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Yang YX, Meng LL, Zhou S, Xia M, Bate B. The physicochemical interacting mechanisms and real-time spectral induced polarization monitoring of lead remediation by an aeolian soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134744. [PMID: 38850933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Compared to traditional lead-remediating materials, natural-occurring paleosol is ubiquitous and could be a promising alternative due to its rich content in calcite, a substance known for its lead-removal ability via carbonate dissolution-PbCO3 precipitation process. Yet, the capability of paleosol to remediate aqueous solutions polluted with heavy metals, lead included, has rarely been assessed. To fill this gap, a series of column permeation experiments with influent Pb2+ concentrations of 2000, 200, and 20 mg/L were conducted and monitored by the spectral induced polarization technique. Meanwhile, the SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR and MIP tests were carried out to unveil the underlying remediation mechanisms. The Pb-retention capacity of paleosol was 1.03 mmol/g. The increasing abundance of Pb in the newly-formed crystals was confirmed to be PbCO3 by XRD, SEM-EDS and XPS. Concurrently, after Pb2+ permeation, the decreasing calcite content in paleosol sample from XRD test, and the appearance of Ca2+ in the effluent confirmed that the dissolution of CaCO3 followed by the precipitation of PbCO3 was the major mechanism. The accumulated Pb (i.e., the diminished Ca) in paleosol was inversely proportional (R2 >0.82) to the normalized chargeability (mn), an SIP parameter denoting the quantity of polarizable units (primarily calcite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Yang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long-Long Meng
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Xia
- The Architectural Design & Research Institute of Zhejiang University Co., Ltd, China
| | - Bate Bate
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhou S, Yang YX, Cao JJ, Meng LL, Cao JN, Zhang C, Zhang S, Bate B. Monitoring of copper adsorption on biochar using spectral induced polarization method. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118778. [PMID: 38527721 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Copper contaminant generated from mining and industrial smelting poses potential risks to human health. Biochar, as a low-energy and cost-effective biomaterial, holds value in Cu remediation. Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) technique is employed in this study to monitor the Cu remediation processes of by biochar in column experiments. Cation exchange at low Cu2+ concentrations and surface complexation at high Cu2+ concentrations are identified as the major mechanisms for copper retention on biochar. The normalized chargeability (mn) from SIP signals linearly decreased (R2 = 0.776) with copper retention under 60 mg/L Cu influent; while mn linearly increases (R2 = 0.907, 0.852) under high 300 and 700 mg/L Cu influents. The characteristic polarizing unit sizes (primarily the pores adsorbing Cu2+) calculated from Schwartz equation match well with experimental results by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). It is revealed that Cu2+ was driven to small pores (∼3 μm) given high concentration gradient (influent Cu2+ concentration of 700 mg/L). Comparing to activated carbon, biochar is identified as an ideal adsorbent for Cu remediation, given its high adsorption capacity, cost-effectiveness, carbon-sink ability, and high sensitivity to SIP responses - the latter facilitates its performance assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Yang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Cao
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long-Long Meng
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Nan Cao
- Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - B Bate
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Han Z, Kang X, Singha K, Wu J, Shi X. Real-time monitoring of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of dissolved TCE by integrating electrical resistivity tomography and reactive transport modeling. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121195. [PMID: 38290236 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Successful in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) applications require real-time monitoring to assess the oxidant delivery and treatment effectiveness, and to support rapid and cost-effective decision making. Existing monitoring methods often suffer from poor spatial coverage given a limited number of boreholes in most field conditions. The ionic nature of oxidants (e.g., permanganate) makes time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) a potential monitoring tool for ISCO. However, time-lapse ERT is usually limited to qualitative analysis because it cannot distinguish between the electrical responses of the ionic oxidant and the ionic products from contaminant oxidation. This study proposed a real-time quantitative monitoring approach for ISCO by integrating time-lapse ERT and physics-based reactive transport models (RTM). Moving past common practice, where an electrical-conductivity anomaly in an ERT survey would be roughly linked to concentrations of anything ionic, we used PHT3D as our RTM to distinguish the contributions from the ionic oxidant and the ionic products and to quantify the spatio-temporal evolution of all chemical components. The proposed approach was evaluated through laboratory column experiments for trichloroethene (TCE) remediation. This ISCO experiment was monitored by both time-lapse ERT and downstream sampling. We found that changes in inverted bulk electrical conductivity, unsurprisingly, did not correlate well with the observed permanganate concentrations due to the ionic products. By integrating time-lapse ERT and RTM, the distribution of all chemical components was satisfactorily characterized and quantified. Measured concentration data from limited locations and the non-intrusive ERT data were found to be complementary for ISCO monitoring. The inverted bulk conductivity data were effective in capturing the spatial distribution of ionic species, while the concentration data provided information regarding dissolved TCE. Through incorporating multi-source data, the error of quantifying ISCO efficiency was kept at most 5 %, compared to errors that can reach up to 68 % when relying solely on concentration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueyuan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kamini Singha
