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Kronik OM, Christensen JH, Nielsen NJ. Instrumental and theoretical advancements in pulsed elution-LC × LC: Investigation of pulse parameters and application to wastewater effluent. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465079. [PMID: 38897111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Due to the decoupling of the first (1D) and second (2D) dimension in pulsed elution-LC × LC (PE-LC × LC), method development is more flexible and straightforward compared to fast comprehensive LC × LC where the dependencies of key parameters between the two dimensions limits its flexibility. In this study we present a method for pulse generation, which is based on a switching valve alternating between one pump that delivers the gradient and a second pump that delivers low eluotrophic strength for the pause state. Consequently, the dwell volume of the system was circumvented and 7.5, and 3.75 times shorter pulse widths could be generated at flow rates of 0.2, and 0.4 mL/min with satisfactory accuracies between programmed and observed mobile phase composition (relative deviation of 6.0 %). We investigated how key parameters including pulse width and step height, 2D gradient time and flow rate affected the peak capacity in PE-LC × LC. The conditions yielding the highest peak capacity for the PE-LC × LC- high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) system were applied to a wastewater effluent sample. The results were compared to a one dimensional (1D)-LC-HRMS chromatogram. The peak capacity increased with a factor 34 from 112 for the 1D-LC run to 3770 for PE-LC × LC-HRMS after correction for undersampling. The analysis time for PE-LC × LC-HRMS was 12.1 h compared to 67.5 min for the 1D-LC-HRMS run. The purity of the mass spectra improved for PE-LC × LC-HRMS by a factor 2.6 (p-value 3.3 × 10-6) and 2.0 (p-value 2.5 × 10-3) for the low and high collision energy trace compared to the 1D-LC-HRMS analysis. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was 4.2 times higher (range: 0.06-56.7, p-value 3.8 × 10-2) compared to the 1D-LC-HRMS separation based on 42 identified compounds. The improvements in S/N were explained by the lower peak volume obtained in the PE-LC × LC-HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Munk Kronik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg DK-1871, Denmark.
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Nikoline Juul Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg DK-1871, Denmark
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2
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Chen J, Tang T, Li Y, Wang R, Chen X, Song D, Du X, Tao X, Zhou J, Dang Z, Lu G. Non-targeted screening and photolysis transformation of tire-related compounds in roadway runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171622. [PMID: 38467255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Roadway runoff serves as a crucial pathway for transporting contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from urban environments to receiving water bodies. Tire-related compounds originating from tire wear particles (TWPs) have been frequently detected, posing a potential ecological threat. Yet, the photolysis of tire-related compounds within roadway runoff remains inadequately acknowledged. Addressing this deficit, our study utilized high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to characterize the chemical profile of roadway runoff across eight strategically selected sites in Guangzhou, China. 219 chemicals were identified or detected within different confidence levels. Among them, 29 tire-related contaminants were validated with reference standards, including hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), dicyclohexylurea (DCU), and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazol-amine (DCMA). HMMM exhibited with the abundance ranging from 2.30 × 104-3.10 × 106, followed by DPG, 1.69 × 104-8.34 × 106. Runoff sample were exposed to irradiation of 500 W mercury lamp for photodegradation experiment. Photolysis results indicated that tire-related compounds with a low photolysis rate, notably DCU, DCMA, and DPG, are more likely to persist within the runoff. The photolytic rates were significantly correlated with the spatial distribution patterns of these contaminants. Our findings underscore TWPs as a significant source of pollution in water bodies, emphasizing the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfan Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanxi Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Rui Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xingcai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dehao Song
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jiangmin Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Gelao V, Fornasaro S, Briguglio SC, Mattiussi M, De Martin S, Astel AM, Barbieri P, Licen S. Self-Organizing Maps: An AI Tool for Identifying Unexpected Source Signatures in Non-Target Screening Analysis of Urban Wastewater by HPLC-HRMS. TOXICS 2024; 12:113. [PMID: 38393208 PMCID: PMC10891566 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Monitoring effluent in water treatment plants has a key role in identifying potential pollutants that might be released into the environment. A non-target analysis approach can be used for identifying unknown substances and source-specific multipollutant signatures. (2) Methods: Urban and industrial wastewater effluent were analyzed by HPLC-HRMS for non-target analysis. The anomalous infiltration of industrial wastewater into urban wastewater was investigated by analyzing the mass spectra data of "unknown common" compounds using principal component analysis (PCA) and the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) AI tool. The outcomes of the models were compared. (3) Results: The outlier detection was more straightforward in the SOM model than in the PCA one. The differences among the samples could not be completely perceived in the PCA model. Moreover, since PCA involves the calculation of new variables based on the original experimental ones, it is not possible to reconstruct a chromatogram that displays the recurring patterns in the urban WTP samples. This can be achieved using the SOM outcomes. (4) Conclusions: When comparing a large number of samples, the SOM AI tool is highly efficient in terms of calculation, visualization, and identifying outliers. Interpreting PCA visualization and outlier detection becomes challenging when dealing with a large sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gelao
- Regional Environmental Protection Agency—ARPA-FVG, Via Cairoli 14, 33057 Palmanova, Italy; (V.G.); (S.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Stefano Fornasaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.F.); (P.B.)
