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Zhang M, Lin K. Unintended polyhalogenated carbazole production during advanced oxidation of coking wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134649. [PMID: 38772108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging as dioxin-like global pollutants, yet their environmental origins are not fully understood. This study investigates the application of the Fenton process in coking wastewater treatment, focusing on its dual role in carbazole removal and unintended PHCZ formation. The common halide ions (Cl- and Br-) in coking wastewater, especially Br- ions, exerted a notable impact on carbazole removal. Particularly, the influence of Br- ions was more significant, not only enhancing carbazole removal but also shaping the congener composition of PHCZ formation. Elevated halide ion concentrations were associated with the heightened formation of higher halogenated carbazoles. The Fenton reagent dosage ratio was identified as a crucial factor affecting the congener composition of PHCZs and their toxic equivalency value. The coexisting organic substance (i.e., phenol) in coking wastewater was observed to inhibit PHCZ formation, likely through competitive reactions with carbazole. Intriguingly, ammonium (NH4+) facilitated the generation of higher and mixed halogenated carbazoles, possibly due to the generation of nitrogen-containing brominating agents with stronger bromination capacity. This study underscores the importance of a comprehensive assessment, considering both substrate removal and potential byproduct formation, when employing the Fenton process for saline wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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2
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Deng J, Gao L, Liu W, Yin F, Chen C, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Wu W. Distributions and transformation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in environmental matrices contaminated by printing and dyeing plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124451. [PMID: 38942278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
As emerging organic contaminants, Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have caused wide concerns due to their wide distribution in the environment and dioxin-like toxicity. Nevertheless, research on the distribution and formation mechanisms of PHCZs in polluted environment of printing and dyeing plants is lacking. Here, 11 PHCZs were detected in samples from the Cao'e River, China, a typical river heavily polluted by printing and dyeing. The PHCZs concentrations in the soil, sediment, and water samples were 8.3-134.5 ng/g (median: 26.3 ng/g), 17.7-348.8 ng/g (median: 64.2 ng/g), and 1.2-41.4 μg/L (median: 4.8 μg/L), respectively. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the dominant congener, proved by both analysis results and formation mechanisms. PHCZ migration patterns in water-sediment systems indicated that highly halogenated PHCZs tend to be transferred to sediment. Furthermore, PHCZs are persistent, can undergo long-range transport, and pose high risks to aquatic organisms by models. PHCZs released from dye production into environment can be form through halogenation of carbazole or PHCZs formed during the dye synthesis, heating of halogenated indigo dyes, and photolysis of highly halogenated PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study to reveal the impact of printing and dyeing plant activities on PHCZs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Fei Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Chunci Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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3
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Hu S, Jiang L, Jiang L, Tang L, Wickrama Arachchige AUK, Yu H, Deng Z, Li L, Wang C, Zhang D, Chen C, Lin S, Chen X, Zhang C. Spatial distribution characteristics of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in water column and sediments in the open Western Pacific Ocean. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133956. [PMID: 38460258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), an emerging persistent halogenated organic pollutant, have been detected in the environment. However, our understanding of PHCZs in the ocean remains limited. In this study, 47 seawater samples (covering 50 - 4000 m) and sediment samples (49 surface and 3 cores) were collected to investigate the occurrence and spatial distribution patterns of carbazole and its halogenated derivants (CZDs) in the Western Pacific Ocean. In seawater, the detection frequencies of CZ (97.87%) and 3-CCZ (57.45%) were relatively high. In addition, the average concentration of ΣPHCZs in the upper water (< 150 m, 0.23 ± 0.21 ng/L) was significantly lower than that in the deep ocean (1000 - 4000 m, 0.65 ± 0.56 ng/L, P < 0.05), which may indicate the vertical transport of PHCZs in the marine environment. The concentration of ΣCZDs in surface sediment ranges from 0.46 to 6.48 ng/g (mean 1.54 ng/g), among which CZ and 36-CCZ were the predominant components. Results from sediment cores demonstrate a noteworthy negative correlation between the concentration of CZDs and depth, indicating the ongoing natural degradation process occurring in sediment cores over a long period. This study offers distinctive insights into the occurrence, composition, and vertical features of CZDs in oceanic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Hu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijia Jiang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingbo Jiang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Tang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaochao Deng
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China; Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyu Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China.
