1
|
Hsieh IM, Malmali M. Scaling behavior in membrane distillation: Effect of Biopolymers and Antiscalants. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121456. [PMID: 38547789 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Fouling and scaling are inherent characteristics of membrane-based separation. They lead to a reduced membrane throughput. In the case of membrane distillation (MD), they can possibly result in pore wetting and irreversible failure to sustain the mass transfer interface. Most prior research on understanding fouling and scaling uses indirect measurements (flux) or ex-situ analyses methods (such as SEM and EDX), which limit the outcomes to indirect qualitative conclusions. Particularly, studying scaling tends to be more challenging due to the complexity of the experiments and the method of investigation; it is imperative to distinguish the contributions from the bulk phase and heterogeneous nucleation. In this work, we established a non-invasive, in-situ, real-time imaging experimental apparatus to study the scaling mechanism. Our experimental setup assisted us in distinguishing distinct phases of scaling during the filtration tests. We studied the scaling mechanism of various single-component systems (sodium chloride, strontium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and calcium carbonate) in vacuum MD filtration. The effect of natural organic matter and antiscalants on gypsum scaling were systematically investigated. Overall, organic fouling on the membrane surface expedited heterogeneous crystallization while decelerating crystal growth in the bulk phase. For instance, deposited humic acid (HA) on the membrane surface promoted gypsum heterogeneous nucleation on the membrane surface due to the interactions between HA carboxylic functional groups and calcium ions. The adsorption of HA on the salt crystal also decelerated crystal growth in the bulk phase. Antiscalants delayed and decelerated both crystal nucleation and crystal growth. PAA, a polycarboxylate antiscalant at 5 ppm, was found to effectively delay the onset of nucleation and crystal growth in the bulk phase, while phosphorous antiscalants at 5 ppm only delayed the onset of nucleation in the bulk phase with a negligible influence on crystal growth. Real-time, in-situ, and non-invasive monitoring shed light on the scaling mechanism and can further be used to identify mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Min Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 807 Canton Ave., Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mahdi Malmali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 807 Canton Ave., Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Harby NF, El Batouti M, Elewa MM. A Comparative Analysis of Pervaporation and Membrane Distillation Techniques for Desalination Utilising the Sweeping Air Methodology with Novel and Economical Pervaporation Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4237. [PMID: 37959917 PMCID: PMC10648555 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used the sweeping air approach to conduct a comparative analysis of pervaporation (PV) and membrane distillation (MD) in the context of desalinating saline/hypersaline water. An experimental setup of the sweeping air arrangement was designed and built at a laboratory size to conduct the research. The desalination process using PV used innovatively designed cellulose acetate (CA) membranes specifically adapted for this purpose. Conversely, in the studies involving MD, hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes were utilised. CA membranes were fabricated in our laboratory using the phase inversion approach. The physicochemical characteristics of the membranes were assessed using many methodologies, including FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement, and water uptake analysis. This facilitated a more comprehensive comprehension of the impact of the alkaline treatment on these features. The variables that were examined included the kind of membrane, the pore size of the PTFE membrane, the composition of the casting solution of CA, the concentration of the feed solution, the temperature of the feed, and the temperature of the condenser cooling water. The morphologies of the membranes were examined using SEM. The study's findings indicated that the use of MD resulted in a greater flow and a remarkable percentage of salt rejection (% SR). Furthermore, it was observed that the flux was positively correlated with the feed temperature, while it exhibited an inverse relationship with the cooling water temperature. Moreover, it was observed that the impact of the pore size of the PTFE membrane on the desalination process was found to be minimal. The most optimal outcomes obtained were 13.35 kg/m2 h with a percentage salt rejection (% SR) of 99.86, and 17.96 kg/m2 h with a % SR of 99.83 at a temperature of 70 °C, while using MD and PV technologies, respectively. Furthermore, both methods demonstrated the capability to desalinate very salty solutions with a salinity level of up to 160 g/L, thereby yielding potable water in a single step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nouf F. Al-Harby
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mervette El Batouti
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud M. Elewa
- Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria P.O. Box 1029, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wan H, Li X, Luo Y, Shi D, Gong T, An AK, Shao S. Early monitoring of pore wetting in membrane distillation using ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR). WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120081. [PMID: 37224667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pore wetting induced by surfactants and salt scaling is a major obstacle to the industrial application of membrane distillation (MD). Identifying the transition of wetting stages and achieving early monitoring of pore wetting are crucial for wetting control. Herein, we made a pioneering attempt to use ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) technique to non-invasively detect the pore wetting in a direct contact MD, and explain the UTDR waveform with the help of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. The results showed that the water-vapor interface had a strong reflection to ultrasound (reflection coefficient = 0.9995), while the water-membrane and water-scaling layer interfaces showed relatively weak reflection. Therefore, UTDR could effectively detect the movement of water-vapor interface with the low interference from the signals generated by the membrane and scaling layer. For the surfactant-induced wetting, the occurrence of wetting could be successfully detected by the right-shift in phase and the reduction in amplitude of the UTDR waveform. Moreover, the wetting depth could be accurately calculated by the time of flight (ToF) and ultrasonic velocity. For scaling-induced wetting, the waveform slightly shifted to the left at the beginning due to the growth of scaling layer, then to the right because the left-shift was surpassed by the right-shift of the waveform caused by pore wetting. Both for the surfactant- and scaling-induced wetting, the variation of the UTDR waveform was sensitive to wetting dynamics, and the right-shift of phase and the reduction in amplitude of the waveform could act as early monitoring signals to the occurrence of wetting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Wan