| | - Sara C. Briguglio
- Regional Environmental Protection Agency—ARPA-FVG, Via Cairoli 14, 33057 Palmanova, Italy; (V.G.); (S.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Michele Mattiussi
- Regional Environmental Protection Agency—ARPA-FVG, Via Cairoli 14, 33057 Palmanova, Italy; (V.G.); (S.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Stefano De Martin
- Regional Environmental Protection Agency—ARPA-FVG, Via Cairoli 14, 33057 Palmanova, Italy; (V.G.); (S.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Aleksander M. Astel
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Pierluigi Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.F.); (P.B.)
| | - Sabina Licen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.F.); (P.B.)
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Wu DX, Lu Y, Ye B, Liang JK, Wang WL, Du Y, Wu QY. Phototransformation of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts and Toxicity Elimination in Sunlit-Ozonated Reclaimed Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1700-1708. [PMID: 38154042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is universally used during water treatment but can form hazardous brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). While sunlight exposure is advised to reduce the risk of Br-DBPs, their phototransformation pathways remain insufficiently understood. Here, sunlight irradiation was found to reduce adsorbable organic bromine by 63%. Applying high-resolution mass spectrometry, the study investigated transformations of dissolved organic matter in sunlit-ozonated reclaimed water, revealing the number and abundance of assigned formulas decreased after irradiation. The Br-DBPs with O/C < 0.6 and MW > 400 Da were decreased or removed after irradiation, with the majority being CHOBr compounds. The peak intensity reduction ratio of CHOBr compounds correlated positively with double bound equivalent minus oxygen ratios but negatively with O/C, suggesting that photo-susceptible CHOBr compounds were highly unsaturated. Mass difference analysis revealed that the photodegradation pathways were mainly oxidation aligned with debromination. Three typical CHOBr molecular structures were resolved, and their photoproducts were proposed. Toxicity estimates indicated decreased toxicity in these photoproducts compared to their parent compounds, in line with experimentally determined values. Our proposed phototransformation pathways for Br-DBPs enhance our comprehension of their degradation and irradiation-induced toxicity reduction in reclaimed water, further illuminating their transformation under sunlight in widespread environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Tisler S, Kilpinen K, Pattison DI, Tomasi G, Christensen JH. Quantitative Nontarget Analysis of CECs in Environmental Samples Can Be Improved by Considering All Mass Adducts. Anal Chem 2024; 96:229-237. [PMID: 38128072 PMCID: PMC10782417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative nontarget analysis (qNTA) for liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry enables a more comprehensive assessment of environmental samples. Previous studies have shown that correlations between a compound's ionization efficiency and a range of molecular descriptors can predict the compound's concentration within a factor of 5. In this study, the qNTA approach was further improved by considering all mass adducts instead of only the protonated ion. The model was based on a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR), including 216 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), of which 80 exhibited adduct formation that accounted for >10% of the total peak intensity. When all mass adducts were included, the test set coefficient of determination improved to Q2 = 0.855 compared to Q2 = 0.670 when only the protonated ions were considered (test set median RF error factor 1.6). The inclusion of all adducts was also important to transfer the RF QSPR model reliably. It was assumed that RF variations are sequence-dependent; therefore, a second QSPR model for the prediction of the transferability factor was built for each sequence. For validation, samples were analyzed up to two years apart. The median prediction fold change was 1.74 for analytical standards (63 compounds) and 2.4 for enriched wastewater effluent samples (41 compounds), with 80% of the compounds predicted within a fold change of 2.4 and 3.3, respectively. The model was also validated on a second instrument, where 80% of the 26 compounds in wastewater effluent were predicted within a factor of 3.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Tisler
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty
of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Kilpinen
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty
of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Eurofins
Miljø Denmark A/S, Ladelundvej 85, 6600 Vejen, Denmark
| | - David I. Pattison
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty
of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Giorgio Tomasi
