1
|
Luo L, Liu T, He J, Ma J, Yu HQ. Ion-Selective Metathesis Design of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization for Energy-Saving and Anti-Scaling Softening of Brackish Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13120-13130. [PMID: 38985512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
While flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is recognized as an attractive desalination technology, its practical implementation has been hindered by the ease of scaling and energy-intensive nature of the single-cell FCDI system, particularly when treating brackish water with elevated levels of naturally coexisting SO42- and Ca2+. To overcome these obstacles, we propose and design an innovative ion-selective metathesis FCDI (ISM-FCDI) system, consisting of a two-stage tailored cell design. Results indicate that the specific energy consumption per unit volume of water for the ISM-FCDI is lower (by up to ∼50%) than that of a conventional single-stage FCDI due to the parallel circuit structure of the ISM-FCDI. Additionally, the ISM-FCDI benefits from a conspicuous disparity in the selective removal of ions at each stage. The separate storage of Ca2+ and SO42- by the metathesis process in the ISM-FCDI (46.25% Ca2+, 14.25% SO42- in electrode 1 and 4.75% Ca2+, 35.25% SO42- in electrode 2) can effectively prevent scaling. Furthermore, configuration-performance analysis on the ion-selective migration suggests that the properties of the ion exchange membrane, rather than the carbon species, govern the selectivity of ion removal. This work introduces system-level enhancements aimed at enhancing energy conservation and scaling prevention, providing critical optimization of the FCDI for brackish water softening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jiazhou He
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lim J, Lee S, Lee H, Hong S. Energetic Comparison of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Technology: Assessment on Applicability in Desalination Fields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6181-6191. [PMID: 38536729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising technology for sustainable water treatment. However, studies on the process have thus far been limited to lab-scale conditions and select fields of application. Such limitation is induced by several shortcomings, one of which is the absence of a comprehensive process model that accurately predicts the operational performance and the energy consumption of FCDI. In this study, a simulation model is newly proposed with initial validation based on experimental data and is then utilized to elucidate the performance and the specific energy consumption (SEC) of FCDI under multiple source water conditions ranging from near-groundwater to high salinity brine. Further, simulated pilot-scale FCDI system was compared with actual brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) and seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant data with regard to SEC to determine the feasibility of FCDI as an alternative to the conventional membrane processes. Analysis showed that FCDI is competent for operation against brackish water solutions under all possible operational conditions with respect to the BWRO. Moreover, its distinction can be extended to the SWRO for seawater conditions through optimization of its total effective membrane area via scale-up. Accordingly, future directions for the advancement of FCDI was suggested to ultimately prompt the commercialization of the FCDI process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Lim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonkyu Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheal Lee
- Energy Environmental Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University-KIST, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwan Hong
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi C, Wang H, Li A, Zhu G, Zhao X, Wu F. Process model for flow-electrode capacitive deionization for energy consumption estimation and system optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119517. [PMID: 36608524 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a new technology for ion removal that delivers sustainable deionization performance. However, FCDI consumes relatively high amounts of energy compared with other conventional desalination technologies, which hinders the industrial application of FCDI. In this study, the energy consumption of each FCDI component was simulated using a steady-state FCDI model to investigate and optimize the main components of energy consumption. Overall, the established process model can be used for theoretical investigation and enhancing our fundamental understanding of the energy consumption of each FCDI component, and provides the design and optimization of FCDI systems. The results showed that the energy consumption of the flow electrodes dominated under most conditions. Changing the operating parameters could obviously affect energy consumption and the energy consumption structure. However, increasing the flow rate and activated carbon (AC) content of the flow-electrode could decrease the energy consumption of the electrode, and the energy consumed by the ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and desalination chamber was the greatest. These two parts of energy consumption could not be significantly reduced by changing operational parameters. Thus, to further reduce the energy consumption, optimization of the FCDI equipment was carried out by adding titanium mesh to the flow electrodes and the desalination chamber of the FCDI cell. The results showed that the energy consumption of optimized FCDI decreased by 51.9% compared with the original FCDI. The long-term experiment using optimized FCDI showed good stability and repeatability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chufeng Shi
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo L, He Q, Yi D, Zu D, Ma J, Chen Y. Indirect charging of carbon by aqueous redox mediators contributes to the enhanced desalination performance in flow-electrode CDI. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118688. [PMID: 35661514 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible electrochemical separation based on flow electrodes (e.g., flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI)) is promising to desalinate brackish water, a reliable alternative source of freshwater. The deployment of redox mediators (RMs) in FCDI offers an energy-efficient means to improve the process performance, but the nature of the RMs-mediated charge transfer remains poorly understand. We therefore systematically investigated commonly-used RMs including sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS), 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), hydroquinone (HQ) and ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-). Results showed that the desalination rate could be increased by over 260% with the addition of 10 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-. The lowest efficiency of AQS among the RMs should be ascribed to its reduction potential of -0.84 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) exceeding the potential (-0.48 V) of the negatively charged current collector at 1.2 V. While aqueous TEMPO and HQ could facilitate salt removal, their loss of efficiencies upon sorption onto the carbon surface indicated the insignificant pseudocapacitive contribution to ion migration. In-situ cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrated the crucial role of the indirect charging of the flowable carbon materials to enhance the desalination performance in RMs-mediated FCDI. To sum up, results of this work pave a way to understand the RMs-mediated charge transfer and ion migration in FCDI, which would serve the purpose of design and optimization of the flow electrode systems for wider environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Duo Yi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Daoyuan Zu
