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Prikler B, Bordós G, Kriszt B, Micsinai A, Szabó I, Nyírő-Fekete B, Palotai Z, Kaszab E, Szoboszlay S, Csenki Z. Detection of microplastics in zebrafish housing systems: Can microplastic background contamination affect the final results of microplastic-related toxicological tests? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 273:107020. [PMID: 39002427 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of microplastics (MPs) were determined in three commonly used zebrafish housing systems to see if their levels could affect the final results of laboratory microplastic-related toxicology tests. MPs have received notable attention in the last few years, and their toxicology tests have also come to the fore. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), kept in fish housing systems, are widely used as models for MPs studies. Most of these systems contain a significant number of parts made of different polymers. As usage and amortization can erode these parts, MPs might appear in the keeping water or the fish body, which may represent a background load and possibly influence the results of microplastic-related toxicological tests. To take representative water samples from systems, two in-situ filtration techniques, a newly developed peristaltic pump-, and a jet pump-driven method were applied. The collected MP particles were analyzed with a Fourier-transform infrared microscope (detection limit 50 μm), and their possible origin was also investigated. The newly developed technique was more sufficient for sampling as it had a higher MPs recovery, especially in the smaller size range. Polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene were the most frequently detected polymers in the examined fish housing systems, the highest detected concentration was 0.31±0.12 particles/liter (0.22±0.16 μg/liter). These values are negligible compared to the literature data reporting enormously high applied MPs concentrations (104 - 2.21 × 108 particles/liter) during toxicology tests. The results also show that some detected MPs did not originate from the systems, their origin was presumed to be external.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Prikler
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Budapest 1045, Hungary; Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bordós
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Budapest 1045, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Micsinai
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Budapest 1045, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Palotai
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Budapest 1045, Hungary
| | - Edit Kaszab
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Szoboszlay
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
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Dai Y, Li L, Guo Z, Yang X, Dong D. Emerging isolation and degradation technology of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117864. [PMID: 38072105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs, less than 5 mm in size) are widely distributed in surroundings in various forms and ways, and threaten ecosystems security and human health. Its environmental behavior as pollutants carrier and the after-effects exposed to MPs has been extensively exploited; whereas, current knowledge on technologies for the separation and degradation of MPs is relatively limited. It is essential to isolate MPs from surroundings and/or degrade to safe levels. This in-depth review details the origin and distribution of MPs. Provides a comprehensive summary of currently available MPs separation and degradation technologies, and discusses the mechanisms, challenges, and application prospects of these technologies. Comparison of the contribution of various separation methods to the separation of NPs and MPs. Furthermore, the latest research trends and direction in bio-degradation technology are outlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodan Dai
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lele Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dazhuang Dong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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Liu Y, Prikler B, Bordós G, Lorenz C, Vollertsen J. Does microplastic analysis method affect our understanding of microplastics in the environment? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166513. [PMID: 37619728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Two analytical methods - both in active use at different laboratories - were tested and compared against each other to investigate how the procedure influences microplastic (MP) detection with micro Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (μFTIR) imaging. A representative composite water sample collected from the Danube River was divided into 12 subsamples, and processed following two different methods, which differed in MP isolation procedures, the optical substrate utilized for the chemical imaging, and the detection limit of the spectroscopic instruments. The first instrument had a nominal pixel resolution of 5.5 μm, while the second had a nominal resolution of 25 μm. These two methods led to different MP abundance, MP mass estimates, but not MP characteristics. Only looking at MPs > 50 μm, the first method showed a higher MP abundance, namely 418-2571 MP m-3 with MP mass estimates of 703-1900 μg m-3, while the second method yielded 16.7-72.1 MP m-3 with mass estimates of 222-439 μg m-3. Looking deeper into the steps of the methods showed that the MP isolation procedure contributed slightly to the difference in the result. However, the variability between individual samples was larger than the difference caused by the methods. Somewhat sample-dependent, the use of two different substrates (zinc selenide windows versus Anodisc filters) caused a substantial difference between results. This was due to a higher tendency for particles to agglomerate on the Anodisc filters, and an 'IR-halo' around particles on ZnSe windows when scanning with μFTIR. Finally, the μFTIR settings and nominal resolution caused significant differences in identifying MP size and mass estimate, which showed that the smaller the pixel size, the more accurately the particle boundary can be defined. These findings contributed to explaining disagreements between studies and addressed the importance of harmonization of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Liu
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Bence Prikler
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary; Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bordós
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary
| | - Claudia Lorenz