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty
of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H. Christensen
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty
of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Motteau S, Deborde M, Gombert B, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Non-target analysis for water characterization: wastewater treatment impact and selection of relevant features. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:4154-4173. [PMID: 38097837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Non-target analyses were conducted to characterize and compare the molecular profiles (UHPLC-HRMS fingerprint) of water samples from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Inlet and outlet samples were collected from three campaigns spaced 6 months apart in order to highlight common trends. A significant impact of the treatment on the sample fingerprints was shown, with a 65-70% abatement of the number of features detected in the effluent, and more polar, smaller and less intense molecules found overall compared to those in WWTP influent waters. Multivariate analysis (PCA) associated with variations of the features between inlets and outlets showed that features appearing or increasing were correlated with effluents while those disappearing or decreasing were correlated with influents. Finally, effluent features considered as relevant to a potentially adverse effect on aqueous media (i.e. those which appeared or increased or slightly varied from the influent) were highlighted. Three hundred seventy-five features common with the 3 campaigns were thus selected and further characterized. For most of them, elementary composition was found to be C, H, N, O (42%) and C, H, N, O, P (18%). Considering the MS2 spectra and several reference MS2 databases, annotations were proposed for 35 of these relevant features. They include synthetic products, pharmaceuticals and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Motteau
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie Deborde
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France.
- University of Poitiers, UFR Médecine Et de Pharmacie, 6 Rue de La Milétrie, Bâtiment D1, TSA 51115, 86073, Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
| | - Bertrand Gombert
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Karpel Vel Leitner
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France
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Tisler S, Savvidou P, Jørgensen MB, Castro M, Christensen JH. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveals Persistent Mobile Organic Compounds with Unknown Toxicity in Wastewater Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37307429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Broad screening approaches for monitoring wastewater are normally based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This method is not sufficient for the very polar micropollutants, neglected in the past due to a lack of suitable analytical methods. In this study, we used supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) to detect very polar and yet-undetected micropollutants in wastewater effluents. We tentatively identified 85 compounds, whereas 18 have only rarely been detected and 11 have not previously been detected in wastewater effluents such as 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, a likely transformation product (TP) of steroids, and 1H-indole-3-carboxamide, a likely TP from new synthetic cannabinoids. Suspect screening of 25 effluent wastewater samples from 8 wastewater treatment plants revealed several distinct potential pollution sources such as a pharmaceutical company and a golf court. The analysis of the same samples with LC-HRMS showed clearly how SFC increases the ionization efficiency for low-molecular-weight micropollutants (m/z < 300 Da) by a factor 2 to 87 times, which significantly improved the mass spectra for identifying very polar compounds. In order to assess which micropollutants might be of environmental concern, literature and toxicological databases were screened. There was a lack of available hazard and bio-activity data for regulatory-relevant in vitro and in vivo assays for >50% of the micropollutants. Especially, 70% of the data were lacking for the whole organism (in vivo) tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Tisler
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pinelopi Savvidou
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Mafalda Castro
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Tisler S, Christensen JH. Nontargeted Screening in Environmental Analysis: An Example Showing Migration of Chemicals from Reusable Sports Plastic Bottles into Drinking Water. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.bl8085j2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this extended special feature to celebrate the 35th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments.
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