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Mao W, Jin H, Yin S, Xu L, Guo R, Mao K. Presence of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in human urine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171609. [PMID: 38461994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to carbazole (CZ) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) may pose a threat to human health, owing to their potential dioxin-like toxicity. Until now, the presence of these chemicals in the human urine from the general population is still unclear. Human urine samples (n = 210) were taken from the general population in Quzhou, China in this study, and were analyzed for CZ and 14 PHCZs. CZ and nine PHCZs were detected in collected human urine. CZ (detection frequency 100 %), 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ; 88 %), 3,6-dichlorocarbzole (36-CCZ; 84 %), and 3-bromocarbazole (3-BCZ; 80 %) were more frequently detected. Among detected PHCZs, 3-CCZ (mean 0.49 ng/mL, < LOD-4.3 ng/mL) had comparatively higher urinary levels, followed by 3-BCZ (0.30 ng/L, < LOD-1.9 ng/mL) and 36-CCZ (0.20 ng/L, < LOD-1.4 ng/mL). Urinary concentrations of CZ in male participants (1.3 ± 0.26 ng/mL) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in female participants (0.92 ± 0.24 ng/mL). No obvious trend in urinary concentrations with the age of participants was found for CZ and detected PHCZs. The mean daily excretion was found highest for CZ (31 ng/kg bw/day), followed by 3-CCZ (19 ng/kg bw/day) and 3-BCZ (8.5 ng/kg bw/day). This study provides the first data, to our knowledge, on the presence and levels of CZ and PHCZs in human urine, which is necessary for conducting the human exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324400, PR China
| | - Sihui Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Luyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Kaili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China.
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Xiao M, Li P, Lu Y, Cao J, Yan H. Development of a three-dimensional porous ionic liquid-chitosan-graphene oxide aerogel for efficient extraction and detection of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediment samples. Talanta 2024; 271:125711. [PMID: 38290266 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The three-dimensional porous ionic liquid-chitosan-graphene oxide aerogel (IL-CS-GOA) monolithic adsorbent with a through-hole structure was prepared using natural chitosan (CS) as the skeletal framework, graphene oxide (GO) as the support to provide mechanical strength, and ionic liquid (IL) as the porogen and modifier. The resulting IL-CS-GOA demonstrated a fluffy and porous structure with various pore sizes and excellent regeneration capability (over six cycles). Its specific surface area exceeded that of CS-GOA and IL-GOA by more than 7 times, enhancing its polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) adsorption capacity. Within 5 min, IL-CS-GOA (1.0 mg) exhibited adsorption amounts of 539 ng mg-1 for 3-bromocarbazole (3-BCZ), 716 ng mg-1 for 2,7-dibromocarbazole (2,7-BCZ), and 798 ng mg-1 for 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1,3,6,8-BCZ), showcasing its rapid mass transfer and high adsorption capabilities. IL-CS-GOA was utilized as the adsorbent for glass dropper extraction (GDE) in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), to develop a highly efficient and accurate method for determining PHCZs in sediments. Under optimal conditions, the established method exhibited a wide linear range (0.4-250 ng g-1, r ≥ 0.9990), low detection limits (0.04-0.24 ng g-1), and satisfactory recoveries (80.5 %-93.8 %), enabling the accurate and rapid detection of PHCZs in sediment samples. This study presents a novel approach for creating three-dimensional porous aerogels, introduces a new form of sample pretreatment using GDE with a monolithic adsorbent, and offers a new method for the determination of PHCZs in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yanke Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jiankun Cao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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Tu J, Wu Y, Gao S, Song Q, Zeng X, Liang Y, Yu Z. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from Daya Bay and Pearl River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116131. [PMID: 38335637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a group of emerging organic pollutants attracting increasing concern. In this study, 32 sediment samples were collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and adjacent Daya Bay (DYB) in China and were investigated for the occurrence and distribution of PHCZs. Total concentration of sedimentary PHCZs (∑PHCZs) ranged from 0.79 to 3.08 ng/g in PRE and 0.89 to 1.95 ng/g in DYB, both containing 3,6-dichlorocarbazole as the main component. Higher concentrations of ∑PHCZs were found in the rivers-mouth and inner part of the PRE indicating their main origins from anthropogenic activities. Notably, concentrations of brominated carbazoles (BCZs) gradually increased offshore, which suggests the potential bio-transformation of BCZs under a saline environment. The toxic equivalent of PHCZs was estimated at 0.13-0.34 pg TEQ/g suggesting limited dioxin-like effects on local organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Bai Y, Zhang J, Meng H, Shi B, Wu J, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Du Z. Enrichment and distribution of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole in red crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and its hepatotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168732. [PMID: 