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Rasmusson K, Fagerlund F. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as contaminants in groundwater resources - A comprehensive review of subsurface transport processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142663. [PMID: 38908440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent contaminants in the environment. An increased awareness of adverse health effects related to PFAS has further led to stricter regulations for several of these substances in e.g. drinking water in many countries. Groundwater constitutes an important source of raw water for drinking water production. A thorough understanding of PFAS subsurface fate and transport mechanisms leading to contamination of groundwater resources is therefore essential for management of raw water resources. A review of scientific literature on the subject of processes affecting subsurface PFAS fate and transport was carried out. This article compiles the current knowledge of such processes, mainly focusing on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), in soil- and groundwater systems. Further, a compilation of data on transport parameters such as solubility and distribution coefficients, as well as, insight gained and conclusions drawn from the reviewed material are presented. As the use of certain fire-fighting foams has been identified as the major source of groundwater contamination in many countries, research related to this type of pollution source has been given extra focus. Uptake of PFAS in biota is outside the scope of this review. The review showed a large spread in the magnitude of distribution coefficients and solubility for individual PFAS. Also, it is clear that the influence of multiple factors makes site-specific evaluation of distribution coefficients valuable. This article aims at giving the reader a comprehensive overview of the subject, and providing a base for further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rasmusson
- Uppsala Water and Waste AB, Virdings allé 32B, SE-75450, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fritjof Fagerlund
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Chen D, Hu X, Chen C, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Feng X, Xu X, Lin D, Xu J. Impacts of Perfluoroalkyl Substances on Aqueous and Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dechlorination by Sulfidized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11193-11202. [PMID: 38859757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are often encountered with nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in the groundwater at fire-fighting and military training sites. However, it is unclear how PFASs affect the dechlorination performance of sulfidized nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nFe0), which is an emerging promising NAPL remediation agent. Here, S-nFe0 synthesized with controllable S speciation (FeS or FeS2) were characterized to assess their interactions with PFASs and their dechlorination performance for trichloroethylene NAPL (TCE-NAPL). Surface-adsorbed PFASs blocked materials' reactive sites and inhibited aqueous TCE dechlorination. In contrast, PFASs-adsorbed particles with improved hydrophobicity tended to enrich at the NAPL-water interface, and the reactive sites were re-exposed after the PFASs accumulation into the NAPL phase to accelerate dechlorination. This PFASs-induced phenomenon allowed the materials to present a higher reactivity (up to 1.8-fold) with a high electron efficiency (up to 99%) for TCE-NAPL dechlorination. Moreover, nFe0-FeS2 with a higher hydrophobicity was more readily enriched at the NAPL-water interface and more reactive and selective than nFe0-FeS, regardless of coexisting PFASs. These results unveil that a small amount of yet previously overlooked coexisting PFASs can favor selective reductions of TCE-NAPL by S-nFe0, highlighting the importance of materials hydrophobicity and transportation induced by S and PFASs for NAPL remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaohuang Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiman Gao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qianhai Zhou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xia Feng
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Wang C, Xu C, Liu D, Yang Z, Yang S, Feng Z, Xu J, Li Y. The effect of Tween 80 on monochlorobenzene migration in bentonite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133781. [PMID: 38401220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Several studies conducted at industrial sites have documented the infiltration of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) into clay layers, a phenomenon potentially influenced by the coexistence of chemicals like surfactants in some common pollutants. Bentonite (Ben), monochlorobenzene (MCB), and Tween 80 (T80) were selected as reference components to investigate the influences of nonionic surfactants on DNAPLs migration in clays. Results showed that T80 promotes MCB dissolution and encourages MCB adsorption on Ben. This process reduces the hydrophilicity of Ben, resulting in water loss and shrinkage, which creates cracks and facilitates the migration of MCB within the clay. Tw80 notably enhances MCB solubility, as indicated by a molar solubilization ratio of 7.80. The MCB adsorption on Ben (QMCB) displays a linear increase with raising the T80 adsorption on Ben (QT80), especially when QT80 are below the thresholds, e.g., 408.4 mg/g at pH 3 and 339.3 mg/g at pH 7; however, QMCB is decreased with increasing adsorbed T80 further. The average fracture ratio, crack length, and crack width of cracked samples in the cracking experiments were 0.794%, 11.29 mm, and 0.209 mm, respectively. The findings here contribute to understanding the role of surfactants in VOC transport in contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiang Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, China
| | - Changzhong Xu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, China
| | - Danqing Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, China
| | - Yilian Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, China.