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jes Vollertsen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Diez-Pérez DB, Arenas I, Maidana E, López-Rosales A, Andrade JM, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Microplastics in surface water of the Bay of Asunción, Paraguay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115075. [PMID: 37269701 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study identified and quantified microplastics in the Bay of Asunción, Paraguay, and its main tributaries. Surface water samples were sieved in duplicate at six locations using stainless-steel sieves (0.3-4.75 mm range), digested employing the Fenton's reaction (Fe-catalysed H2O2 digestion), and floated using NaCl and NaI. Particles were inspected using a microscope and characterized by IR spectrometry. Microplastics were found in all samples; more abundant (p < 0.05) in water from the bay (13.2 ± 13.4 items·m-3) than from the tributaries (1.0 ± 0.5 items·m-3). Most microplastics were common polymers and their abundance was in the order polypropylene > high-density polyethylene > low-density polyethylene, transparent and white. The results were similar to other regional studies and suggested that their main source was single-use packaging, disposed inadequately due to poor garbage collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Beatriz Diez-Pérez
- National University of Asunción, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, San Lorenzo, Paraguay; University of A Coruña, Group of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Science (IUMA), Campus da Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Inés Arenas
- National University of Asunción, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Erenia Maidana
- National University of Asunción, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Adrián López-Rosales
- University of A Coruña, Group of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Science (IUMA), Campus da Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jose M Andrade
- University of A Coruña, Group of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Science (IUMA), Campus da Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña, Group of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Science (IUMA), Campus da Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Kook H, Cha M, Park C. Transport of emerging organic ultraviolet (UV) filters in ceramic membranes: Role of polyethylene (PE) microplastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136570. [PMID: 36155025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics can be considered potential carriers of emerging organic ultraviolet (UV) filters due to their considerable adsorption capacity in wastewater treatment. The adsorption behavior of organic UV filters, which are commonly contained in personal care products to preserve the skin against UV radiation, onto polyethylene (PE) microplastics were systematically studied to investigate their combined effects. Kinetics and isotherm analyses revealed that the adsorption of four organic UV filters onto PE microplastic surfaces followed a multi-rate and a heterogeneous multi-layer pattern. Several factors including salinity, microplastic size, and dosage also influenced the adsorption efficiency due to hydrophobic interactions. A bench-scale cross-flow ceramic membrane filtration experiment was investigated to evaluate the role of PE microplastics on the retention performance of organic UV filters. The retentions for organic UV filters were 34.2%-37.8% in the non-existence of PE microplastics. Conversely, organic UV filter retentions were significantly increased up to 82.2%-97.9% when they were adsorbed onto the PE microplastics, which were almost completely retained by the ceramic membrane. Therefore, organic UV filters can likely migrate and eventually be carried by PE microplastics, thus increasing the retention of both emerging organic UV filters and microplastics prior to discharge from wastewater treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kook
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Minju Cha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Park
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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Hildebrandt L, El Gareb F, Zimmermann T, Klein O, Kerstan A, Emeis KC, Pröfrock D. Spatial distribution of microplastics in the tropical Indian Ocean based on laser direct infrared imaging and microwave-assisted matrix digestion. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119547. [PMID: 35640727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Suspended particulate matter was collected from subsurface (6 m) water along an E-W transect through the tropical Indian Ocean using a specialized inert (plastic free) fractionated filtration system. The samples were subjected to a new microwave-assisted "one-pot" matrix removal (efficiency: 94.3% ± 0.3% (1 SD, n = 3)) and microplastic extraction protocol (recovery: 95% ± 4%). The protocol enables a contamination-minimized digestion and requires only four filtration steps. In comparison, classical sample processing approaches involve up to eight filtration steps until the final analysis. Microplastics were identified and physically characterized by means of a novel quantum cascade laser-based imaging routine. LDIR imaging facilitates the analysis of up to 1000 particles/fibers (<300 μm) within approximately 1-2 h. In comparison to FTIR and Raman imaging, it can help to circumvent uncertainties, e. g. from subsampling strategies due to long analysis and post-processing times of large datasets. Over 97% of all particles were correctly identified by the automated routine - without spectral reassignments. Moreover, 100% agreement was obtained between ATR-FTIR and LDIR-based analysis regarding particles and fibers >300 μm. The mean microplastic concentration of the analyzed samples was 50 ± 30 particles/fibers m-3 (1 SD, n = 21). Number concentrations ranged from 8 to 132 particles/fibers m-3 (20-300 μm). The most abundant polymer clusters were acrylates/polyurethane/varnish (49%), polyethylene terephthalate (26%), polypropylene (8%), polyethylene (4%) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (4%). 96% of the microplastic particles had a diameter <100 μm. Though inter-study comparison is difficult, the investigated area exhibits a high contamination with particulate plastics compared to other open ocean regions. A distinct spatial trend was observed with an increasing share of the size class 20-50 μm from east to west.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hildebrandt
- Department for Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Fadi El Gareb
- Department for Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Department of Geoscience, Institute of Geology, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tristan Zimmermann