38007114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of organohalogen compounds where the hydrogen atom on the carbazole ring is replaced by a halogen atom. In recent years, PHCZs have drawn increasing concern due to their persistence, dioxin-like toxicity, bioaccumulation, potential ecological hazards and widespread occurrence in the environment. Current research on the enrichment and depuration of PHCZs in biological tissues and organs is insufficient, and the liver toxicity is unclear. Herein, to understand the enrichment and elimination of 3,6-DCCZ in fish tissues and organs as well as the hepatotoxicity, we exposed the red crucian carp to 20 and 100 μg/L of 3,6-DCCZ for 20 days followed by a depuration period of 10 days. The 3,6-DCCZ enrichment in each organ tissue was classified from high to low: brain > liver, intestine, gill > muscle. For depuration, 3,6-DCCZ was quickly excreted in the various organs of the red crucian carp; however, the liver depuration was slow, with the concentration of 3,6-DCCZ was maintained at 0.25-0.35 μg/g. 3,6-DCCZ exposure at both tested concentrations induced oxidative stress in red crucian carp, causing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, as well as some histopathological changes in the liver, such as cell vacuolization, nucleus pyknosis, nucleus pleomorphism, no nucleus areas. Additionally, the 3,6-DCCZ exposure at higher concentration (100 μg/L) caused more serious damage and abnormal lipid metabolism in the red crucian carp liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Haoran Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Ji Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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Wang X, Hu M, Li M, Huan F, Gao R, Wang J. Effects of exposure to 3,6-DBCZ on neurotoxicity and AhR pathway during early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115892. [PMID: 38157798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental pollutants, yet limited information is available on their embryotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the current work was performed to investigate the adverse effects of 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ), a typical PHCZs homolog, on the early life stages of zebrafish larvae. It revealed that the 96-hour post-fertilization (hpf) median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 3,6-DBCZ in zebrafish larvae was determined to be 0.7988 mg/L. Besides, 3,6-DBCZ reduced survival rates at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/L and decreased hatching rates at ≥ 0.25 mg/L at 48 hpf. In behavior tests, it inhibited locomotor activities and reduced the frequency of recorded acceleration states in response to optesthesia (a sudden bright light stimulus) at concentrations ≥ 160 μg/L. Meanwhile, 3,6-DBCZ exposure decreased the frequency of recorded acceleration states in the startle response (tapping mode) at concentrations ≥ 6.4 μg/L. Pathologically, with the transgenic zebrafish model (hb9-eGFP), we observed a strikingly decreased axon length and number in motor neurons after 3,6-DBCZ treatment, which may be ascribed to the activation of the AhR signaling pathway, as evidenced by the molecular docking analysis and Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay suggested that 3,6-DBCZ binding to AhR-ARNT2 compound proteins. Through interaction with AhR-ARNT, a striking reduction of the anti-oxidative stress (sod1/2, nqo1, nrf2) and neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gfap, mbp, syn2a) were observed after 3,6-DBCZ challenge, accompanied by a marked increased inflammatory genes (TNFβ, IL1β, IL6). Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized adverse effect of 3,6-DBCZ on zebrafish neurodevelopment and locomotor behaviors, potentially mediated through the activation of the AhR pathway. Furthermore, it provides direct evidence for the toxic concentrations of 3,6-DBCZ and the potential target signaling in zebrafish larvae, which may be beneficial for the risk assessment of the aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Miaoyang Hu
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fei Huan
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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9
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Ma L, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Pollution characteristics, distribution, and source analysis of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in coastal areas of Bohai Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122103. [PMID: 37356794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of emerging environmental contaminants formed by the substitution of hydrogen on carbazole (CZ) benzene rings with halogens (Cl, Br, I) with potential dioxin-like toxicity, and they have been frequently detected in various environmental media and organisms recently. Nevertheless, co-research of CZ/PHCZs with PAHs is very limited. In addition, I-PHCZs, which are believed to be much more toxic than CZ, Cl-PHCZs and Br-PHCZs, have a few data in sediments previously. The concentration and distribution of CZ/PHCZs and PAHs were analyzed in 18 surface sediments of Bohai Bay, China. There is a significant correlation (R = 0.64, P<0.05) between PHCZs and PAHs, and principal component analysis (PCA) also indicating that they may have a certain similarity in origin. Additionally, total CZ and PHCZs was up to 230.57 ng/g dw in the studied samples, which was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs and other common persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The compositions of the CZ/PHCZs in our study were dominated by CZ (2.74-18.28, median 2.92 ng/g dw), 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (n.d-6.78, median 0.97 ng/g dw) and 3,6-iodocarbazole (n.d-12.68, median 1.65 ng/g dw). Results of this study discovered the varying origins of CZ and PHCZs and/or a complexity of anthropogenic influences and natural sources processes, and revealed a wide distribution of CZ/PHCZs across the studied. Moreover, more attention should be paid by comparing CZ/PHCZs with other widely distributed POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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10