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu L, Peng S, Mao Y, Zong Y, Zhang X, Wu D. Enhancing Brackish Water Desalination using Magnetic Flow-electrode Capacitive Deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118290. [PMID: 35306460 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is viewed as a potential alternative to the current state-of-the-art electrodriven technology for the desalination of brackish water. However, the key shortcoming of the FCDI is still the discontinuous nature of the electrode conductive network, resulting in low electron transport efficiency and ion adsorption capacity. Here, a novel magnetic field-assisted FCDI system (termed magnetic FCDI) is proposed to enhance brackish water desalination, simply by using magnetic activated carbon (MAC) as flow electrodes. The results show that the assistance from the magnetic field enables a 78.9% - 205% enhancement in the average salt removal rate (ASRR) compared with that in the absence of a magnetic field, which benefits from the artificial manipulation of the flow electrode transport behavior. In long-term tests, the stable desalination performance of magnetic FCDI was also demonstrated with a stable ASRR of 0.70 μmol cm-2 min-1 and energy-normalized removed salt (ENRS) of 8.77 μmol J-1. In addition, magnetic field also enables the regeneration of the electrode particles from the concentrated electrolyte. In summary, the findings indicate that the magnetic FCDI is an energy-efficient and operation convenient technology for brackish water desalination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang H, Zhang J, Luo K, Xing W, Du J, Dong Y, Li X, Tang W. Effective fluoride removal from brackish groundwaters by flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) under a continuous-flow mode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150166. [PMID: 34517327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrated the suitability and effectiveness of utilizing flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) for treatment of fluoride-contaminated brackish groundwater. By comparing operational modes of short-circuited closed-cycle (SCC), isolated closed-cycle (ICC) and single cycle (SC), it was found that SCC mode was the most advantageous. In SCC configuration, the effects of different parameters on the removal of F- and Cl- were investigated including current density, hydraulic residence time (HRT), activated carbon (AC) loading and feed concentration of coexisting NaCl. Results indicated that the steady-state effluent Cl- concentration dropped with elevated applied current, and the decreasing rate got faster with the increase of HRT or AC loading. However, for the steady-state effluent F- concentration, it dropped to a value under a small applied current and maintained stable in spite of the increase in applied current, and both HRT and AC loading had insignificant effects on the steady-state effluent F- concentration. F- was preferentially removed from the treated water compared with Cl-, and a higher ion selectivity could be obtained at lower applied current and smaller HRT with the trade-off being that operation under these circumstances would generate outlet water with little change in conductivity compared to the influent. The removal efficiencies of F- and Cl- both decreased with increasing feed concentration of coexisting NaCl. This study should be of value in establishing FCDI as a viable technology for treatment of fluoride-contaminated brackish groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kunyue Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wenle Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiaxin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yi Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Wang K, Xu X, Eid K, Abdullah AM, Pan L, Yamauchi Y. Recent Advances in Faradic Electrochemical Deionization: System Architectures versus Electrode Materials. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13924-13942. [PMID: 34498859 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an energy-efficient desalination technique. However, the maximum desalination capacity of conventional carbon-based CDI systems is approximately 20 mg g-1, which is too low for practical applications. Therefore, the focus of research on CDI has shifted to the development of faradic electrochemical deionization systems using electrodes based on faradic materials which have a significantly higher ion-storage capacity than carbon-based electrodes. In addition to the common symmetrical CDI system, there has also been extensive research on innovative systems to maximize the performance of faradic electrode materials. Research has focused primarily on faradic reactions and faradic electrode materials. However, the correlation between faradic electrode materials and the various electrochemical deionization system architectures, i.e., hybrid capacitive deionization, rocking-chair capacitive deionization, and dual-ion intercalation electrochemical desalination, remains relatively unexplored. This has inhibited the design of specific faradic electrode materials based on the characteristics of individual faradic electrochemical desalination systems. In this review, we have characterized faradic electrode materials based on both their material category and the electrochemical desalination system in which they were utilized. We expect that the detailed analysis of the properties, advantages, and challenges of the individual systems will establish a fundamental correlation between CDI systems and electrode materials that will facilitate future developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xingtao Xu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo L, He Q, Ma Z, Yi D, Chen Y, Ma J. In situ potential measurement in a flow-electrode CDI for energy consumption estimation and system optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117522. [PMID: 34384947 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising electrochemical technique for brackish water desalination; however, there are challenges in estimating the distribution of resistance and energy consumption inside a FCDI system, which hinders the optimization of the rate-limiting compartment. In this study, energy consumption of each FCDI component (e.g., flow electrodes, membranes and desalination chamber) was firstly described by using in situ potential measurement (ISPM). Results of this study showed that the energy consumption (EC) of the flow electrodes dominated under most conditions. While an increase in the carbon black content in the flow electrodes could improve the energy efficiency of the electrode component, consideration should be given to the contribution of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) and the desalination chamber to the EC. Based on the above analysis, system optimization was carried out by introducing IEMs with relatively low resistance and/or packing the desalination chamber with titanium meshes. Results showed that the voltage-driven desalination capability was increased by 39.3% with the EC reduced by 17.5% compared to the control, which overcame the tradeoff between the kinetic and energetic efficiencies. Overall, the present work facilitates our understanding of the potential drops across an FCDI system and provides insight to the optimization of system design and operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Zixin Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Duo Yi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China..