- Hydrologic Sciences and Engineering Program, Geology and Geological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Jichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Falzone S, Schaefer C, Siegenthaler E, Keating K, Werkema D, Slater LD. Geophysical signatures of soil AFFF contamination from spectral induced polarization and low field nuclear magnetic resonance methods. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 260:104268. [PMID: 38064801 PMCID: PMC10809598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Few field methods are available for characterizing source zones impacted with aqueous film forming foam (AFFF). Non-invasive geophysical characterization of AFFF source zone contamination in situ could assist with the delineation and characterization of these sites, allowing for more informed sampling regimes aimed at quantifying subsurface poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination. We present initial results from the investigation of the sensitivity of two existing surface and borehole-deployable geophysical technologies, spectral induced polarization (SIP), and low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), to soils impacted with AFFF. To investigate the sensitivity of these methods to AFFF-impacted soil, bench-scale column experiments were conducted on samples consisting of natural and synthetic soils and groundwater. While our findings do not show strong evidence of NMR sensitivity to soil PFAS contamination, we do find evidence that SIP has sufficient sensitivity to detect sorption of AFFF constituents (including PFAS) to soils. This finding is based on evidence that AFFF constituents associated with the pore surface produce a measurable polarization response in both freshly impacted synthetic soils and in soils historically impacted with AFFF. Our findings encourage further exploration of the SIP method as a technology for characterizing contaminant concentrations across AFFF source zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Falzone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Ethan Siegenthaler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Dale Werkema
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Lee D Slater
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, NJ, USA; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
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Yang YX, Zhou S, Luo YY, Chen JK, Chen ZJ, Cao JN, Zhang C, Zhang S, Zhan LT, Chen YM, Bate B. Monitoring the remediation of groundwater polluted by MSW landfill leachates by activated carbon and zeolite with spectral induced polarization technique. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 46:1. [PMID: 38063932 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Hangzhou, China utilized zeolite and activated carbon (AC) as permeable reactive barrier (PRB) fill materials to remediate groundwater contaminated with MSW leachates containing ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and heavy metals. The spectral induced polarization (SIP) technique was chosen for monitoring the PRB because of its sensitivity to pore fluid chemistry and mineral-fluid interface composition. During the experiment, authentic groundwater collected from the landfill site was used to permeate two columns filled with zeolite and AC, and the SIP responses were measured at the inlet and outlet over a frequency range of 0.01-1000 Hz. The results showed that zeolite had a higher adsorption capacity for COD (7.08 mg/g) and ammonium (9.15 mg/g) compared to AC (COD: 2.75 mg/g, ammonium: 1.68 mg/g). Cation exchange was found to be the mechanism of ammonium adsorption for both zeolite and AC, while FTIR results indicated that π-complexation, π-π interaction, and electrostatic attraction were the main mechanisms of COD adsorption. The Cole-Cole model was used to fit the SIP responses and determine the relaxation time (τ) and normalized chargeability (mn). The calculated characteristic diameters of zeolite and AC based on the Schwarz equation and relaxation time (τ) matched the pore sizes observed from SEM and MIP, providing valuable information on contaminant distribution. The mn of zeolite was positively linear with adsorbed ammonium (R2 = 0.9074) and COD (R2 = 0.8877), while the mn of AC was negatively linear with adsorbed ammonium (R2 = 0.8192) and COD (R2 = 0.7916), suggesting that mn could serve as a surrogate for contaminant saturation. The laboratory-based real-time non-invasive SIP results showed good performance in monitoring saturation and provide a strong foundation for future field PRB monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Yang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Luo
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Kai Chen
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Jian Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jun-Nan Cao
- Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Tong Zhan
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Min Chen
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bate Bate
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Bate B, Cao J, Yang Y, Cao J, Zhang C, Zhang S. Investigation of Cu Adsorption and Migration with Spectral Induced Polarization in Activated Carbon. TOXICS 2023; 11:221. [PMID: 36976986 PMCID: PMC10057908 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the adsorption process of copper ions on activated carbon (AC) was simulated in a column test. It was deduced that it is consistent with the pseudo-second-order model. Cation exchange was observed to be the major mechanism of Cu-AC interactions through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. Adsorption isotherms were fitted well using the Freundlich model. Adsorption thermodynamics at 298, 308, 318 K demonstrated that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Spectral induced polarization (SIP) technique was used to monitor the adsorption process, and the double Cole-Cole model was used to analyze the SIP results. The normalized chargeability was proportional to the adsorbed copper content. Two measured relaxation times from the SIP testing were converted into the average pore sizes of 2, 0.8, 0.6, 100-110, 80-90, and 53-60 µm by the Schwartz equation, which are consistent with the measured pore sizes from both mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The reduction in the pore sizes by SIP during the flow-through tests suggested that the adsorbed Cu2+ gradually migrated into small pores as with continued permeation of the influent. These results showcased the feasibility of using SIP technique in engineering practice involving the monitoring of copper contamination in land near a mine waste dump or in adjacent permeable reactive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bate Bate
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junnan Cao
- Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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