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Liu C, How ZT, Ju Y, Feng L, Ren X, Gamal El-Din M. Experimental and theoretical insight into carbamazepine degradation by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes: Efficiency, energy consumption, mechanism and DBPs formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:72-83. [PMID: 38105079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine has been widely used in different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for micropollutants removal. In this study, different chlorine-based AOPs, namely medium pressure (MP) UV/chlorine, low pressure (LP) UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, were compared for carbamazepine (CBZ) removal efficiency, energy consumption, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. All three processes could achieve nearly 100% CBZ removal, while the reaction time needed by in-situ chlorination was double the time required by UV/chlorine processes. The energy consumed per magnitude of CBZ removed (EE/O) of MP UV/chlorine was 13 times higher than that of LP UV/chlorine, and relative to that of in-situ chlorination process. Accordingly, MP and LP UV/chlorine processes generated one to two orders of magnitude more hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) than in-situ chlorination. Besides, RCS were the dominant reactive species, contributing to 78.3%, 75.6%, and 71.6% of CBZ removal in MP, LP UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, respectively. According to the Gibbs free energy barriers between CBZ and RCS/•OH calculated based on density functional theory (DFT), RCS had more reaction routes with CBZ and showed lower energy barrier in the main CBZ degradation pathways like epoxidation and formation of iminostilbene. When applied to secondary wastewater effluent, UV/chlorine and in-situ chlorination produced overall DBPs ranging from 104.77 to 135.41 µg/L. However, the production of chlorate during UV/chlorine processes was 15 times higher than that during in-situ chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yue Ju
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
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Sánchez-Montes I, Santos GOS, Dos Santos AJ, Fernandes CHM, Souto RS, Chelme-Ayala P, El-Din MG, Lanza MRV. Toxicological aspect of water treated by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163047. [PMID: 36958544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As well established in the literature, residual toxicity is an important parameter for evaluating the sanitary and environmental safety of water treatment processes, and this parameter becomes even more crucial when chlorine-based processes are applied for water treatment. Eliminating initial toxicity or preventing its increase after water treatment remains a huge challenge mainly due to the formation of highly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) that stem from the degradation of organic contaminants or the interaction of the chlorine-based oxidants with different matrix components. In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion regarding the toxicological aspects of water treated using chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the recent findings related to the factors influencing toxicity, and provide directions for future research in the area. The review begins by shedding light on the advances made in the application of free chlorine AOPs and the findings from studies conducted using electrochemical technologies based on free chlorine generation. We then delve into the insights and contributions brought to the fore regarding the application of NH2Cl- and ClO2-based treatment processes. Finally, we broaden our discussion by evaluating the toxicological assays and predictive models employed in the study of residual toxicity and provide an overview of the findings reported to date on this subject matter, while giving useful insights and directions for future research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Sánchez-Montes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Géssica O S Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro J Dos Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H M Fernandes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson S Souto
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Gao Y, Liang S, Zhang Q, Wang K, Liang P, Huang X. Coupling anodic and cathodic reactions using an electrocatalytic dual-membrane system actuates ultra-efficient degradation with regulable mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119741. [PMID: 36804338 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The versatile reaction possibilities arising from the interaction between the anodic and cathodic reactions naturally contained in electrocatalytic membrane filtration (EMF) systems are of great valuable in meeting the current complex water treatment requirements. But currently, most studies only focus on half-cell reactions with a single electrocatalytic membrane, which limits the research progress of the EMF technology. Here we report a coupling strategy that utilizes the interaction between the anodic and cathodic reactions to actuate ultra-efficient degradation performance with regulable reaction mechanisms. An electrocatalytic dual-membrane filtration (EDMF) system was established. Six typical configurations of the EDMF system were set up and systematically investigated by adjusting the electrode distance and filtration sequence. Based on the obtained results of degradation performance and mechanisms, a regulation strategy which enabled flexible tuning of direct nonradical oxidation (e.g., h+) and indirect oxidation (e.g., 1O2, ·OH, HO2·, O2·-, etc.) was proposed. In particular, cathodic reactions were found to adversely affect the anodic reactions at the relatively short electrode distance of 0.9 mm. Anodic reactions could inhibit the generation of 1O2 at short distance of 0.9 mm but promote its generation at long distances of 9 and 17 mm. The A-C_0.9 configuration achieved the highest degradation performance, while the C-A_9 configuration was revealed to be much more conducive to 1O2 production. Overall, our findings demonstrate the versatility and tunability of the reaction mechanism and performance of the EDMF system due to the flexible coupling of the anodic and cathodic reactions, which potentially lays a foundation for future development of ultra-efficient mechanism-adjustable electrocatalysis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuai Liang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Quanbiao Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Elimination of pesticide from high salinity wastewater by electrochlorination process: Active chlorine species and scale-up performance. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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