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Huang T, Deng L, Wang S, Tan C, Hu J, Zhu B, Li M, Lu L, Yin Z, Fu B. Effects of Fe(III) on the formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes, dichloroacetonitrile, and dichloroacetamide from polyethyleneimine during UV/chlorine disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121844. [PMID: 38824795 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Trace iron ions (Fe(III)) are commonly found in water and wastewater, where free chlorine is very likely to coexist with Fe(III) affecting the disinfectant's stability and N-DBPs' fate during UV/chlorine disinfection, and yet current understanding of these mechanisms is limited. This study investigates the effects of Fe(III) on the formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes (HNMs), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) from polyethyleneimine (PEI) during UV/chlorine disinfection. Results reveal that the maxima concentrations of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm during UV/chlorine disinfection with additional Fe(III) were 1.39, 1.38, and 1.29 times higher than those without additional Fe(III), instead of being similar to those of Fe(III) inhibited the formation of HNMs, DCAN and DCAcAm during chlorination disinfection. Meanwhile, higher Fe(III) concentration, acidic pH, and higher chlorine dose were more favorable for forming HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm during UV/chlorine disinfection, which were highly dependent on the involvement of HO· and Cl·. Fe(III) in the aquatic environment partially hydrolyzed to the photoactive Fe(III)‑hydroxyl complexes Fe(OH)2+ and [Fe(H2O)6]3+, which undergone UV photoactivation and coupling reactions with HOCl to achieve effective Fe(III)/Fe(II) interconversion, a process that facilitated the sustainable production of HO·. Extensive product analysis and comparison verified that the HO· production enhanced by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) internal cycle played a primary role in increasing HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm productions during UV/chlorine disinfection. Note that the incorporation of Fe(III) increased the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm formed during UV/chlorine disinfection, and yet Fe(III) did not have a significant effect on the acute toxicity of water samples before, during, and after UV/chlorine disinfection. The new findings broaden the knowledge of Fe(III) affecting HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm formation and toxicity alteration during UV/chlorine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Huang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Bingqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengya Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianghua Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
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Deng Y, Mo S, Korshin GV, Yan M. A universal model to predict yields of THMs and HAAs based on UV-Visible absorption spectra. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121367. [PMID: 38417268 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Differential absorption spectroscopy (DAS) quantifies changes in the UV-Visible absorbance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) caused by reactions of its chromophores. As a result of its precision and sensitvity, DAS serves as a powerful tool for characterizing the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in generated in DOM chlorination reactions. However, the nonlinear relationship between the intensity of DAS and DBP concentrations as well as the need to develop site-specific fitting parameters limit its practical applications. This study investigated the physico-chemical nature of DAS of chlorinated DOM through experimental measurements and theoretical calculations. Results of this study provide molecular-level evidence that electrophilic substitution reactions involving DOM reactive sites result in the emergence of DAS feaures ascribed to the "fast" chromophores. The ring opening in the cyclic enones-like structures which can be present either in the original DOM or are generated as intermediates in its chlorination, leads to the emergence of DAS features associated with the "slow" chromophores and high yields of DBPs. The kinetic study of chlorination of real waters reveals a strong linear relationship (R2 > 0.91) between ln([DBP]) and the long-wavelength (λ > 325 nm) parameter of the DAS, notably (ln(-DA350)). This relationship varies among different water sources due to the differences in the heterogeneity of Band A3 whose maximum is near 350 nm. Band A3 is one of the Gaussian bands that comprise the overall UV-Visible spectrum of DOM. A new function (f(-DA350)) is proposed in this study to quantify DBP formation. This function, which is determined by the Band A3's area, allows establishing a universal linear relationship between f(-DA350) and ln([THMs]), as well as f(-DA350) and ln([HAAs]), across various water sources. The findings of this study will stimulate further development of spectroscopy-based DBP monitoring technology for monitoring and optimization of water disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shansheng Mo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Ye C, Zhang D, Fang C, Ding J, Duan Y, Chu W. The formation and control of disinfection by-products by two-step chlorination for sewage effluent: Role of organic chloramine decomposition among molecular weight fractions. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121302. [PMID: 38401474 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing discharge of wastewater effluent to natural waters, there is an urgent need to achieve both pathogenic microorganism inactivation and the mitigation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during disinfection. Studies have shown that two-step chlorination, which injected chlorine disinfectant by splitting into two portions, was more effective in inactivating Escherichia coli than one-step chlorination under same total chlorine consumption and contact time. In this study, we observed a substantial reduction in the formation of five classes of CX3R-type DBPs, especially highly toxic haloacetonitriles (HANs), during two-step chlorination of secondary effluent when the mass ratio of chlorine-to-nitrogen exceeded 2. The shift of different chlorine species (free chlorine, monochloramine and organic chloramine) verified the decomposition of organic chloramines into monochloramine during second chlorination stage. Notably, the organic chloramines generated from the low molecular weight (< 1 kDa) fraction of dissolved organic nitrogen in effluent organic matter tended to decompose during the second step chlorination leading to the mitigation of HAN formation. Furthermore, the microbiological analysis showed that two-step chlorinated effluent had a slightly lower ecological impact on surface water compared to one-step chlorination. This work provided more information about the two-step chlorination for secondary effluent, especially in terms of organic chloramine transformation and HAN control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jimeng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Youli Duan