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yusen Luo
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danting Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tengjing Gong
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Alicia Kyoungjin An
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Senlin Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Liu J, Li Z, Liu X, Li W. Revisiting scaling of calcium sulfate in membrane distillation: Uncertainty of crystal-membrane interactions. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:120060. [PMID: 37209511 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Scaling of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is a stumbling block to the development of membrane distillation (MD), which holds promise for the treatment of saline water/wastewater. Despite increasing efforts made to understand the scaling behavior of CaSO4 in a process of MD and thereby develop strategies for mitigating the negative effects, considerable uncertainty remains about occurrence of the wetting and structural damage that could result from the strong crystal-membrane interactions. This study combined experimental and theoretical approaches to corroborate that a higher degree of supersaturation could be achieved by concentrating the CaSO4 in the feed at a faster rate; the elevated supersaturation would be in favor of exerting substantially high crystallization pressure on the membrane structures. In particular, the theoretical analysis established two dimensionless groups for measuring the relative importance of the concentration effect and quantifying the essential role played by the crystalline growth, respectively. In addition to alleviating the uncertainty, this study would be beneficial to the design of MD processes with improved scaling resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee S, Cho H, Choi Y, Lee S. Application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to Analyze Membrane Fouling under Intermittent Operation. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:392. [PMID: 37103819 PMCID: PMC10141615 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in membrane systems powered by renewable energy sources, including solar and wind, that are suitable for decentralized water supply in islands and remote regions. These membrane systems are often operated intermittently with extended shutdown periods to minimize the capacity of the energy storage devices. However, relatively little information is available on the effect of intermittent operation on membrane fouling. In this work, the fouling of pressurized membranes under intermittent operation was investigated using an approach based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which allows non-destructive and non-invasive examination of membrane fouling. In reverse osmosis (RO), intermittently operated membranes were investigated by OCT-based characterization. Several model foulants such as NaCl and humic acids were used, as well as real seawater. The cross-sectional OCT images of the fouling were visualized as a three-dimensional volume using Image J. The OCT images were used to quantitatively measure the thickness of foulants on the membrane surfaces under different operating conditions. The results showed that intermittent operation retarded the flux decrease due to fouling compared to continuous operation. The OCT analysis showed that the foulant thickness was significantly reduced by the intermittent operation. The decrease in foulant layer thickness was found to occur when the RO process was restarted in intermittent operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongrak Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Choi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI), Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), WQ36+XJP, Al Jubayl 35417, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ding M, Xu H, Yao C, Chen W, Song N, Zhang Q, Lin T, Xie Z. Understanding the membrane fouling control process at molecular level in the heated persulfate activation- membrane distillation hybrid system. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119465. [PMID: 36513019 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical (SO4●-) based advanced oxidation is considered as a promising pretreatment strategy to degrade organic pollutants and thereby mitigate the membrane fouling in the membrane process. In this study, heat-activated persulfate (PS) activation was integrated with the membrane distillation (MD) process for the alleviation of membrane fouling in treatment of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) secondary effluent and surface water. In-depth understanding of the molecular fate during membrane fouling control process was performed by using a non-targeted screening method of two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) coupling with multiple characterizations. It was found that the heat-activated PS activation pretreatment could effectively degrade the dissolved organic matter (DOM) and change its molecular conformation, wherein the relative abundance of oxygen-containing substances was remarkably increased through oxygenation reactions. Moreover, the refractory organics with higher molecular weight (MW) and unsaturation degree were more inclined to be destroyed, following by partial mineralization during pretreatment process. It was also identified that oxygen-deficient compounds and the molecular formulas featuring higher double bond equivalent (DBE) values and lower MW tended to be deposited on the membrane surface to cause the membrane fouling. In particular, the aliphatic substances were the predominant components irrespective of membrane foulant samples from secondary effluent or surface water. Meanwhile, the complexation between organic compounds and high valence cations as well as the precipitation of inorganics were restrained owing to the reduction of DOM concentration and the transformation of molecular structure, consequently leading to reduced membrane fouling. This study is believed to further provide new insight into the membrane fouling control mechanism at molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Chen Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Weihang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Han Q, Sun FY, Li S, Liu J, Liu X, Lu JJ, Li W. Unraveling effects of multivalent salts on internal fouling by proteins in NF-like forward osmosis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