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Onyena AP, Nkwoji JA, Chukwu LO, Walker TR, Sam K. Risk assessment of sediment PAH, BTEX, and emerging contaminants in Chanomi Creek Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1080. [PMID: 37615789 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and emerging contaminants in Chanomi Creek. Sediment samples were collected between March 2019 and July 2020 to evaluate the concentrations of PAH, BTEX, and emerging contaminants using GC-MS and GC-FID with Headspace extraction. Results indicated mean PAH concentrations were 22.691 ± 15.09 µg/kg. The highest individual PAH concentrations were fluorene (7.085 µg/kg), naphthalene (4.517 µg/kg), and phenanthrene (3.081 µg/kg). Carbazole (0.828 µg/kg) was discovered as a novel environmental toxin with dioxin-like toxicity and widespread prevalence in sediments. The most common congener (25%) was ethylbenzene, followed by toluene and ortho- and meta-xylene (21%) and benzene (13%). The analysis of diagnostic ratios revealed that the main factors responsible for the presence of PAHs in the study area are the residential use of firewood, emissions from industrial activities, bush burning, and petroleum slicks. The risk assessment indicated that most PAHs exceeded the permissible risk quotient values, suggesting a moderate to high ecological risk. However, cutaneous exposure to PAHs and BTEX was found to have minimal impact on human health, with no significant hazards identified in adults and children. Nevertheless, the study revealed low cancer risks associated with PAH and BTEX compounds for both age groups. The continued discharge of PAHs and BTEX compounds into Chanomi Creek could have significant long-term negative effects on human and aquatic health. Thus, contamination risk awareness programs and the development of stringent contextual thresholds for identified contaminants could enhance environmental and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarachi P Onyena
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
- Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph A Nkwoji
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Lucian O Chukwu
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kabari Sam
- Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
- School of Environment, Geography and Geoscience, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
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11
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Li S, Xie J, Zhang D, Zhao G, Bai Y, Li K, Li X, Li Q, Tang X, Ge X. Lycopene abolishes typical polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs)-induced hepatic injury in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): Involvement of ROS/PI3K-AKT/NF-κB signaling. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108897. [PMID: 37301309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are being more contaminated with polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), which raising concerns about their impact on aquatic organisms. Lycopene (LYC) exhibits several beneficial properties for fish via enhance antioxidant defenses and improve immunity. In this study, we attempted to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of typical PHCZs 3, 6-dichlorocarbazole (3,6-DCCZ) and the protective mechanisms of LYC. In this study, we found that yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) exposure to 3,6-DCCZ (1.2 mg/L) resulted in hepatic inflammatory infiltration and disordered hepatocyte arrangement. Besides, we observed that 3,6-DCCZ exposure resulted in hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and excessive autophagosome accumulation, accompanied with inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. Subsequently, we confirmed that 3,6-DCCZ exposure triggered hepatic uncontrolled inflammatory response via activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, along with decreased plasma complement C3 (C3) and complement C4 (C4) levels. Meanwhile, yellow catfish exposed to 3,6-DCCZ exhibit an increased hepatic apoptosis phenomenon, as evidenced by the elevated number of positive TUNEL cells and upregulated expression of caspase3 and cytochrome C (CytC). In contrast, LYC treatment could alleviate the 3,6-DCCZ-induced pathological changes, hepatic ROS accumulation, autophagy, inflammatory response and apoptosis. To sum up, this study provided the demonstration that LYC exerts hepatoprotective effects to alleviate 3,6-DCCZ-induced liver damage by inihibiting ROS/PI3K-AKT/NF-κB signaling in yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Xie
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha, 410078, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 130013, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 130013, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yiang Bai
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Keman Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xinlian Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Ge
- Jilin People's Hospital, Jilin, 130013, Jilin Province, PR China.