- Shanghai Chitech Data Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Marques Dos Santos M, Li C, Jia S, Thomas M, Gallard H, Croué JP, Carato P, Snyder SA. Formation of halogenated forms of bisphenol A (BPA) in water: Resolving isomers with ion mobility - mass spectrometry and the role of halogenation position in cellular toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133229. [PMID: 38232544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated BPA (XBPA) forms resulting from water chlorination can lead to increased toxicity and different biological effects. While previous studies have reported the occurrence of different XBPAs, analytical limitation have hindered the analysis and differentiation of the many potential isomeric forms. Using online solid-phase extraction - liquid chromatography - ion-mobility - high-resolution mass spectrometry (OSPE-LC-IM-HRMS), we demonstrated a rapid analysis method for the analysis of XBPA forms after water chlorination, with a total analysis time of less than 10 min including extraction and concentration and low detection limits (∼5-80 ng/L range). A multi in-vitro bioassay testing approach for the identified products revealed that cytotoxicity and bioenergetics impacts were largely associated with the presence of halogen atoms at positions 2 or 2' and the overall number of halogens incorporated into the BPA molecule. Different XBPA also showed distinct impacts on oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma - PPARγ, and inflammatory response. While increased DNA damage was observed for chlorinated water samples (4.14 ± 1.21-fold change), the additive effect of the selected 20 XBPA studied could not explain the increased DNA damage observed, indicating that additional species or synergistic effects might be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricius Marques Dos Santos
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Shenglan Jia
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Mikael Thomas
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Pascal Carato
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, France; INSERM CIC1402, Université de Poitiers, IHES Research Group, Poitiers, France
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore.
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Wang Q, Chen M, Min Y, Shi P. Aging of polystyrene microplastics by UV/Sodium percarbonate oxidation: Organic release, mechanism, and disinfection by-product formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132934. [PMID: 37976854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and transformation of microplastics (MPs) in environment has attracted considerable attention. However, the release characteristics of MP-derived dissolved organic matter (MP-DOM) under oxidation conditions and the effect of DOM on subsequent chlorination disinfection by-product (DBP) still lacks relevant information. This study focused on the conversion of polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) in the advanced oxidation of ultraviolet-activated sodium percarbonate (UV/SPC-AOP) and the release characteristics of MP-DOM. The DBP formation potential of MP-DOM was also investigated. As a result, UV/SPC significantly enhanced the aging and fragmentation of PSMPs. Under UV irradiation, the fluorescence peak intensity and position of humus-like and protein-like components of MP-DOM were correlated with SPC concentration. The aging MP suspension was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and various alkyl-cleavage and oxidation products were identified. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection confirmed that carbonate and hydroxyl radicals jointly dominated the conversion of PSMPs. The formation of DBP was related to the components of MP-DOM. Overall, these results help to understand the aging behavior of MPs in AOP. Moreover, MP-DOM released by MPs after AOP oxidation may be a precursor of DBPs, which deserved more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Muxin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yulin Min
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Penghui Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
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Zhao X, Chen C, Chen H, Guo Y, Zhang X, Li M, Cao L, Wang Y, Gong T, Che L, Yang G, Xian Q. Evolutions of dissolved organic matter and disinfection by-products formation in source water during UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120284. [PMID: 37441900 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) is a promising option for the traditional low-pressure UV lamp, but the evolutions of DOM composition, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and their toxicity need further study in raw water during UV-LED/chlorine process. In UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis on synchronous fluorescence and UV-vis spectra indicated the protein-like fractions responded faster than the humic-like components, the reactive sequence of peaks for DOM followed the order: 340 nm→240 nm→410 nm→205 nm→290 nm. Compared to chlorination for 30 mins, the UV-LED/chlorine process enhanced the degradation efficiency of three fluorescent components (humic-like, tryptophan-like, tyrosine-like) by 5.1%-46.1%, and the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) significantly reduced by 43.8% while the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) increased by 27.3%. The concentrations of C-DBPs increased by 17.8% whereas that of N-DBPs reduced by 30.4% in 24 h post-chlorination. The concentrations of brominated DBPs increased by 17.2% during UV-LED/chlorine process, and further increased by 18.5% in 24 h post-chlorination. According to the results of principal component analysis, the non-fluorescent components of DOM might be important precursors in the formation of haloketones, haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes during UV-LED/chlorine process. Unlike chlorine treatment, the reaction of DOM in UV-LED/chlorine treatment generated fewer unknown DBPs. Compared with chlorination, the cytotoxicity of C-DBPs reduced but the cytotoxicity of both N-DBPs and Br-DBPs increased during UV-LED/chlorine process. Dichloroacetonitrile had the highest cytotoxicity, followed by monobromoacetic acid, bromochloroacetonitrile and trichloroacetic acid during 30 mins of UV-LED/chlorine process. Therefore, besides N-DBPs, the more toxic Br-DBPs formation in bromide-containing water is also not negligible in the practical applications of UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Che
- Zhejiang Eco Environmental Technology Co. LTD, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Guoying Yang
- Zhejiang Eco Environmental Technology Co. LTD, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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