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He C, Lian B, Ma J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Mo H, Waite TD. Scale-up and Modelling of Flow-electrode CDI Using Tubular Electrodes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117498. [PMID: 34371229 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel design for a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system consisting of tubular electrodes in a shell and tube heat exchanger configuration is proposed. Each electrode consists of a metallic mesh current collector along the inner circumference of a tubular ion-exchange membrane. This tubular FCDI design is suitable for scale-up as it consists of easily manufactured components which can be assembled in an array. An apparatus with 4 tubular electrodes with a large effective area (202.3 cm2) was constructed and shown to provide a high net salt (NaCl) removal rate (0.15 mg s-1 at 1.2 V applied voltage and ∼2000 mg L-1 influent total dissolved solids concentration). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model incorporating ion migration and transport mechanisms was developed to simulate the ion concentration and electrical potential profiles in the water channel. The results of CFD modelling highlighted the need to maximize regions of both high potential gradient and high hydraulic flow in order to achieve optimal salt removal. In brief, this study presents a new design approach for FCDI scale-up and provides a computational tool for optimization of this design and future innovative FCDI designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin He
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Boyue Lian
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang F, He Y, Rosentsvit L, Suss ME, Zhang X, Gao T, Liang P. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization: A review and new perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117222. [PMID: 34029869 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), as a novel electro-driven desalination technology, has attracted growing exploration towards brackish water treatment, hypersaline water treatment, and selective resource recovery in recent years. As a flow-electrode-based electrochemical technology, FCDI has similarities with several other electrochemical technologies such as electrochemical flow capacitors and semi-solid fuel cells, whose performance are closely coupled with the characteristics of the flow-electrodes. In this review, we sort out the potentially parallel mechanisms of electrosorption and electrodialysis in the FCDI desalination process, and make clear the importance of the flowable capacitive electrodes. We then adopt an equivalent circuit model to distinguish the resistances to ion transport and electron transport within the electrodes, and clarify the importance of electronic conductivity on the system performance based on a series of electrochemical tests. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of electrode selection and flow circulation patterns on system performance (energy consumption, salt removal rate), review the current treatment targets and system performance, and then provide an outlook on the research directions in the field to support further applications of FCDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yunfei He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Leon Rosentsvit
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
| | - Xiaori Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Tie Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi L, Newcomer E, Son M, Pothanamkandathil V, Gorski CA, Galal A, Logan BE. Metal-Ion Depletion Impacts the Stability and Performance of Battery Electrode Deionization over Multiple Cycles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5412-5421. [PMID: 33784453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prussian blue hexacyanoferrate (HCF) materials, such as copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) and nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF), can produce higher salt removal capacities than purely capacitive materials when used as electrode materials during electrochemical water deionization due to cation intercalation into the HCF structure. One factor limiting the application of HCF materials is their decay in deionization performance over multiple cycles. By examining the performance of CuHCF and NiHCF electrodes at three different pH values (2.5, 6.3, and 10.2) in multiple-cycle deionization tests, losses in capacity (up to 73% for CuHCF and 39% for NiHCF) were shown to be tied to different redox-active centers through analysis of dissolution of electrode metals. Both copper and iron functioned as active centers for Na+ removal in CuHCF, while iron was mainly the active center in NiHCF. This interaction of Na+ and active centers was demonstrated by correlating the decrease in performance to the concentration of these metal ions in the effluent solutions collected over multiple cycles at different pHs (up to 0.86 ± 0.14 mg/L for iron and 0.42 ± 0.17 mg/L for copper in CuHCF and 0.38 ± 0.05 mg/L for iron in NiHCF). Both materials were more stable (<11% decay for CuHCF and no decay for NiHCF) when the appropriate metal salt (copper or nickel) was added to the feed solutions to inhibit electrode dissolution. At a pH of 2.5, there was an increased competition between protons and Na+ ions, which decreased the Na+ removal amount and lowered the thermodynamic energy efficiency for deionization for both electrode materials. Therefore, while an acidic pH provided the most stable performance, a circumneutral pH would be useful to produce a better balance between performance and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Evan Newcomer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Moon Son
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vineeth Pothanamkandathil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher A Gorski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ahmed Galal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Bruce E Logan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|