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12
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Zhang M, Lin K. Insight into the formation of polyhalogenated carbazoles during seawater chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120009. [PMID: 37146400 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been widely detected in the marine environment, their origin is far from clear. In this study, the formation of PHCZs in the chlorination of seawater containing carbazole and its derivatives was investigated. A total of 14 PHCZs including six commonly found and eight unknown congeners were identified in the chlorination of seawater with carbazole. In addition, this study for the first time demonstrated the production of common PHCZs from the chlorination of seawater with 3-methyl carbazole and 3-formyl carbazole, especially 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole from 3-methyl carbazole. The formation of PHCZs in the reaction resulted from the halogenation of carbazole by reactive chlorine species (RCS) and mainly reactive bromine species (RBS), forming from the oxidation of bromide by RCS. Results also indicated that the reaction followed a successive halogenation pattern. A higher content of free chlorine and bromide facilitated the generation of RBS, while a higher concentration of DOC exhibited an inhibitory effect. The effects of free chlorine, bromide, DOC, and temperature on the formation of PHCZs were congener-specific. Given the widespread use of chlorination in seawater disinfection, seawater chlorination might be a potential source of PHCZs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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13
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Zhang M, Li P, Wang Q, Huang L, Lin K. Production of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Marine Red Alga Corallina officinalis: A Possible Natural Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6673-6681. [PMID: 37053377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and natural origin. However, it is unclear how PHCZs are naturally produced. In this study, the formation of PHCZs from bromoperoxidase (BPO)-mediated halogenation of carbazole was investigated. A total of six PHCZs were identified in reactions under different incubation conditions. The presence of Br- significantly influenced the formation of PHCZs. The products were first dominated by 3-bromocarbazole and then 3,6-dibromocarbazole as the reactions proceeded. Both bromo- and chlorocarbazoles were identified in the incubations with trace Br-, suggesting the co-occurrence of BPO-catalyzed bromination and chlorination. However, BPO-catalyzed chlorination of carbazole was much weaker than that of bromination. The formation of PHCZs could be attributable to the halogenation of carbazole by reactive halogen species generated from BPO-catalyzed oxidation of Br- and Cl- by H2O2. The halogenation was found to follow a successive substitution order of C-3, C-6, and C-1 on the carbazole ring, forming 3-, 3,6-, and 1,3,6-isomers. Similar to the incubation experiments, six PHCZs were for the first time detected in red algal samples collected from the South China Sea, China, suggesting the biogenesis of PHCZs in marine red algae. Given the widespread distribution of red algae in the marine environment, BPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole may be a natural origin for PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qifang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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14
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Jia Y, Cheng J, Sun H, Wang M, Zhang R, Xue Y, He S, Liu K, Shi L, Lou Y. Sediment-water distribution and potential sources of polyhalogenated carbazoles in a coastal river locating at a north metropolis, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114790. [PMID: 36905865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate and transformation of PHCZs in the coastal river environment are not yet comprehensively understood. Paired river water and surface sediment were collected, and 12 PHCZs were analyzed to find out their potential sources and investigate the distribution of PHCZs between river water and sediment. The concentration of ∑PHCZs varied from 8.66 to 42.97 ng/g (mean 22.46 ng/g) in sediment and 17.91 to 81.82 ng/L (mean 39.07 ng/L) in river water. 18-B-36-CCZ was the dominant PHCZ congener in sediment, while 36-CCZ was in water. Meanwhile, the logKoc values for CZ and PHCZs were among the first calculated in the estuary and the mean logKoc varied from 4.12 for 1-B-36-CCZ to 5.63 for 3-CCZ. The logKoc values of CCZs were higher than those of BCZs, this may suggest that sediments have a higher capacity for accumulation and storage of CCZs than highly mobile environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hongfei Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ruxue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunfeng Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuyue He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kezhong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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15