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Ren Y, Cui M, Zhou Y, Sun S, Guo F, Ma J, Han Z, Park J, Son Y, Khim J. Utilizing machine learning for reactive material selection and width design in permeable reactive barrier (PRB). WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121097. [PMID: 38218071 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is an important groundwater treatment technology. However, selecting the optimal reactive material and estimating the width remain critical and challenging problems in PRB design. Machine learning (ML) has advantages in predicting evolution and tracing contaminants in temporal and spatial distribution. In this study, ML was developed to design PRB, and its feasibility was validated through experiments and a case study. ML algorithm showed a good prediction about the Freundlich equilibrium parameter (R2 0.94 for KF, R2 0.96 for n). After SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) analysis, redefining the range of the significant impact factors (initial concentration and pH) can further improve the prediction accuracy (R2 0.99 for KF, R2 0.99 for n). To mitigate model bias and ensure comprehensiveness, evaluation index with expert opinions was used to determine the optimal material from candidate materials. Meanwhile, the ML algorithm was also applied to predict the width of the mass transport zone in the adsorption column. This procedure showed excellent accuracy with R2 and root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of 0.98 and 1.2, respectively. Compared with the traditional width design methodology, ML can enhance design efficiency and save experiment time. The novel approach is based on traditional design principles, and the limitations and challenges are highlighted. After further expanding the data set and optimizing the algorithm, the accuracy of ML can make up for the existing limitations and obtain wider applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Ren
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingcan Cui
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongyue Zhou
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiyu Sun
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengshi Guo
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjun Ma
- Nanjing Green-water Environment Engineering Limited by Share Ltd, C Building No. 606 Ningliu Road, Chemical Industrial Park, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengchang Han
- Nanjing Green-water Environment Engineering Limited by Share Ltd, C Building No. 606 Ningliu Road, Chemical Industrial Park, Nanjing, China
| | - Jooyoung Park
- Emtomega Co.,Ltd, Seochojungang-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06642, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyeong Khim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Alamooti A, Colombano S, Glabe ZA, Lion F, Davarzani D, Ahmadi-Sénichault A. Remediation of multilayer soils contaminated by heavy chlorinated solvents using biopolymer-surfactant mixtures: Two-dimensional flow experiments and simulations. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120305. [PMID: 37441897 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess the efficiency of remediating dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), here heavy chlorinated solvents, through injection of xanthan solutions with or without surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate: SDBS), we conducted a comprehensive investigation involving rheological measurements, column (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) sandbox experiments, as well as numerical simulations on two-layers sand packs. Sand packs with grain sizes of 0.2-0.3 mm and 0.4-0.6 mm, chosen to represent the low and high permeable soil layers respectively, were selected to be representative of real polluted field. The rheological analysis of xanthan solutions showed that the addition of SDBS to the solution reduced its viscosity due to repulsive electrostatic forces and hydrophobic interactions between the molecules while preserving its shear-thinning behavior. Results of two-phase flow experiments depicted that adding SDBS to the polymer solution led to a reduced differential pressure along the soil and improvements of the DNAPL recovery factor of approximately 0.15 and 0.07 in 1D homogeneous and 2D layered systems, respectively. 2D experiments revealed that the displacement of DNAPL in multilayer zones was affected by permeability difference and density contrast in a heterogeneous soil. Simulation of multiphase flow in a multilayered system was performed by incorporating non-Newtonian properties and coupling the continuity equation with generalized Darcy's law. The results of modeling and experiments are very consistent. Numerical simulations showed that for an unconfined soil, the recovery of DNAPL by injection of xanthan solution can be reduced for more than 50%. In a large 2D experimental system, the combination of injecting xanthan with blocking the contaminated zone led to a promising remediation of DNAPL-contaminated layered zones, with a recovery of 0.87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Alamooti
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), Orléans 45060, France; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France; Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Hesam Universite, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France; ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency), Angers 49004, France.