8
|
Shi D, Gong T, Qing W, Li X, Shao S. Unique Behaviors and Mechanism of Highly Soluble Salt-Induced Wetting in Membrane Distillation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14788-14796. [PMID: 36154007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Scaling-induced wettinggreatly limits the application of membrane distillation (MD) for the desalination of high-salinity feed. Although highly soluble salts (e.g., NaCl) have high concentrations in this water, their scaling-induced wetting remains overlooked. To unravel the elusive wetting behaviors of highly soluble salts, in this study, we systematically investigated the scaling formation and wetting progress by in situ observation with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Through examining the influence of salt type and vapor flux on the wetting behavior, we revealed that highly soluble salt-induced wetting, especially under high vapor flux, shared several unique features: (1) occurring before the bulk feed reached saturation, (2) no scale layer formation observed, and (3) synchronized wetting progress on the millimeter scale. We demonstrated that a moving scale layer caused these interesting phenomena. The initial high vapor flux induced high concentration and temperature polarizations, which led to crystallization at the gas-liquid interface and the formation of an initial scale layer. On the one hand, this scale layer bridged the water into the hydrophobic pores; on the other hand, it blocked the membrane pores and reduced the vapor flux. In this way, the decreased vapor flux mitigated the concentration/temperature polarizations, and consequently led to the dissolution of the feed-facing side of the scale layer. This dissolution prevented the membrane pores from being completely blocked, facilitating the transportation and crystallization of salts at the distillate-facing side of the scale layer (i.e., the gas-liquid interface), thus the proceeding of the wetting layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danting Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Tengjing Gong
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Qing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Senlin Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao Z, Hu Y, Zhao H, Cao B, Zhang P. Sulfate mineral scaling: From fundamental mechanisms to control strategies. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118945. [PMID: 35963137 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate scaling, as insoluble inorganic sulfate deposits, can cause serious operational problems in various industries, such as blockage of membrane pores and subsurface media and impairment of equipment functionality. There is limited article to bridge sulfate formation mechanisms with field scaling control practice. This article reviews the molecular-level interfacial reactions and thermodynamic basis controlling homogeneous and heterogeneous sulfate mineral nucleation and growth through classical and non-classical pathways. Common sulfate scaling control strategies were also reviewed, including pretreatment, chemical inhibition and surface modification. Furthermore, efforts were made to link the fundamental theories with industrial scale control practices. Effects of common inhibitors on different steps of sulfate formation pathways (i.e., ion pair and cluster formation, nucleation, and growth) were thoroughly discussed. Surface modifications to industrial facilities and membrane units were clarified as controlling either the deposition of homogeneous precipitates or the heterogeneous nucleation. Future research directions in terms of optimizing sulfate chemical inhibitor design and improving surface modifications are also discussed. This article aims to keep the readers abreast of the latest development in mechanistic understanding and control strategies of sulfate scale formation and to bridge knowledge developed in interfacial chemistry with engineering practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR
| | - Yandi Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huazhang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Cao
- KIT Professionals, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Wang Y, Li S, Li Z, Liu X, Li W. Insights into the wetting phenomenon induced by scaling of calcium sulfate in membrane distillation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118282. [PMID: 35320768 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Development of water/wastewater treatment based on membrane distillation (MD) suffers from the drawback that the hydrophobic membrane could be wetted for various reasons. Despite significant efforts, there is uncertainty in addressing the wetting induced by scaling of calcium sulfate, which is ubiquitous and recalcitrant in MD processes. This study made the first attempt to analyze the interplay between the growing crystals and the porous structures in the framework of Stoney's equation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was exploited to measure the membrane shift, whereby the scaling-induced deformation was correlated with the variation in stress created in the crystal-containing layer. Along with the stress analysis, the OCT-based characterization was combined with conventional approaches to ascertain the dependence of the scaling-induced wetting on the rate of concentrating the crystallizing species when arriving at a high degree of supersaturation in the feed. This study would refine the physical picture for better understanding crystal-membrane interactions that result in not only the wetting phenomenon but also the irreversible damage of membrane structures, thereby lending itself to the development of strategies for MD-based applications with improved efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Yewei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhe Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tu G, Li S, Han Y, Li Z, Liu J, Liu X, Li W. Fabrication of chitosan membranes via aqueous phase separation: Comparing the use of acidic and alkaline dope solutions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|