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Peng L, Liu L, Li P, Lin K. Spatial and temporal distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120957. [PMID: 36596377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in marine sediment, raising concerns in recent years. In this study, sediment samples (42 surface and one core) were collected from the Yangtze River estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, and eleven PHCZs and unsubstituted carbazole were measured. The total concentration of PHCZs in surface sediments ranged from 0.19 to 2.49 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) (median 1.03 ng/g d. w.). The congener compositions of PHCZs in the surface sediment were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ, 53.2%), followed by 3-chlorocarbazole (14.9%) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ, 11.8%). Carbazole in the surface sediment ranged from not detected to 9.89 ng/g (median 1.25 ng/g), with a detection frequency of 81.0%. The spatial distribution of 36-CCZ in surface sediments exhibited a clear decline from the coast to offshore, while 36-BCZ showed the opposite trend. The depth profile of 36-CCZ was maintained at a relatively low and stable concentration (about 0.36 ng/g) in core segments from 1903 to 1951, followed by a steady increase to 1.5 ng/g in 2006. This increase coincides with the industrial and agricultural development in China that began in the 1950s. In contrast, the other detected PHCZs and carbazole maintained stable, low concentrations over time. These spatial and temporal patterns suggest that 36-CCZ in this area is predominantly from anthropogenic sources, while 36-BCZ has a natural origin. Toxic equivalent estimations indicated that dioxin-like effects for the observed PHCZs were low. These results provide useful information for understanding the origin of PHCZs and carbazole in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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16
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Zhou H, Dong X, Zhao N, Zhao M, Jin H. Polyhalogenated carbazoles in indoor dust from Hangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159971. [PMID: 36356764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbazoles (CZ) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), showing dioxin-like toxicity, have gained increasing attention in recent years as novel persistent organic pollutants. However, the occurrence of these chemicals in indoor dust from China remains not well known. In this study, CZ and 11 chloro/bromo CZs were analyzed in indoor dust samples collected from residential houses in rural (n = 51) and urban (n = 55) regions of Hangzhou, China. CZ was detected in all indoor dust samples, with the concentrations of 0.81-18 ng/g (mean 5.4 ng/g). All 11 measured PHCZs were detected in indoor dust samples, showing the detection frequency of 7.3-96 %. This means that general populations had wide exposure to CZ and PHCZs through indoor dust ingestion. 3,6-dichlorocarbzole (36-CCZ) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ) were the predominant PHCZs in indoor dust, having comparable mean concentrations of 1.2 ng/g, followed by 3-monobromocarbazole (3-BCZ; mean 0.66 ng/g, range < LOD-2.1 ng/g) and 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (136-BCZ; 0.36 ng/g, < LOD-1.0 ng/g). Indoor dust concentrations of 3-BCZ, 36-BCZ, and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole in urban regions were significantly (p ≤ 0.01-0.035) higher than that in rural regions. Daily intakes (DIs) of CZ and PHCZs through indoor dust ingestion were estimated for general Chinese population. Among PHCZs, 36-CCZ and 36-BCZ (mean 1.4-3.4 pg/kg bw/day) had the highest mean DIs, followed by 3-BCZ (0.77-1.9 pg/kg bw/day) and 136-BCZ (0.42-1.0 pg/kg/day). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the concentrations of CZ and PHCZs in indoor dust from China, which contributes to the better understanding of the sources of human exposure to CZ and PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Dong
- Jinhua Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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17
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Hua Y, Wang L, Zheng M, Xu Y, Liu J, Fang L, Pan X, Liu A. Occurrence of synthetic musks in the sediment-seawater system of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during wet and dry seasons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155164. [PMID: 35413340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks are aroma compounds used worldwide as substitutes for natural musks, which have become ubiquitous pollutants in the environment. The land-based input and partition behavior of synthetic musks in sediments and seawater are important for understanding their fate in the marine environment. In this study, a total of 292 seawater and sediment samples from 146 sites of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were collected during wet and dry seasons and used to determine four synthetic musks, tonalide, galaxolide, musk xylene and musk ketone. Only tonalide was detectable in 10.6% and 17.8% of seawater samples at a concentration range of 23.7-38.2 ng/L and 19.0-24.8 ng/L in wet season and dry season, respectively. In sediments, both galaxolide and tonalide were detectable, with a sum total synthetic musks concentration ranging from 1.4 to 36.6 ng/g dry weight (dw) in wet season and 1.0 to 14.1 ng/g dw in dry season. The concentration of tonalide in seawater was significantly higher in wet season than in dry season and the concentration of synthetic musks in sediments of some coastal areas also exhibited higher concentrations in wet season than in dry season. Fugacity analysis showed that tonalide in the Yellow Sea exhibited a trend of diffusion from sediment to seawater or a state of equilibrium, while no diffusion trend was observed in the East China Sea. The hazard quotient values for tonalide and galaxolide in sediment and seawater samples were lower than 0.1, indicating that they present a low ecological risk. This research provides novel insights that help understand the pollution status, diffusion behavior and ecological risk of synthetic musks in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Lidan Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xin Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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18