| | | | | | - Fabien Lion
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), Orléans 45060, France
| | | | - Azita Ahmadi-Sénichault
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France; Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Hesam Universite, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France
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6
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Datta SS, Battiato I, Fernø MA, Juanes R, Parsa S, Prigiobbe V, Santanach-Carreras E, Song W, Biswal SL, Sinton D. Lab on a chip for a low-carbon future. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1358-1375. [PMID: 36789954 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transitioning our society to a sustainable future, with low or net-zero carbon emissions to the atmosphere, will require a wide-spread transformation of energy and environmental technologies. In this perspective article, we describe how lab-on-a-chip (LoC) systems can help address this challenge by providing insight into the fundamental physical and geochemical processes underlying new technologies critical to this transition, and developing the new processes and materials required. We focus on six areas: (I) subsurface carbon sequestration, (II) subsurface hydrogen storage, (III) geothermal energy extraction, (IV) bioenergy, (V) recovering critical materials, and (VI) water filtration and remediation. We hope to engage the LoC community in the many opportunities within the transition ahead, and highlight the potential of LoC approaches to the broader community of researchers, industry experts, and policy makers working toward a low-carbon future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit S Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA.
| | - Ilenia Battiato
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA, USA
| | - Martin A Fernø
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ruben Juanes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Shima Parsa
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA
| | - Valentina Prigiobbe
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken NJ, USA
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Wen Song
- Hildebrand Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Sibani Lisa Biswal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada.
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7
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Li X, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Shen J, Sun Z, Ma F, Wu B, Gu Q. Novel Insights into the Influence of Soil Microstructure Characteristics on the Migration and Residue of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid. TOXICS 2022; 11:16. [PMID: 36668742 PMCID: PMC9863872 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of soil microstructure on light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) behavior is critical for predicting the formation of residual LNAPLs under spill condition. However, the roles of soil particle and pore on LNAPLs migration and residue remains unclear. Here, the experiment simulated an LNAPLs (diesel) spill that was performed in fourteen types of soils, and the key factors affecting diesel behavior are revealed. There were significant differences between fourteen types of soils, with regard to the soil particle, soil pore, and diesel migration and residue. After 72 h of leakage, the migration distance of diesel ranged from 3.42 cm to 8.82 cm in the soils. Except for sandy soil, diesel was mainly distributed in the 0−3 cm soil layer, and the residual amounts were 7.85−26.66 g/kg. It was further confirmed from microstructure that the consistency of soil particle and volume of soil macropores (0.05−7.5 μm) are important for diesel residue in the 0−1 cm soil layer and migration distance. The large soil particles corresponding to 90% of volume fraction and volume of soil mesopores (<0.05 μm) are key factors affecting diesel residue in the 1−3 cm soil layer. The result helps to further comprehend the formation mechanism of residual LNAPLs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jialun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zongquan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Liao S, Arshadi M, Woodcock MJ, Saleeba ZSSL, Pinchbeck D, Liu C, Cápiro NL, Abriola LM, Pennell KD. Influence of Residual Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids (NAPLs) on the Transport and Retention of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7976-7985. [PMID: 35675453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) are known to accumulate at interfaces, and the presence of nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) could influence the PFAS fate in the subsurface. Experimental and mathematical modeling studies were conducted to investigate the effect of a representative NAPL, tetrachloroethene (PCE), on the transport behavior of PFAS in a quartz sand. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), a 1:1 mixture of PFOS and PFNA, and a mixture of six PFAS (PFOS, PFNA, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS)) were used to assess PFAS interactions with PCE-NAPL. Batch studies indicated that PFAS partitioning into PCE-NAPL (Knw < 0.1) and adsorption on 60-80 mesh Ottawa sand (Kd < 6 × 10-5 L/g) were minimal. Column studies demonstrated that the presence of residual PCE-NAPL (∼16% saturation) delayed the breakthrough of PFOS and PFNA, with minimal effects on the mobility of PFBS, PFHpA, PFHxS, and PFOA. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained for PFNA and PFOS alone and in mixtures were nearly identical, indicating the absence of competitive adsorption effects. A mathematical model that accounts for NAPL-water interfacial sorption accurately reproduced PFAS BTCs, providing a tool to predict PFAS fate and transport in co-contaminated subsurface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Liao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Masoud Arshadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Matthew J Woodcock
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Zachary S S L Saleeba
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Dorothea Pinchbeck
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Natalie L Cápiro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Linda M Abriola
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Bouzid I, Fatin-Rouge N. Assessment of shear-thinning fluids and strategies for enhanced in situ removal of heavy chlorinated compounds-DNAPLs in an anisotropic aquifer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128703. [PMID: 35316641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The removal of chlorinated organic hydrocarbons (COHs) -DNAPLs was studied in permeability-contrasted sandboxes with an egg-box shaped substratum. Aqueous solutions were compared to viscous shear-thinning fluids (xanthan solution and foam). Interfacial and viscous effects were compared by increasing the capillary number of injected fluids. Non-spatially targeted DNAPL recovery (NSTR) where the driving force was the injection pressure, was compared to spatially targeted DNAPL recovery (STR) where a pumping system allowed the controlled flow. A historical contamination made of a complex mixture of COHs and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) as a model were used. NSTR results showed that DNAPL recovery with non-viscous liquids did not exceed 40%. The best results were obtained for xanthan solutions with surfactant ~ 1.3 ×CMC for which pure phase recovery amounted to 88% and 93% for HCBD and for the historical DNAPL, respectively. The STR strategy showed similar recovery yields, whereas xanthan concentrations were 10-times lower. Mass balances on DNAPL showed that at most, 0.15% of COHs was dissolved in the aqueous effluents. NZVI (1 g.l-1) were delivered in xanthan in view of the chemical degradation of residual COHs and showed a 65% transmission through the low permeability soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheb Bouzid
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté-Besançon, Institut UTINAM-UMR CNRS 6213, 16, route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Fatin-Rouge
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté-Besançon, Institut UTINAM-UMR CNRS 6213, 16, route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
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10
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Synthetic and Natural Surfactants for Potential Application in Mobilization of Organic Contaminants: Characterization and Batch Study. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the abilities of five sugar-based synthetic surfactants and biosurfactants from three different families (i.e., alkyl polyglycoside (APG), sophorolipid (SL), and rhamnolipid (RL)) to dissolve and mobilize non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) components, i.e., toluene and perchloroethylene (PCE), adsorbed on porous matrices. The objective of this study was to establish a benchmark for the selection of suitable surfactants for the flushing aquifer remediation technique. The study involved a physicochemical characterization of the surfactants to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMCs) and interfacial properties. Subsequently, a batch study, through the construction of adsorption isotherms, made it possible to evaluate the surfactants’ capacities in contaminant mobilization via the reduction of their adsorptions onto a reference adsorbent material, a pine wood biochar (PWB). The results indicate that a synthetic surfactant from the APG family with a long fatty acid chain and a di-rhamnolipid biosurfactant with a shorter hydrophobic group offered the highest efficiency values; they reduced water surface tension by up to 54.7% and 52%, respectively. These two surfactants had very low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), 0.0071 wt% and 0.0173 wt%, respectively; this is critical from an economical point of view. The batch experiments showed that these two surfactants, at concentrations just five times their CMCs, were able to reduce the adsorption of toluene on PWB by up to 74% and 65%, and of PCE with APG and RL by up to 65% and 86%, respectively. In general, these results clearly suggest the possibility of using these two surfactants in surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation technology.