- Department for Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ole Klein
- Department for Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kerstan
- Agilent Technologies Sales & Services GmbH & Co. KG, Hewlett-Packard-Straße 8, 76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Kay-Christian Emeis
- Department for Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Department of Geoscience, Institute of Geology, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Department for Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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Wu X, Zhao X, Chen R, Liu P, Liang W, Wang J, Teng M, Wang X, Gao S. Wastewater treatment plants act as essential sources of microplastic formation in aquatic environments: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118825. [PMID: 35949074 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to extensive in situ investigations, the microplastics (MPs) determined in current wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mostly aged, with roughened surfaces and varied types of oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., carbonyl and hydroxyl). However, the formation mechanism of aged MPs in WWTPs is still unclear. This paper systematically reviewed MP fragmentation and generation mechanisms in WWTPs at different treatment stages. The results highlight that MPs are prone to undergo physical abrasion, biofouling, and chemical oxidation-associated weathering in WWTPs at different treatment stages and can be further decomposed into smaller secondary MPs, including in nanoplastics (less than 1000 nm or 100 nm in size), suggesting that WWTPs can act as a formation source for MPs in aquatic environments. Sand associated mechanical crashes in the primary stage, microbes in active sewage sludge-related biodegradation in the secondary stage, and oxidant-relevant chemical oxidation processes (light photons, Cl2, and O3) in the tertiary stage are the dominant causes of MP formation in WWTPs. For MP formation mechanisms in WWTPs, external environmental forces (shear and stress forces, UV radiation, and biodegradation) can first induce plastic chain scission, destroy the plastic molecular arrangement, and create abundant pores and cracks on the MP surface. Then, the physicochemical properties (modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and elongation at break) of MPs shift consequently and finally breakdown into smaller secondary MPs or nanoscale plastics. Overall, this review provides new insights to better understand the formation mechanism, occurrence, fate, and adverse effects of aged microplastics/nanoplastics in current WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rouzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weigang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Mári Á, Bordós G, Gergely S, Büki M, Háhn J, Palotai Z, Besenyő G, Szabó É, Salgó A, Kriszt B, Szoboszlay S. Validation of microplastic sample preparation method for freshwater samples. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117409. [PMID: 34271455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global presence of microplastics in the environment is well documented nowadays. Studies already showed the potential risks that microplastic particles might cause to the ecosystem, while potential human health effects are currently under investigation. As one of the main inputs of these crucial researches, the concentration of microplastics in the environment should be measured precisely, confidently and monitored regularly to determine exposure levels of these pollutants. Some study highlights, that the results are usually inconsistent and uncertain, due to different sampling and sample preparation methods and the lack of quality assurance and quality control of these processes. The need for a standardized methodology is an emerging issue, as this would provide the right tools to establish a global monitoring system of microplastics. Validated sample preparation methods of water (especially freshwater) samples for microplastic analysis are rarely described. To fulfil the gap, this study aims to create and validate a special toolset and the related standard operating procedure for enhanced sample preparation. A newly developed equipment, the Small Volume Glass Separator was designed to easily isolate microplastics from freshwater samples and concentrate the treated sample in a small volume, thus reducing the brine solution use and the sample transfer steps. These features enable better prevention of contamination and making sample preparation easy, fast and cost-effective. The Small Volume Glass Separator and the related standard operation procedure was validated on model freshwater and wastewater samples with the use of fluorescently tagged microplastics and environmentally relevant microplastics (fragments, fibres). Recoveries were measured with optical microscopy under UV light and with near-infrared spectroscopy/microscopy. Recovery tests with fluorescently tagged microspheres showed that average recovery with the Small Volume Glass Separator is 12-39% higher than that of a widespread sample preparation method. This procedure was also able to recover on average 64%±29% of all the environmentally relevant particles during the validation process. Results show that size and density have a great influence on potential particle loss. Recovery of smaller particles are less with both methods than that of the larger particles, but Small Volume Glass Separator yielded significantly higher recovery for more dense particles. The results of this study help to better understand particle loss during sample preparation and thus contribute to the establishment of standardised microplastic analysis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Mári
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bordós
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary; Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
| | - Szilveszter Gergely
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp., Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Mónika Büki
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp., Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Judit Háhn
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Palotai
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Besenyő
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp., Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp., Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - András Salgó
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp., Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szoboszlay
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
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