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Liu M, Huang L, Li X, Liu F, Zhang W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Ke R, He H, Lou Y. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in eastern Tibetan Plateau soils along the slope of Mt. Qionglai. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134200. [PMID: 35278447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), are considered as potential persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been frequently detected in the environment. However, the altitudinal distribution characteristics and possible sources of PHCZs in high mountain soils are still unknown. The present study was the first to analyze PHCZs in soil samples collected along the eastern slope of Mt. Qionglai (MQ), the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The concentration of ΣPHCZs (based on dry weight) ranges from 14.4 to 107 ng/g (median value of 40.9), which was at high end of the range reported in soils and sediments to date in the literature. The composition profiles of PHCZs in the soils of MQ were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), and 2-bromocarbazole (2-BCZ). The mean TOC-normalized concentrations of ΣPHCZs in soil samples from below-treeline (2092 ng/g TOC) were higher than those from alpine meadow (1124 ng/g TOC), probably due to the forest filter effect. The decreasing trend of the PHCZs TOC-normalized concentrations with altitude shows that accumulation of PHCZs from the alpine meadow samples was not affected by the mountain cold-trapping effect. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of more than half of detected PHCZ congeners and TOC. In addition, PHCZs show the potential to represent a class of POPs with the frequent occurrence and wide distribution, as the abundance and environmental behavior of PHCZs are similar to some POPs in MQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Longhua Huang
- College of Textiles&Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- China National Research Institute of Food&Fermentation Industries, Beijing, 10001, China
| | - Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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19
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Sun Z, Geng D, Wu X, Zhu L, Wen J, Wang L, Zhao X. Degradation of 3-chlorocarbazole in water by sulfidated zero-valent iron/peroxymonosulfate system: Kinetics, influential factors, degradation products and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134016. [PMID: 35182529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging class of organic contaminants, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected all over the world since 1980s. Due to the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and dioxin-like toxicity, PHCZs have aroused widespread concerns in recent years. However, efficient approach for the degradation of PHCZs is quite limited so far. Therefore, in this study, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), sulfidated zero-valent iron/peroxymonosulfate (S-ZVI/PMS) system was used to degrade 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), which is one of the mostly detected PHCZs congeners. The degradation of 3-CCZ was systematically studied under different conditions by varying the molar ratio of S/Fe, the dosage of S-ZVI or PMS, pH and temperature. The results indicated that S-ZVI/PMS was an effective strategy for PHCZs treatment. The 20-min degradation efficiency of 3-CZZ was up to 96.6% with the pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.168 min-1 under the conditions of 5 mg/L 3-CZZ, 0.3 g/L S-ZVI (S/Fe = 0.2), 1.0 mM PMS, pH 5.8 and 25 °C. HCO3-, Cl- and humic acid (HA) showed inhibitory effects to different degrees. Results of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scavenging experiments clarified the dominant role of •OH, followed by 1O2 and SO4•─. The product analysis and DFT calculation revealed three degradation pathways of 3-CCZ, namely hydroxylation, dechlorination and C-N bond cleavage, which largely alleviated the toxicity of the parent compound. This study showed the effectiveness of S-ZVI/PMS system in PHCZs treatment and provided a comprehensive investigation on the degradation behaviors of PHCZs in AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dan Geng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiuling Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Luxiang Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Hu H, Jin H, Li T, Guo Y, Wu P, Xu K, Zhu W, Zhou Y, Zhao M. Spatial distribution, partitioning, and ecological risk of short chain chlorinated paraffins in seawater and sediment from East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151932. [PMID: 34838909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential risks to the ecosystem and human health. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on their environmental fate in the coastal marine environment. In this study, we collected paired seawater (n = 40) and surface sediment samples (n = 40) from East China Sea, and investigated their spatial distribution, partitioning behaviors and ecological risks. The total SCCP concentrations (∑SCCPs) in seawater and sediment samples were in the range of 12.2-430 ng/L and 89.6-351 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. C10-11 SCCPs and Cl5-7 SCCPs were the predominant homologues in all of the samples. This study first calculated the field-based logKOC values for ∑SCCPs in the marine environment, which ranged from 5.0 to 6.5 (mean 5.5). The logKOC values of SCCP homologues (range 3.6-8.0, mean 5.6) showed a weak correlation with their logKOW (R = 0.214, p < 0.05). A preliminary risk assessment indicated that SCCPs at current levels posed no significant ecological risk. Overall, this study contributes to the further understanding of environmental behaviors of SCCPs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999007, PR China
