and limited layering. According to 16s gene sequencing, PPB were a similar fraction of the microbial community in both reactors (40-70%), but the high upflow granules were dominated by Chromatiales (supporting FISH results), while the low upflow velocity reactor had a more diverse PPB community. Methanogens were seen only in the low upflow granules and only in small amounts (≤8%). Granule crude protein content was ~0.60gCP gVS-1 (~0.45gCP gTS-1), similar to that from other PPB production technologies. The growth of a rapid settling and discrete PPB granular biomass on synthetic wastewater suggests methods for resource recovery using PPB can be diversified to also include granular biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stegman
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - René Rozendal
- Paques BV, Tjalke de Boerstritte 24, 8561 EL, Balk, Netherlands
| | - Paul D Jensen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Hülsen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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