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11
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Zhang Q, Wu X, Lyu X, Gao B, Wu J, Sun Y. Effects of anionic hydrocarbon surfactant on the transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in natural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24672-24681. [PMID: 34826077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread usage of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has led to their ubiquitous co-existence with hydrocarbon surfactants in the subsurface environment. In this study, column experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, SDBS, 1 and 10 mg/L) on the transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in two saturated natural soils under different cation type (Na+ and Ca2+) conditions. Results showed that SDBS (10 mg/L) significantly enhanced the transport of PFOA in two soils. This was likely because SDBS had a stronger adsorption affinity to the soils than PFOA, and can outcompete PFOA for the finite adsorption sites on the soil surface. The effect of SDBS on PFOA transport varied greatly in the two soils. More negatively charged soil surface and greater soil particle size likely contributed to the more noticeable transport-enhancement of PFOA resulting from the presence of SDBS. Also, the enhancement effect of SDBS (10 mg/L) with Ca2+ on PFOA transport was more significantly than that with Na+. This was possibly due to the blocking effect of SDBS to the more positively charged soil surface induced by Ca2+. Findings of this study point out the importance of anionic hydrocarbon surfactants on PFOA transport when assessing its environmental risks and implementing remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueyan Lyu
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ding X, Song X, Xu M, Yao J, Xu C, Tang Z, Zhang Z. Co-occurrence and correlations of PFASs and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs) in subsurface in a fluorochemical industrial park: Laboratory and field investigations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152814. [PMID: 34990671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) represents an important source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs). Exploring the co-occurrence and correlations of PFASs and cVOCs is a key step towards the understanding their distributions in the field. In this study, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant compound in groundwater and aquifer solids, and elevated concentrations of short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomers were also detected in the field, suggesting their wide applications as substitutes for PFOA. Correlation analyses between PFASs and cVOCs suggested that cVOCs had a significant influence on the distribution and composition of PFASs in the field. In addition, the presence of cVOCs in the form of dense non-aqueous-phase organic liquids (DNAPL) affected the distribution and migration of PFASs at various depths, as evidenced by the relatively high PFASs concentrations (204 μg/L) and PFOA abundance (85.4%) in the deep aquifer, likely due to DNAPL-water interfaces sorption or partition into bulk DNAPL. The log Kd values, determined in the laboratory, were found to increase in the presence of DNAPL, especially for PFOA, with more than one time higher than those of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA). This conclusion further demonstrated that PFOA had a higher potential to participate into DNAPL, which can migrate with DNAPL to the deep aquifer, supporting the higher abundance of PFOA in the deep aquifer mentioned above. However, the log Kd-field values of PFBA and HFPO-DA in the field were higher than that of PFOA, and no significant correlations (p > 0.05) were found between log Kd-field values and the chain-length of PFCAs at various depths, suggesting that the phenomena observed in the field are a result of composite influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minmin Xu
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Zhongke Hualu Soil Remediation Engineering Co., Ltd., Dezhou 253500, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sichuan Tianshengyuan Environmental Services Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Li Q, Prigiobbe V. Measuring and modeling nanoparticle transport by foam in porous media. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 243:103881. [PMID: 34479118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an experimental study of nanoparticle transport by foam is presented. Bubbles made of N2-gas were stabilized with either a cationic surfactant (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide, CTAB), silica nanoparticles, or a combination of them. The concentrations of the surface active materials were selected upon foamability and stability tests. Column-flood tests were run until steady-state changing nanoparticle concentration, foam quality (fg), and flow rate. A synergistic behaviour of surfactant and nanoparticles help the formation of a strong foam. The measurements were used to validate a mechanistic model, presented in our earlier work (Li and Prigiobbe, 2020), which couples foam and nanoparticles transport with agglomeration and extended-DLVO theory. The model agrees well with the measurements and results show that an high-quality (ca. 90% gas fraction) can be used to carry nanoparticles and the efficient increases with flow velocity. This opens the opportunity for the application of foam as a carrier of nanoparticles in subsurface applications such as the remediation of contaminated sites and makes the model a valuable tool to design and predict such operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjian Li
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, NJ, USA
| | - Valentina Prigiobbe
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, NJ, USA.
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