| | - Kaida Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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Xie J, Zhao N, Zhang Y, Hu H, Zhao M, Jin H. Occurrence and partitioning of bisphenol analogues, triclocarban, and triclosan in seawater and sediment from East China Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132218. [PMID: 34509769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs), triclocarban (TCC), and triclosan (TCS) are well-known environmental endocrine disrupters. Many studies have characterized their occurrence in the freshwater environment. However, their environmental behaviors in the coastal marine environment remain poorly understood. Here, matched seawater and sediment samples were collected from East China Sea, and analyzed for 13 BPs (including halogenated derivatives of bisphenol A), TCC, and TCS. Bisphenol A (BPA; mean 23 ng/L) was the predominant BP in seawaters, followed by tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA; 2.3 ng/L) and bisphenol S (BPS; 2.2 ng/L). Seawater concentrations of TCS (<LOD-8.7 ng/L) were much higher (p < 0.01) than that of TCC (<LOD-0.33 ng/L). In sediments BPA was still the major BP (mean 13 ng/g dw, dry weight), followed by bisphenol F (1.6 ng/g dw) and BPS (0.69 ng/g dw). All sediment samples contained measurable TCC (0.12-6.6 ng/g dw), while TCS was occasionally detected. For the first time, this study reports the environmental occurrence of bisphenol M and 4,4'-sulfonylbis (2-aminophenol) (a first discovered BPS analogue) in seawaters and sediments. Spatially, inshore seawater and sediment samples contained higher (p < 0.01) BPA and BPS concentrations, compared with offshore samples. The mean log-transformed sediment-seawater partitioning coefficients (log Koc) ranged from 2.3 (TBBPA) to 4.0 (TCC). The log Koc values of BPA, BPS, and BPAF were lower than those previously reported in the freshwater environment. Overall, this study provides first data on the spatial distribution patterns and partitioning behaviors of BPs, TCC, and TCS in marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316021, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China.
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Hu H, Qu J, Zhao M, Wu P, Zhu W, Zhou Y, Jin H. Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of short chain chlorinated paraffins in marine organisms from East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113049. [PMID: 34673427 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As new persistent organic pollutants, short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have recently received particular attention. However, knowledge on their bioaccumulation and trophic magnification in marine organisms from East China Sea (ECS) is still scare. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of SCCPs in seawater (n = 15) and marine organisms (n = 88) collected from ECS. The total concentrations of SCCPs (∑SCCPs) ranged from 12.5 to 242 ng/L in seawater and from 12.8 to 1819 ng/g wet weight (ww) in organisms. C10-11 SCCPs and Cl5-7 SCCPs were the predominant homologues in all samples, with the mean proportions of 70 ± 6.5% and 80 ± 7.8% in seawater, as well as 52-77% and 61-84% in marine organisms, respectively. The logarithm bioaccumulation factor (log BAF) values of ∑SCCPs were in the range of 2.04-3.79 in zooplankton, fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, snail, and cephalopod. The log BAF values of SCCP homologues (1.33-4.75) increased significantly with the increase of their logarithm octanol-water partition coefficients (log KOW) values, indicating that hydrophobicity is the major factor controlling the bioaccumulation of SCCPs. The trophic magnification factor (TMF) value of ∑SCCPs was calculated to be 3.98, indicating the potential trophic magnification of SCCPs in this marine food web from ECS. A slightly increasing trend was observed between the TMF values of SCCP homologues and their log KOW values. Overall, for the first time, this study systematically examined the bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of SCCPs in the marine food web from East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Jianli Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999007, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Yongdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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Hu H, Zhao M, Jin H. Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram-per-liter concentrations with solid-phase disk extraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3840-3848. [PMID: 34375032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles, a class of emerging contaminants with persistence and dioxin-like toxicity, have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and high throughput method based on solid-phase disk extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was described for the determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in low nanogram-per-liter range in water samples. The proposed solid-phase disk extraction method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 1 L water sample (pH 6-9) extracted and enriched by Empore 3-stn octadecyl disk at flow rate of 5 to 50 mL/min and eluted by 5 mL of acetone and 3 × 10 mL methylene dichloride. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.2 to 50 ng/L for carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9951 to 0.9996. The limits of detection were in the low nanogram per liter level, ranging from 0.018 to 0.12 ng/L. Finally, the optimized method was applied for determining trace levels of carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles in tap water and seawater samples with good recovery of 86.6-112.8%. Carbazole and 3-7 polyhalogenated carbazoles were detected, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the predominant congener both in tap water and seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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